AUGUST/SEPTEMBER 2015 REVISITING COOLEY
AUGUST/SEPTEMBER 2015REVISITINGCOOLEYMobile MappingSoldier/SurveyorTest YourselfA decade of experienceTransforming our CapitalSharpen your pencils!
SURVEYOR Henry B. Looker SOLDIER Surveyor, soldier, civil engineer andvisionary government reformer,Henry B. Looker helped shape modernWashington DC. More than a centurylater he still guides DC surveyorsevery day . . . but most of them don’t know it.A West Pointer who unexpectedly became officialDistrict of Columbia Surveyor, Henry B. Lookertransformed land practices in the Nation’s Capital,and brought Washington DC out of the 1800s intothe roaring 20th Century. His many insightfulimprovements are still followed to this day. Amidst itall, he volunteered to fight for his country . . . whichcost him his life—but not from a bullet.EARLY DAYSHenry Brigham Looker was born in 1858 nearCincinnati, to an accomplished family that hadfought in every American war. His grandfather, asoldier in Washington’s Army, became Ohio’s fifthgovernor. And his naval officer father, decorated» CHAS LANGELAN, PSDisplayed with permission The American Surveyor August/September 2015 Copyright 2015 Cheves Media www.Amerisurv.com
Captain Henry B. Looker commanded a company of Washington DC volunteers in the Spanish American War. During the US invasion of PuertoRico, he and his men won acclaim as the ‘Fighting Engineers.’Displayed with permission The American Surveyor August/September 2015 Copyright 2015 Cheves Media www.Amerisurv.com
This 1870s plat gives a sense of the many gaps, overlaps and conflicts affecting DC’s metesand-bounds farm tracts. Looker and his staff solved the problem by assigning an individualParcel Number to each piece of real estate, then re-mapping the entire rural region. DC stilluses Looker’s system.in the Civil War, was a rear admiral. Todaytheir Ohio homestead is a historic park.Teenage Henry came to DC in 1876 whenhis father—Admiral Looker—was posted toWashington. The admiral moved his largefamily to a handsome 1868 Victorian homein Georgetown, District of Columbia.Naturally gifted at math and ‘problemsolving,’ Henry Looker attended two topengineering schools. He excelled first atMaryland Agricultural College (today’sUniversity of Maryland,) then the USMilitary Academy at West Point NY, finestengineering school on earth. But with onlyfour months left before graduation, heresigned from West Point due to illness. 17thin his class, he never graduated.Instead, at 23—son of an admiral,grandson of a governor, with highest familyexpectations—he was a college dropoutwith no degree and no military commission.But he had one thing . . . the best education in surveying, math, military sciencesand civil engineering obtainable in America.For seven years he bounced around various engineering and surveying jobs—canals,railroads, tunnels, suspension bridges,teaching—all good early experience.TOPOGRAPHICALENGINEERIn 1887 he returned to Washington and gota job as ‘assistant engineer’ with HermanK. Vielé, who ran a busy civil design firmin downtown DC. Henry B. Looker’s namenow began to appear for the first time onsubdivision plats in and around WashingtonDC—“Glen Echo Heights,” “Kalorama,”“Kensington”—all supervised by Vielé, butlargely done by Looker.Those plats were the first of thousands tocome, bearing Looker’s name.Three years later in 1890, Vielé retired.Henry went into business on his own.At Washington’s famed “National UnionBuilding,” he ‘put out his shingle’ as a newTopographical Engineer. So many civil firmsshared that building it was the unofficial“Surveyors & Engineers Club” of DC.There followed the most prolific few yearsof private practice any surveyor or engineerhas probably ever experienced.Looker’s new business flourished.Developers loved him. There was nothingin engineering or surveying he couldn’thandle. In 1890 he teamed with Henry W.Brewer, renowned surveyor of western DC,to subdivide “Palisades of the Potomac,” oneof Washington’s most scenic regions.Then came “Brightwood Park” in DC,done entirely by Looker, followed bysubdivisions in Maryland so numerous theycan’t all be listed . . . “Burgundy Park,” “HighPoint,” “Takoma Park,” “West Kensington,”“Glen Echo Heights,” “Chevy Chase,” “ChapelPoint” and others.Wherever one goes today around theWashington area, quaint historic neighborhoods from the 1890s are Looker’s. His math‘closes,’ his points check. Houses and fencesline up—silent testimonial to the man whoplaced them.One memorable drawing gainedprominence—“National Chautauqua ofGlen Echo” (an ‘enlightenment’ centerin the 1890s.) Looker’s exquisite plat ofWashington’s Chautauqua site—Glen EchoPark today—is a surveyor’s work of art.A busy few years went by for surveyorengineer Henry Looker. Projects flew fromhis drafting tables. Along with plenty ofbusiness, he gained a wide reputation forskill and integrity.One day in 1894 he received someunexpected visitors—a delegation ofWashington’s top government and businessleaders. They were on a recruiting mission.They’d come to implore him to do thevery last thing he’d ever considered—closeDisplayed with permission The American Surveyor August/September 2015 Copyright 2015 Cheves Media www.Amerisurv.com
his booming private practice and join theDistrict of Columbia’s Surveyors Office.In those days ‘DCSO’ was the key agencyfor all land development in the Nation’sCapital, combining today’s functions ofplanning, zoning, permitting and subdivisions. William Forsyth, its highly-regardedbut elderly surveyor in charge, had directedthe office since before the Civil War. Newdevelopments had overwhelmed his smallhard-working staff. Urgently a skilled youngsurveyor was needed . . . and the personthey wanted was Henry B. Looker.It took considerable ‘persuasion,’ but inthe end Looker agreed.DC SURVEYORSOFFICEHenry B. Looker joined the DC SurveyorsOffice in January 1895, as AssistantSurveyor to William Forsyth, at the princelysalary of 1800 a year (about 50K today.)With Forsyth’s blessing, he immediatelystarted making big improvements.In March 1895, in a single far-seeingreform, Looker earned the undying gratitudeof every generation to follow. He beganrecording official Plats of Survey. Thispractice, common in western ‘Public Lands’states, seldom occurs today in the eastern US.DC had always recorded its Subdivisionsshowing ‘record’ dimensions. But the city alsokept an unpublished treasure-trove of fieldsurveys, showing ‘real-world’ dimensions thatdiffered from official plats. To the anguishof surveyors like Looker, this ‘measured’information was restricted to government use.Looker quickly changed all that. Hebegan the Survey Books of WashingtonDC, which today number over 200 largevolumes. They show actual field measurements on official recorded Plats of Survey,available to everyone. DC today still recordsSurvey Plats in large numbers.Why is this so important? Because DClacks both property monuments and acoordinate-based control network. Most ofthe city’s long-ago boundary markers aregone. No coordinates were ever run. Howcan surveyors retrace property lines?Ah . . . in a city devoid of markers andcontrol, DC law recognizes official SurveyPlats as high-order boundary evidence.They’re ‘held’ by surveyors doing propertylines today. That makes Looker’s SurveyBooks solid gold. Surveyors couldn’t be rightwithout them.SURVEYOR OF DCIn August 1897, citing age and illness,respected old William Forsyth resigned after40 years as Surveyor of DC. He’d workedmiracles since 1857.President McKinley appointed Henry B.Looker to the top spot—new official Surveyorof the District of Columbia. His pay rose to 3000 (about 90K today.) The change madefront page headlines August 17, 1897.Another story also made news that day . . .Cuba.A Spanish colony for centuries, Cubahad rebelled against Spain. Fighting raged.On August 17, 1897—same day Looker wasappointed—the US announced support forthe insurgents (infuriating Spain.)Relations quickly worsened. USS Mainedetonated at Havana, killing 300 Americans.“Spanish Treachery!” screamed the press.William McKinley mobilized the entire USmilitary and called up the National Guard.A quarter-million American men readied forwar. Spain did likewise.From the railroad station that once graced Washington’sNational Mall, the whooping, hat-waving 1st District ofColumbia Volunteer Infantry regiment, nearly 1000 strong,departs for the Spanish American War.Displayed with permission The American Surveyor August/September 2015 Copyright 2015 Cheves Media www.Amerisurv.com
THE WARWar was declared April 25, 1898. DC’sNational Guard regiment was the firstunit called. Because there was some legalquestion whether National Guard troopscould be sent overseas, Congress authorizedthe raising of 16 special regiments of UnitedStates Volunteers—the famed “U.S.V.” ofthe Spanish-American War. Every soldiervolunteered for foreign combat.To a man, DC’s National Guard unitstepped forward and became U.S.V. infantry.And Henry Looker resigned as Surveyor ofDC and joined them.His West Point training made himan officer . . . Captain Henry B. Looker,commanding Company H, 1st District ofColumbia Volunteer Infantry, U.S.V.Whooping and waving, DC’s young mendeparted for war. They joined the Americanarmy at Florida, to conquer the Caribbean.At Florida an inquiry came around fromthe general . . . Were there any trainedengineers among the men? All eyes turnedto Looker.Because of his engineering prowess,Looker and Company H were detached andformed into an engineers battalion—worried they’d ‘miss all the fighting.’Everybody knows about Teddy Rooseveltand Cuba’s San Juan Hill. But anotherCaribbean island was also invaded in thatwar . . . Puerto Rico.Secretly from Florida a large Americanconvoy sailed. Among the thousands oftroops aboard were Captain Henry B.Looker and his engineers. Another fleet leftCuba. Silently, before dawn July 25, the twoforces made rendezvous in darkness offGuánica in southern Puerto Rico.At dawn, with battleships thundering, theinvasion stormed ashore.In with the first wave went CaptainHenry B. Looker and Company H, combatengineers assigned to clear obstacles. Theycaptured the first enemy prisoners andbattle flag in Puerto Rico.One of DC’s earliest recorded Plats of Survey, by Henry B. Looker in 1895, shows party wallsbuilt 5 to 9 feet out of position. Constant layout errors by builders soon led Looker to requireofficial ‘Wall Tests’ of all new structures, a practice still followed by Washington DC.Looker and his ‘fighting engineers’distinguished themselves throughout thePuerto Rican campaign. Often under fire atthe front, they repaired bridges, felled trees,built earthworks and carved roads for thearmy—fighting alongside infantry.Shooting ceased August 13. Disease wasthe real killer in that war. Looker fell withmalaria—too weak to walk. But Americandoctors were skilled. Looker was tough.After some time he returned to his greatlyrelieved men.The unit arrived home September 17. Ata gala awards dinner attended by 8,000people, William McKinley personallydecorated Henry Looker and Company H.Displayed with permission The American Surveyor August/September 2015 Copyright 2015 Cheves Media www.Amerisurv.com
They’d seen more fighting, and renderedmore valuable service, than almost anyother unit in the army. Every man receiveda medal.Looker and his men brought back anunconquerable spirit of victory, which theynever lost. It sustained them through everyfuture challenge. No matter how daunting,nothing ever intimidated them again.TRANSFORMINGDC SURVEYINGAfter seven months away, Looker resumedhis old job as DC Surveyor. He began tackling and solving problems in the District’sland systems with an ease and speed thatare wondrous today.In 1899 he invented a new method fortracking the city’s thousands of ‘Tax Lots’—irregular remnants of property that DCcouldn’t sort. Looker gave them a uniquenumbering system and platted them all.After that, “A&T Lots” were easy to find. DCstill uses his system.Similarly, Looker organized DC’sundeveloped farmland. He gave each tractits own ‘Parcel Number’ and created fourlarge books of maps, replotting the entire1902 Wall Test by Henry B. Looker shows a newly-constructed dwelling wildly ‘out of whack’with its deed lines, plus two sheds built entirely off the property. In turn-of-the-centuryWashington, builders were so indifferent about survey quality that Looker’s new ‘Wall Test’system found major foul-ups every week.rural half of DC and correcting overlaps,gaps and conflicts. Those books still exist, asdoes his Parcel system.DC was still using tattered original recordsfrom the days of George Washington. Lookerdecided to make fresh copies. At the WarDepartment a second set of those samerecords existed, in better shape. Lookerborrowed them. To his horror he discoveredOf the thousands of drawings done or directed by Henry B. Looker, his most well-knownwas ’National Chautauqua of Glen Echo.’ This high-profile 1891 masterpiece gained Lookernationwide prominence as a surveyor and engineer, and led to numerous additional projectsthroughout the Washington DC area. A ‘center of enlightment’ in the 1890s, this site today isGlen Echo Park, owned by National Park Service.they contained different dimensions. Lookerput the two sets side-by-side and solvedevery discrepancy. The result was DC’s“Original Records of Squares”—large booksof plats bearing his careful notes and corrections. These became the accepted ‘OfficialRecord,’ still used today.In 1902, exasperated at constant surveymistakes by builders, he began requiringofficial ‘Wall Tests‘—checks of all newconstruction—done by the DC SurveyorsOffice.Stake-out errors by builders and privatesurveyors were going undetected until toolate. Looker forbade construction higher thanone-foot until everything had been “WallTested” by his people and found correct.Buildings began ‘flunking’ every week.They got torn down and moved until theywere right. Looker’s Wall Tests solved chronicproblems. They ‘tightened up’ private surveying, and caught blunders in time.But they did much more than that.Over decades, they created a world-classarchive of ‘building locations,’ showingmeasurements of structures, tied to propertylines, done during original constructionby impartial government experts. In a citywithout marked boundaries, surveyorstoday use this information, along withDisplayed with permission The American Surveyor August/September 2015 Copyright 2015 Cheves Media www.Amerisurv.com
1861 Boschke Map shows the District ofColumbia’s three distinct surveying ‘worlds.’City of Washington (1792) was an earlyplanned US Public Lands survey, uniquein the eastern United States. Georgetown(1751) was a sleepy Maryland village priorto the Revolution. There, colonial surveyrules sometimes still apply. And County ofWashington, entirely rural until after theCivil War, followed no development planwhatsoever for 100 years.Looker’s recorded Plats of Survey, to “backin” property lines.Like his recorded surveys, Looker’sWall Tests are of incalculable valuetoday—his second greatest ‘gift’ for solvingboundaries. Surveyors in DC shouldthank their lucky stars that Henry B.Looker came along. Without him, theywouldn’t have anything.In 1902 Congress passed a new Code ofLaw for DC. One section required use ofProration for distributing land ’equitably’throughout subdivided blocks. Written byLooker with great expertise, it specified‘remnant rule’ distribution for colonialGeorgetown and mathematical proration(much like Section Corners) for the restof DC. This gave the District of Columbiasomething fairly unique—a detailed Act ofCongress requiring surveyors to prorate,and telling them how to do it.Henry B. Looker’s 1902 Proration Statuteis still in effect. Its importance today cannotbe overstated. It forms the fundamentallegal basis for all land surveying in theDistrict of Columbia.Displayed with permission The American Surveyor August/September 2015 Copyright 2015 Cheves Media www.Amerisurv.com
Below: August 17, 1897—Elderly WilliamForsyth (left,) highly-respected Surveyorof DC since before the Civil War, gives wayto 39-year old Henry B. Looker (right,) in apresidential appointment that made frontpage headlines in Washington’s daily papers.Henry B. Looker’s last survey, December 1, 1904, shows twohouses with fenced-in backyards. Both fences encroached onthe land behind.He continued to innovate as long ashe lived—drawing plats in color, addingcontrol lines, finding better ways. He beganshowing discrepancies between ‘Record’and ’Measured’ distances. In this, he was sixdecades ahead of his time. Not until 1962 didALTA require the same. Every one of Looker’stechniques is still used by Washington DC.FINAL CASUALTYOn December 1, 1904 Henry B. Lookersigned his last drawing. It was an ordinarylittle survey showing two houses withfences. (Naturally, the fences encroached.)Next day, suddenly “feeling ill,” he wenthome early. He never saw his workplace again.His old malaria from the war cameroaring back—fever, delirium, chills, andconvulsions. In those days people didn’t go tohospitals, doctors came to you. Treatment in1904 was quinine. Ice for the fever. Nothinghelped. His condition grew hopeless.He died at home January 3, 1905—a finalcasualty of the Spanish American War.They laid him to rest with full militaryhonors. 380 attended his funeral. Pallbearerswere brigadier generals, DC commissioners, professional colleagues and grievingcomrades from Company H. He was 46.When Henry B. Looker died, the everflowing torrent of new ideas and solutions diedwith him. Nothing changed further for years.He’d have gone the next step, running controlcoordinates throughout DC. No successor did.Looker in his life signed at least 5000drawings. But today his ‘signature’ is acrossmore than old surveys. It’s everywhere inthe Washington area. His elegant subdivisions, countless innovations, and even DC’sgovernment itself, all reflect him still.For generations, surveyors aroundWashington have asked, “Why is DC sodifferent?”No other place in the region recordssurveys. Or has mandatory proration bylaw. Or requires government wall checks.Or keeps ‘record’ and ‘measured’ separate.Or uses old buildings for monuments. Orfollows Public Land practices.The answer is Henry B. Looker. Professional land surveyor Chas Langelanpracticed more than 40 years in Marylandand the District of Columbia, operating abusy survey office on Capitol Hill beforeretiring in 2008.Displayed with permission The American Surveyor August/September 2015 Copyright 2015 Cheves Media www.Amerisurv.com
AUGUST/SEPTEMBER 2015 Mobile Mapping A decade of experience Soldier/Surveyor Transforming our Capital Test Yourself Sharpen your pencils! REVISITING
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