Contested Words – Challenges, Limits And Models Of .
Contested words – challenges,limits and models of languagereification in dictionary creationFriederike Lüpkefl2@soas.ac.ukSOAS, University of London
Many thanks to – merci – diinajogehëfi – dankeThe transcribers Alpha Mane,Laurent Manga, Jeremie Sagna,Lina Sagna & David SagnaAnne-Laure VieilléSamantha GoodchildRachel WatsonCaroline JuillardChelsea KrajcikAlexander CobbinahAll researchparticipants in Agnack,Djibonker, Brin & EssilMiriam WeidlAbbie HantganAlexander CobbinahAlain-Christian Bassène
Languages at the CrossroadsFrench (Romance)Kriolu (Portuguese-based)Mandinka (Mande)CentralAtlantic(in prep.)NorthAtlantic1. Fula, Sereer2. Tenda (Basari, Bapen, Tanda, Bedik, Konyagi)3. Jaad, Biafada4. Buy (Kobiana, Kasanga), Ñun (aka Baïnounk) (Gubëeher,Gujaher, Guñaamolo, Guñun )5. Cangin (Ndut, Palor, Laalaa (aka Lehar), Noon, Saafen)6. Wolof7. Joola (Kujireray, Banjal, Foñi, Kasa ), Bayot, Karon8. Manjaku, Mankanya, PepelGenetic affiliation9. Balant (Ganja, Kentohe)adapted from10. BijogoPozdniakov & Segerer11. Nalu, Baga Fore, Baga MboteniPatrimonial language at the CrossroadsOther language at the Crossroads
What IS a language at the Crossroads?
Localist language namingstrategiesIts affiliationwith an (ethnic)group and/or acodeBaïnounk-JóolaIts languageA -bëeherImportant:patrimonialdeixis
Patrimonial identity and language basedon contrastDualism definesdomain inwhich thecontrast isevokedLandlordsStrangersHaving a patrimonial languageconveys land rightsIn otherdomains, thisidentityremainsinvisible andinaudible
The descriptive challenge: condensing ‘alanguage’ from variable discourse‘to hit’Jóola Gubanjalaye-tex‘to hunt’Baïnounk Gubëeherbu-dege-tehja-sawgu-sawga-sawka-sawData from AbbieHantgane-tehJóola KujirerayJS giving formsin Jóola Banjal
The solution: language prototypesas reference njalay
Where to find multilingual language useclose to the language prototypes?
Language contexts and their linguisticcorrelatesGreen & Abutalebi (2013)Single languagecontextSpeakers ltiplelanguage contextSpeaker AGubëeher withspeaker B andKujireray withspeaker CCode-mixingAuer (1999)Intense codeswitching contextAll speakersspeakGubëeher andKujirerayFused lect
Single language contextInsertionalCAConventionalised loansfr Frenchgb Gubëeherkj Kujirerayw WolofData on slides 8-10 from Crossroads social network study in officialorthographies. Language labels represent transcribers’ judgements.
Multiple language contextInsertionalCA (?)En blocswitchingfr Frenchgb Gubëeherkj Kujirerayw Wolof
Language contexts and theircorrelates textCodemixingContext usedto establishprototypes
Intense code-switching contextConvergent,fused formsfr Frenchgb Gubëeherkj Kujirerayw Wolof
Fused forms in the intense codeswitching contextJóola Gubanjalayfu-giinBaïnounk Gubëeher‘bull’bu-naapifu-jinfi-jjínPrototype data fromAlexander Cobbinah,Abbie Hantgan, SergeSagna & Rachel WatsonJóola KujirerayDS’ form has beentagged as JóolaKujireray
Overlaps between prototypes anddegree of GubanjalayThrough different styles (Eckert 2008), speakersmetapragmatically (Silverstein 2003) index(patrimonial) identities according to contextDivergencearea iswhere acode isreifiedEmblematicareas inphonology andlexicon aredifferentiated,other areasconverge
How to access the prototypes Monolingual language modes yielded byproclaimed interest in a target language arenot optimal:– Genres are limited– Speakers are censuring themselves and others– In our context, women are often, childrenalways excluded Observed communicative events from thesituational settings ‘single language context’and ‘multiple language context’ containlanguage use close to the prototypeCrucial: establish a situational setting thatrequires maximal code separation.
Recommendations for Dictionariaauthors Make the sample, settings and speakers youworked with explicit Include data from observed communicativeevents and pay attention to the situationalsettings in order to avoid:– Purism (Dorian 1994) & ancestral code mode(Woodbury 2005)– List effects (Mosel 2004)– Ideological erasure of particular speakers, accents,genres, etc. (Irvine & Gal 1995, 2000)– Skewed impressions on language contact andmultilingualism patterns (Cobbinah, Hantgan, Lüpke& Watson in press)
ReferencesAuer, Peter (1999). From codeswitching via language mixing to fused lects: toward a dynamic typology of bilingual speech. InternationalJournal of Bilingualism. 3:4, 309-332.Cobbinah, Alexander, Hantgan, Abbie, Lüpke, Friederike and Watson, Rachel. In press. Carrefour des langues, carrefour des paradigmes.In: Auzeanneau, Michelle, (ed.), Pratiques plurilingues, mobilités et éducation. Paris: Édition des Archives Contemporaines.Dorian, Nancy C. 1994. Purism vs. compromise in language revitalization and language revival. Language in Society 23:4, 479-494Eckert, Penelope. 2008. Variation and the indexical field. Journal of Sociolinguistics 12/4, 453–476Green, David et Abutalebi, J. 2013. Language control in bilinguals: The adaptive control hypothesis. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25,515–530.Irvine, Judith T. and Susan Gal. 1995. The boundaries of languages and disciplines: how ideologies construct difference. Social Research 62:967–1001.Irvine, Judith T. and Susan Gal. 2000. Language ideology and linguistic differentiation. In Paul V. Kroskrity (ed.) Regimes of language. SantaFe: School of American Research Press. 35–83.Mosel, Ulrike. 2004. Dictionary making in endangered language communities. Language Documentation and Description, 2, 39–54.Pozdniakov, Konstantin & Guillaume Segerer. In prep. A new classification of Atlantic languages. In: Lüpke, Friederike (ed.). The Oxford guideto the Atlantic languages of West Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Rosch, Eleanor H. (1978), « Principles of Categorization » in Barbara B. Lloyd et Eleanor H. Rosch (eds.) Cognition and Categorization,Hillsdale (NJ), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 27–48.Silverstein, Michael. 2003. Indexical order and the dialectics of sociolinguistic life. Language & Communication 23, 193–229Woodbury, Anthony. C. 2005. Ancestral languages and (imagined) creolisation . Language Documentation and Description 3, 252-262.
Reification as “strategic essentialism”
Different planes of identity creationPolyglossic multilingualism ðnic federalismSymbolic and strategicessentialism governs ideologiesNationallyLocallySmall-scale Frontier settingDualism betweeninsiders/firstcomers andoutsiders/strangers governsideologies
The symbolic power of writing Wolof and Frenchdominate the nationallinguistic marketplace. Speakers of otherlanguagessymbolically fight forthe recognition oftheir languages asdiscrete codes in thispolyglossic arena.Baïnounk orthography workshopintroducing the standard orthographybased on Wolof
that can’t and doesn’t need toreify (in) the language itself
Boundaries evoked by standard languageculture “No, mélanger ak olof barewul de. Mélanger ak Français,moo bare, mo gëna bare. Mélanger ak olof? No no nono.“’No, there is not a lot of mixture [of Casamancelanguages] with Wolof. The mixture with French, it is alot, it is more. A mixture with Wolof? No no no no.’Data and photo from Mia Weidl25
languaging in practicec‘Guys of Brin, hi there.’c‘Hey, the monkeys, what are you saying?’c‘What have you been drinking that day?’ccc‘My guys, I like you.’FrenchJóolaKujirerayWolofEnglish
Contested words – challenges, limits and models of language reification in dictionary creation . – List effects (Mosel 2004) – Ideological erasure of particular speakers, accents, . Wolof and French dominate the national linguistic market place. Speakers of other
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