Remote Sensing Of Coastal Ecosystems - NASA
National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationRemote Sensing of Coastal EcosystemsJuan L. Torres-Pérez and Amber McCullumAugust 25th – September 8th, 2020
Course Structure and Materials Three, 1-hour sessions on August 25,September 1, and September 8 The same content will be presented at twodifferent times each day:– Session A: 11:00-12:00 EST (UTC-4) (English)– Session B: 14:00-15:00 EST (UTC-4) (Spanish)– Please only sign up for and attend onesession per day. Webinar recordings, PowerPointpresentations, and the homeworkassignment can be found after each sessionat:– ing/english/remote-sensingcoastal-ecosystems Q&A following each lecture and/or by emailat: juan.l.torresperez@nasa.gov or amberjean.mccullum@nasa.govNASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training Program2
Homework and Certificates Homework:– One homework assignment– Answers must be submitted via Google Forms– HW Deadline: Tuesday Sept 22 Certificate of Completion:– Attend both live webinars– Complete the homework assignment by the deadline (access fromARSET website)– You will receive certificates approximately two months after thecompletion of the course from: marines.martins@ssaihq.comNASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training Program3
Prerequisites Prerequisites:– Please complete Sessions 1 & 2A ofFundamentals of Remote Sensing orhave equivalent experience. Course Materials:– ��s Applied Remote Sensing Training Program4
Course OutlineSession 1: Overview ofCoastal Ecosystems andRemote SensingNASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training ProgramSession 2: LightPenetration in the WaterColumnSession 3: Remote Sensingof Shorelines5
Learning ObjectivesBy the end of this session, you will beable to: Identify the main geologicalfeatures of shorelines, includingbeach environments Summarize techniques used forshoreline characterization withremotely-sensed dataTómbolo Beach in the north coast of Puerto Rico. Credit: Juan L.Torres-PérezNASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training Program6
Major Components of a ShorelineCredit: Dr. Maritza Barreto, Univ. of PRNASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training Program7
Shores are Classified in Two Major TypesErosional Shores Have well-developed cliffs and are commonin coastlines affected by tectonic activity Some features include coves, sea stacks, seaarches, and headlands. Ex: West Coast of USDepositional Shores Are typical of passive margins and showareas with large deposits of sediment (sandybeaches) Some features include river deltas, tombolos,barrier islands, and lagoons. Ex: East Coast of the USCredit: Dr. Maritza Barreto, Univ. of PRNASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training Program8
Shoreline Morphology Characterization Identification of the type of coastline(rocky, beach, vegetated) Identification of areas of erosion vs areas ofaccretion Identification of sediment types andcomposition Provides information on weatheringpatterns in other parts of the watershed Combines remote sensing with in situtechniques to study historical and presentchanges in the extension of a particularcoastline type Identifies the distribution and current statusof natural or man-made physical barriersNASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training ProgramCredit: Dr. Maritza Barreto, Univ. of PR9
Causes for Shoreline Changes Occurrence and magnitude of tropical ortemperate systems Hurricanes Cold fronts Wave action/cyclonic waves Tidal range Tectonic activity Climate change events such as variations in seasurface temperature, sea level rise, etc. River discharge Human activities such as sand removal orconstructionsNASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training ProgramDifferences in beach width.Credit: Dr. Maritza Barreto, Univ. of PR10
Effects of Sea Level Rise on CoastlinesCredit: www.ejatlas.orgNASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training ProgramCredit: Dr. Maritza Barreto, Univ. of PR11
Effects of Sea Level Rise on CoastlinesMarch 2018NASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training ProgramFebruary 2020Credit: Prof. Aurelio Mercado, Univ. of PR12
Advantages of Using Remote Sensing to Study ShorelineChanges Allows for assessment of the current state of the shoreline at the time of theimage capture Allows for a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the shorelinecomponents Allows for comparisons between different time periods or siteso With satellite series like Landsat you can do time series analyses on somesites for almost 50 years! May combine diverse tools depending on the goal of the projecto Optical and radaro Satellite and airborneo Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS; drones)o Different spatial scalesNASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training Program13
Landsat Imagery for Shoreline and Watershed ChangesCredit: Dr. Maritza Barreto, Univ. of PRNASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training Program14
Advantages of the Coastal Band in Landsat 8 for ShorelineFeaturesCongo River DeltaLagoa Dos Patos, BrazilNASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training Program15
Use of Historical Aerial Photographs to Quantify ShorelineChangesCredit: Dr. Maritza Barreto, Univ. of PRNASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training Program16
Combined Aerial and High-Resolution Satellite Data forShoreline Change AnalysisCredit: Mann and Westphal (2014) Rem. Sens.NASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training Program17
Combined Aerial and High-Resolution Satellite Data forShoreline Change AnalysisHistorical aerialdata can becombined withsatellite imageryto assess forshoreline changesas a result of sealevel rise or otherclimate- orhuman-relatedfactors.Credit: Mann and Westphal (2014) Rem. Sens.NASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training Program18
Dunes, Beaches, and Wetlands
Coastal Dunes Occur where there is a supply of sand,wind to move it, and a place for it toaccumulate Occur above the spring high tide lineand the back-beach forms the seawardboundary of the dunes and the supplyof sand Classified in two general types:– Vegetated Dunes – Form ridgesparallel to the beach which areanchored by vegetation– Transverse Dunes – Lack vegetationand generally migrateCredit: www.geology.uprm.edu/MorelockSiteCredit: www.commons.Wikimedia.orgNASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training Program20
Beach Types (Dissipative vs. Reflective Beaches)Dissipative Beaches Develop under high waveconditions where there isan abundant supply ofmedium to fine sands The surf zone is wide with agentle slope ( 5 degrees) More dominated by waveaction Wide beach face Usually lack a bermReflective Beaches Form during low to medium waveconditions Coarser sands Have a steeper slope ( 10 degrees) Are more dominated by tidesDissipative (left) and Reflective (right) beaches in Australia. Image credit: www.ozcoasts.org.auNASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training Program21
Beaches are highly dynamic environments. Beach extension and widthcan change in short periodsof time. This can be part of thenatural beach cycle or as aconsequence of a majornatural event (hurricane). This makes local knowledgeand the collection of in situdata during the satelliteoverpass key steps foraccurate image processingand analysis.Aug 11, 2019Sept 11, 2019Changes in beach width (San Juan, PR). Credit: Dr. MaritzaBarreto, Univ. of PRNASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training Program22
Beaches are highly dynamic environments.Guajataca Beach, Northwest PRSept 2009Oct 2009Nov 2009Rincon Beach, Northwest PRSept 2009Oct 2009NASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training ProgramNov 2009Dynamics of sediment compositionin two beaches in PR. Credit: Dr.Maritza Barreto, Univ. of PR23
Beaches are highly dynamic environments.La Selva Beach, Luquillo, PR (Sept 2009) (Transition)NASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training ProgramSame beach in October 2009 (Dissipative Beach)24
Beaches are highly dynamic environments.Sediment composition (and hence, thespectral signature) can change in a shortperiod of time depending on thedynamics of the physical processesacting upon them.Credit: Dr. Maritza Barreto, Univ. of PRNASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training Program25
Coastal WetlandsSalt Marshes – More typical ofmid latitudesCumberland Island, Georgia USA. Credit: www.flickr.comNASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training ProgramMangrove Forests – more typical oflow latitudes (tropics)Black mangrove forest – Southwest PR. Credit: Juan L. TorresPérez26
Typical Image Analysis Approach for Coastal Wetlands1. Radiometric and GeometricCorrection2. Image Segmentation3. Supervised and UnsupervisedClassification4. Cluster Analysis5. Final Image ClassificationNote: Ancillary data can be usedwhenever available; field data aidsin image validation.Credit: Klemas (2011) J Coastal ResNASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training Program27
Vegetation indices and biophysical parameters used for inlandareas are also useful for coastal wetlands.Vegetation/Greenness Indices NDVI - Normalized DifferenceVegetation Index EVI - Enhanced Vegetation Index SAVI - Soil-Adjusted VegetationIndex MSAVI - Modified Soil-AdjustedVegetation Index SATVI - Soil-Adjusted TotalVegetation Index Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR)NASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training ProgramBiophysical Parameter Estimates fPAR - Fraction ofPhotosynthetically ActiveRadiation Fractional Cover GPP and NPP - Gross and NetPrimary Productivity or Biomass LAI - Leaf Area sing28
Monitoring Mangroves Using Synthetic Aperture Radar r-dataNASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training Program29
Shoreline Topography and Bathymetry
Shoreline Topography and Bathymetry Topography and hydrography arebasic elements needed for studyingnearshore processes. This includes information on:– Long- and short-term changes– Beach profiles– Erosional or depositional events– Wetland changes– Changes in local vegetationstructure and healthCredit: Dr. Maritza Barreto, Univ. of PRNASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training Program31
Methods for Mapping Bathymetry of Shallow Waters andTopography of Adjacent acy orRelative Error(%)ReferencesStereoscopyStereo OpticalImageryBeachHigh horizontalresolution; capable ofcapturing local beachfeaturesDepend on groundcontrol points to correctthe vertical offsetRMSE of 0.350.48mAlmeida et al(2019)Water LineSAR andOpticalIntertidalIncreasing number ofsensors in orbit allowsfor better sampling ofintertidal zoneAssumes stabletopography duringacquisition timeRMSE of 0.20mLi (2014)InSARSARIntertidalNo field data requiredHigh temporaldecorrelationRMSE of 0.20mLee & Ryu(2017)RadarAltimetryRadar andLaserAltimetersIntertidalCan provide veryaccuratemeasurementsGenerate only intertidaltopography profilesRMSE of 0.23 mSalameh et al(2018, 2019)Aquatic oreNo field data requiredSensitive toheterogeneity of watercolumn and surfaceeffectsDepends on IOPsand bottomsubstrateLee et al(1999); Capoet al (2014)RMSE Root Mean Square ErrorNASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training Program32
Stereoscopy for Bathymetry and Coastal Topography Provides high spatial resolution (sub-meter)The Satellite Pour l’Observation dela Terre (SPOT) was the firstconstellation of civilian satellites toacquire stereoscopic images.The Pleiades 1A-1B constellation(Centre National d’EtudesSpatiales [CNES]) collectsstereoscopic imagery at 0.7mspatial resolution and has theability to revisit any place in theworld in one day.– Useful for monitoring of rapidcoastal processes such aserosion caused by a stormPleiades 1A image of the island of Bora Bora in Polynesia. Credit: CNESNASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training Program33
Waterline for Bathymetry and Coastal Topography The name refers to the land-sea boundary, or the shoreline, in the intertidalzone.Is the most widely used technique forconstructing intertidal digital elevationmodels (DEMs)Combines remote sensing withhydrodynamic modelingUses a series of images covering the wholetidal range to form a gridded DEMAssumes no major changes in thetopography of the intertidal zone duringthe image acquisition periodTypically uses SAR images, but optical canalso be usedNASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training Program34
InSAR for Bathymetry and Coastal Topography Interferometric SAR (InSAR) Uses two or more SAR images takenfrom different positions, different times,or both to extract topographyinformation from their phasedifference Like other uses of SAR, one image iscalled the “Master” and the otherones the “Slaves” Best to use single-pass interferometry(two antennas in the same platform)systems with no temporal baseline toobtain accurate DEMsNASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training ProgramInSAR DEM for the Gomso Bay, South Korea (spatial resolution 5m).From: Lee et al (2017) IEEE35
Radar Altimetry for Bathymetry and Coastal Topography Can also be used to derive directestimates of bottom topographyover intertidal zones during lowtide Can combine data from multiplesatellite-based radars:– ERS-2 (1995-2003)– ENVISAT (2002-2010)– Cryosat-2 (since 2010)– SARAL (2013-2016)Arcachon Lagoon, Bay of Biscay, France. Credit:Salameh et al (2018) Remote SensingNASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training Program36
Aquatic Color Radiometry for Bathymetry and CoastalTopography Uses remote sensing reflectance(Rrs) as a function of:– Bottom albedo in opticallyshallow waters– The concentration of watercolumn components– The vertical attenuationcoefficient (Kd) Requires hyperspectral dataunless the bottom topographyvariability is small, thenmultispectral data (preferablyhigh spatial resolution) can alsobe usefulNASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training ProgramDerived bathymetry for Molokai (Hawaii) obtained with the AVIRIS-C hyperspectralsensor. From: Goodman et al (2020) Remote Sens37
Remote Sensing of Marine Debris on Shorelines
Marine DebrisIt is occurring from pole to pole.50-90% are plasticsMicro ( 5mm) to macro plastics ( 25mm)Impacts include fauna entanglement andingestion, effects on gas exchangebetween the water column and theseafloor sediment, displacement of manybenthic species, and loss of aestheticvalue and activity. Usual survey methods can provide fordebris removal, but it is limited and costlyfor remote areas. Remote sensing can practically assess thepresence of marine debris on allshorelines. NASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training ProgramTop: Pieces of an old cellphone found in a reefsite. Bottom: Anthropogenic marine debriswashed ashore on a beach in West PR. ImageCredit: Juan L. Torres-Pérez39
Remote Sensing of Marine Debris Challenging due to size and variety (plastics beads, cigarette butts, derelict fishing and nautical gear, macro plastics, Styrofoam, bags of different types/sources, etc.)Lately, some researchers have attempted to create spectral libraries of major marinedebris categories and have shown spectral differences among these (Garaba andDierssen 2018 RSE; Acuña-Ruz et al 2018 RSE).Credit: Acuña-Ruz et al (2018) Remote Sens EnvironNASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training Program40
Remote Sensing of Marine Debris The spectral signal of the material is altered depending on the time exposed toenvironmental conditions (weathering, UV, biofouling, sediments, etc.).From: Acuña-Ruz et al (2018) Remote Sens EnvironNASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training Program41
In Summary Shorelines are highly dynamics areas dominated by climate and/oranthropogenic factors. Shoreline topography and bathymetry can be obtained by a numberof remote sensing methods and diverse imagery sources. Remotely-sensed data allows for short- and long-scale time seriesanalysis of shoreline features and provides valuable information fordecision-making processes. This may include the combination of historical aerial and recentsatellite-based imagery.NASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training Program42
Contacts ARSET Contacts– Amber McCullum: AmberJean.Mccullum@nasa.gov– Juan Torres-Perez: juan.l.torresperez@nasa.gov General ARSET Inquiries– Ana Prados: aprados@umbc.edu ARSET Website:– http://appliedsciences.nasa.gov/arsetNASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training Program43
Questions Please enter your questions into the Q&A box. We will post the questions and answers to thetraining website following the conclusion ofthe course.NASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training Program44
Thank You!NASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training Program45
Typical Image Analysis Approach for Coastal Wetlands 1. Radiometric and Geometric Correction 2. Image Segmentation 3. Supervised and Unsupervised Classification 4. Cluster Analysis 5. Final Image Classification Note: Ancillary data can be used whenever available; field data aids in image validation. Credit: Klemas (2011) J Coastal Res. NASA’s Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 28 .
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Scope of remote sensing Remote sensing: science or art? The remote sensing process Applications of remote sensing Information flow in remote sensing The EMRreflected, emitted, or back-scattered from an object or geographic area is used as a surrogatefor the actual property under investigation.
ECOSYSTEMS OF THE WORLD Editor in Chief: David W. Goodall CSIRO, Midland, W.A. (Australia) I. TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS A. Natural Terrestrial Ecosystems 1. Wet Coastal Ecosystems 2. Dry Coastal Ecosystems . cal work has been carried out in the area. I
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