Development Of A Microcontroller-Controlled Security Door .

Development of a Microcontroller-Controlled Security Door System.A.O. Oke1, O.M. Olaniyi2*, O.T. Arulogun1, and O.M. Olaniyan21Department of Computer Sciences and Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology,Ogbomoso, Nigeria.2Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering,Bells University of Technology, Ota, Ogun-State, Nigeria.*E-mail: oo.comABSTRACTOver the years, several security measures havebeen employed to combat the menace ofinsecurity of lives and property. This is done bypreventing unauthorized entrance into buildingsthrough entrance doors using conventional andelectronic locks, discrete access code, andbiometric methods such as the finger prints,thumb prints, the iris and facial recognition. In thispaper, a prototyped door security system isdesigned to allow a privileged user to access asecure keyless door where valid smart cardauthentication guarantees an entry. The modelconsists of hardware module and software whichprovides a functionality to allow the door to becontrolled through the authentication of smartcard by the microcontroller unit.(Keywords: access control, security, card reader,smart card, computer control)INTRODUCTIONSecurity over the years has been a source ofconcern to organizations and companies. Thishas caused quite a significant amount of capitalbeing budgeted for improvements on securitysystems, simply because it has been discoveredthat the access control system mechanism is animportant part of an organisation. One of theimportant security systems in building security isdoor access control. The door access control is aphysical security that assures the security of abuilding by limiting access to the building tospecific people and by keeping records of suchentries [3].Most doors are controlled manually especially bysecurity personel employed by the organisation,through the use of handles and locks with key tooperate the locks. Examples are banks, hotels,The Pacific Journal of Science and otels and so on; some are controlled byswitches while others are controlled by thebiometrics technique. The idea of this techniqueis to enable automatic verification of identity bycomputer assessment of one or more behavioraland/or physiological characteristics of a person.Recently, biometric methods used for personalauthentication utilize such features as the face,the voice, the hand shape, the finger print, andthe iris patterns of an individual [4, 5 ,7]. Eachmethodhasitsownadvantagesanddisadvantages based on their usability andsecurity [6, 9].In [1] two distinct technologies in ArtificialIntelligence are outlined: Artificial NeuralNetworks and Facial Recognition were used todevelop a security door system whereauthorization of facial appearance of privilegeusers in the database is the only guarantee forentrance. In the system, the personal computerprocesses the face recognized by the systemdigital camera and compares data with privilegedusers in the database. The control program eithersends a control signal to open theelectromechanical door upon facial existence ordeny entry.Also in [3], an intelligent voice-based door accesscontrol system for building security was proposed.The proposed intelligent voice-based accesscontrol system is a performance biometric whichoffers an ability to provide positive verification ofidentity from an individual's voice characteristicsto access secure locations (e.g. office, laboratory,home). In the system Perceptual LinearPrediction (PLP) coefficients features areextracted from the person voice data and then anAdaptiveNetwork-basedFuzzyInferenceSystems (ANFIS) is used to develop models ofthe authorized persons based on the featureextracted from the authorized person voices.–398–Volume 10. Number 2. November 2009 (Fall)

Although, these proposed models provided anovel approach to door security systems, they aredependent on the control program written oncomputer system and provided access controlusing the parallel port. The PC‟s parallel port isaffected by cross talk and significant reduction inperformanceinlongdistanceparalleltransmission. Besides, computer process controlsystems are generally affected by high initialcosts and increased dependence on maintenance[2].In other to overcome the problems of these PCbased door acesss security control systems, thispaper presents prototyped low cost, lowcomplexity door security system designed toallow a privileged user to access a secure keylessautomated door where valid smart cardauthentication guarantees an entry. In theproposed system an automated door is controlledwith a card reader and the card reader iscontrolled by a control program embedded in amicrocontroller unit. Implementing the systemwith a microcontroller will be of great value,cheaper, portable and much benefit toorganizations who consistently seek a bettermeans of door access control for their firms.THE SYSTEM DESIGNThe system consists of a hardware module andan application program for microcontroller unitdeveloped in Mikrobasic programming language.The hardware module comprises three stages:The card reader, the door electromechanical relayinterface, the microcontroller stage and the powersupply unit.The control action is actually performed by themicrocontroller. It processes the signals(requests) that are inputted from the card readerupon the insertion of the valid smart card at theentrance.Theoutputsectionofthemicrocontroller is connected via relays for thedesired operational actions. The stages involvedin this design are shown in the Figure 1.The Card Reader: A card is a small piece ofplastic that holds information in a magnetic stripor microprocessor used in activities such asgetting cash from the Automated Teller Machines(ATM) or making phone calls (i.e. SIM) or openingand closing of a microcontrolled based door.Based on highly optimised construction, the cardreaders are very compact with a discreet and costThe Pacific Journal of Science and ffective design. The readers are usually madewith durable plastic to withstand harshenvironments. The microcontrolled door cardreader is usually equipped with a two waysupervised and secured communication, for theperson to gain entrance through the door and forhim to exit through same door when inside.Theterm used to describe this is card-in and card-out.The two-way communication between a cardreader and the microcontroller is usuallymonitored. The Card In reader is located outsideand used to enter into a building. If there aremultiple doors in the room for one to gainentrance, the Card In database is incremented forall the doors in the room. Such a database list istechnically known as a Muster list. The card outreader is located inside the building and usedwhen exiting a building. In the case of multipleexit doors in a room, the card out database isincremented for all the doors in the room.Thecard acess system is configured to generate a listof people that have „Carded In‟ to enter thebuilding.Upon entrance, user‟s name stays on the musterlist until the user „Carded Out‟ when leaving thebuilding. Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of thebasic principle involved. In the proposedsystem,the card reader is a slot where the cardwill be inserted by the user. On insertion of thecard into the card reader, the card readerdecodes the information in the card by conductingcurrent from one end of the card to another.The decoded signal is send to the microcontrollerunit which works according to its program codespecification.Microcontroller PIC16F84A: The system isdesigned around PIC16f84A microcontroller. ThePIC16f84A is used because it is readily availableand is relatively simple to understand. The PICimplements the software based control andcommands the electromechanical interface circuitto open and/or close the door. The PORT (RB6,RB7) of the PIC was designed to send the outputcontrol signals to the door circuit through the relayswitch of the electromechanical interface circuitand the PORT A (RA0 and RA1) is configured asanalog input to receive voltage values that specifythe state of denial and acceptance of entranceparameter form the card reader. These parametercontrols produces voltage which is reduced to amaximum of 5V s.–399–Volume 10. Number 2. November 2009 (Fall)

POWER SECTION(AC TO DC)DCDCTHEMICROCONTROLLERCARD READERPIC16f84AThe Card ReaderDOORELECRTOMECHANICAL SYSTEMElectromechanicalInterfaceRB6RB7RA 0RA1Door SystemFigure 1: The Functional Block Diagram of the System.NAME ON THEMUSTER LIST)MUSTER LISTJOYBEN.CARD OUT(DELETE NAMESFROM THEMUSTER LIST )Figure 2: Muster List Card Access Configuration.For example, if the card reader accepts valid cardupon the decoding from the PIC, 5V is producedand 0V for an invalid card. The voltage is readthrough the PORT A of the PIC as analog inputand is interpreted to mean high or low dependingon the input. PORT A status is read, the status (1or 0) determine if the electromechanical interfaceThe Pacific Journal of Science and ircuit is triggered or not (1 YES, 0 NO) [7,11].Electromechanical Door Interface Circuit: Inthe model, a simple 12v DC motor and Rack andPinion motion transmission systems were used toprovide translatory motion for the door to openand close upon the command of the–400–Volume 10. Number 2. November 2009 (Fall)