Grade 3 Unit 3 - Amplify
Unit 3 How Does Your Body Work?Grade 3Unit 3ISBN 9781643838540How Does Your Body Work?READER9 781643 838540620L
Grade 3Unit 3How DoesYour Body Work?Reader
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Table of ContentsHow Does Your Body Work?Unit 3 ReaderChapter 1: The Skeletal System 2Chapter 2: All About Bones 12Chapter 3: The Muscular System 18Chapter 4: Joints and Muscles 24Chapter 5: The Nervous System 32Chapter 6: The Spinal Cord and Brain 40Chapter 7: Eyes and Vision 52Chapter 8: Ears and Hearing 60Chapter 9: Overcoming Disabilities, Part I 70Chapter 10: Overcoming Disabilities, Part II 78Pausing Point (Additional Chapters for Enrichment)Chapter 11: Vision Problems, Vision Solutions 86 Chapter 12: The Skeletal System: Reader’s Theater 92Appendix: Dr. Welbody’s Rhymes for the Human Body Systems 99Glossary for How Does Your Body Work? 107
Chapter1TheSkeletal SystemHello! My name is Dr. Welbody. Some of you mayremember me. I visited your school once before. Youwere in first grade then. We learned about some of thesystems that keep your body working. I told you to eathealthy food so you would grow up to be big and strong.It looks like you listened to me, too! I see that you havegrown a lot since then! You are getting big and tall!I am here today to help you learn more about thebody and its systems. In the next few days we will learnabout three systems: the skeletal system, the muscularsystem, and the nervous system.2
Dr. Welbody presents a slide showing two views of a humanskeleton.3
I’d like to begin with the skeletal system. Theskeletal system is made up of bones that give your bodyshape.I have a slideshow here on my computer. The firstslide shows the skeletal system. The picture on theright shows what the skeletal system looks like from thefront. The one on the left shows what it looks like fromthe side.There are more than 200 bones in your body. WhenI went to medical school to learn to be a doctor, I had tolearn the name of every bone in the body. I had to studyvery hard!You kids don’t need to be able to name every bone inthe body. But you should know the names of some of themore important bones. So let’s get started!4
The skeletal system seen from the side and from the front5
Let’s start at the top, with the skull. Doctors call thisset of bones the cranium. The skull, or cranium, has avery important job. It protects your brain.You might think the skull is all one big bone. Butthat’s not the case. In fact, a human skull is a set of22 bones.Human skull, or cranium6
Rub the back of your neck. Can you feel the bonethat’s right at the base of your neck? That’s one of thebones in your spine, or spinal column. The spine is achain of bones that runs down through your neck andback. It runs from the base of the skull all the way downto your hips (or pelvis).The spinal column is made up of more than thirtysmaller bones, stacked one on top of another. Thesesmaller bones are called vertebrae. The vertebraeprotect a bundle ofnerves called the spinalcord. The spinal corddelivers nerve signalsto and from the brain.You may rememberlearning that animalswith spines, orbackbones,are calledvertebrates.That’s becausetheir spines aremade up ofvertebrae.Human spinal column7
My next slide shows the bones inside your chest. Ifyou tap on your chest, right in the middle, you can feelyour breastbone. It’s also known as the sternum.If you tap a bit to the left or the right, you may beable to feel some of your ribs. The ribs protect innerorgans like the heart and lungs.If you look at the slide, you can see why peoplesometimes talk about “the rib cage.” The rib bones looklike the bars of a cage.Do you see the two large bones behind the rib cage?They are shaped like triangles. There’s one on each side.These are your shoulder blades. The medical name forthe shoulder blade is the scapula.STERNUMSCAPULARIBSFront view of the rib cage with scapulae (in back)8
TIBIAFIBULAHuman leg bonesThe last two bones I want to tell you about are legbones. They are called the tibia and the fibula. These arethe two bones in the lower part of your leg. The tibia isthe larger of the two.Okay, that’s a lot of bones—and a lot of names. Let’splay Simon Says and see if you can remember the names.I’ll be Simon.Are you ready?9
Simon says, tap your skull.Simon says, now tap your cranium.Ha! The cranium is the same thing as the skull. DidI trick any of you?Simon says, flex your vertebrae by bending over andtouching your tibia.Simon says, take a deep breath and feel your rib cageexpand.Simon says, put your pelvis to work and sit down.Now, reach back and see if you can touch one of yourscapulae, or shoulder blades.Wait! I didn’t say Simon says! Did I catch anyone?10
Dr. Welbody plays Simon Says with students.11
Chapter2All About BonesLast time, we learned the names of some of the bonesin the body. Today, I’d like to tell you a little more aboutbones.The bone I’m pointing to is the human fibulabone. The fibula, you may recall, is one of the bones inyour leg.The outer part of a bone is hard. It is made up of thesame stuff as a seashell you might find at the beach. Thatstuff is called calcium.Do you like milk? Milk and other dairy products likecheese have lots of calcium in them. They are good foryour bones. One way to take good care of your bones isto eat a healthy diet with dairy products. Exercise is alsogood for your bones.12
Dr. Welbody points to the fibula.13
If you could look inside a bone, you’d see somethingcalled bone marrow. Since you can’t see inside this bone,I’ll show you a slide.This slide shows bone marrow cells. I think you mayalready know a little about cells. Is that right? If youlook at things with a strong microscope, you can see thatmany things are made up of tiny cells. Your skin is madeof cells. So are your bones.Here you can see some bone marrow cells. There aremillions of cells like these inside your bones. The bonemarrow cells have an important job. They are like littlefactories. They pump out red blood cells. Then, the redblood cells carry oxygen all around the body.14
A view of bone marrow cells through a microscope15
As you get older and taller, your bones grow withyou. Bones are strong. They can support a great deal ofweight. However, if we put too much pressure on them,or if the pressure comes from the wrong direction, bonescan break.This next slide shows a broken bone. This is a specialkind of picture called an x-ray.X-rays are part of theinvisible light spectrum. Whenyou aim x-ray light at your body,some parts of the body absorba lot of x-rays and some donot. Your bones are hard. Theyabsorb a lot of the x-ray light.The soft tissue around yourbones absorbs less x-ray light.That is why doctors like x-rays.We can aim x-rays at a part ofyour body and get a picture ofthe inside of your body. We canuse x-rays to find out if anybones are broken. You will learn An x-ray image of amuch more about x-rays in abroken bone—do youlater unit about light and sound. see exactly where thebone is broken?16
Have any of you ever broken a bone?I fix lots of broken bones each year. Would you liketo know how I do it?I start by taking x-rays. That’s how I find out if thebone is really broken. If the x-rays show that a bone isbroken, then I set the bone. That means I put the bonepieces back in the right place. Once the bones are in theright place, I put on a cast.One of the remarkable things about the bones inyour body is that they are able to heal themselves. Oncea broken bone has been set, it grows back just like it wasbefore it was broken.Here’s a boy I fixed up last summer.He broke one of the bones in hisarm. I put the cast on to holdthe bones in the right placeso they would heal. He had towear the cast for two monthswhile the bones healed. Then,I cut the cast off for him.He’s just fine now. His bonehas healed and his arm is asgood as new.The cast helps the boy’s broken arm heal.17
Chapter3TheMuscular SystemHave you ever seen a movie or a TV show in whichskeletons chase people? I saw a cartoon like that theother day. These kids were trying to solve a mystery butthey were having problems. Every time they went out tolook for clues, a skeleton would pop out of a grave andchase them around.Well, as a doctor, I have to tell you: that’s just notvery realistic. Bones don’t move all by themselves. Infact, bones don’t go anywhere at all without muscles.When I bend my arm, I do it by using muscles.I tighten the muscles in my arm and the muscles makethe bones and the rest of the arm move.When you kick a ball, it’s the same thing. You tightenthe muscles in your legs in order to move your legbones.18
Can a skeleton chase you?19
This slide shows you some of the muscles in themuscular system. You can see that there are lots ofmuscles in our bodies. There are about 650 musclesin the human body, in fact. About half of your body’sweight comes from muscles!Your body has about 650 muscles.20
Muscles help us run.Muscles are important to us for many reasons.Can you think of some?Muscles help us run and jump. They allow us tostand up and sit down. We use muscles when we liftheavy objects. We also use them when we chew ourfood and when we smile. We even use muscles when webreathe.21
Doctors divide muscles into two groups: voluntarymuscles and involuntary muscles. Voluntary musclesare muscles that you can make move and control.Involuntary muscles are muscles that you can’t control.Involuntary muscles work without you even thinkingabout them. These muscles work automatically.The muscles that help you move your arms and legsare voluntary muscles. When you want to pick up abox, you think about it and then tighten the muscles inyour arms so you can lift the box. You can also controlthe muscles in your legs when you want to make yourbody run or jump.You move the voluntary muscles inyour legs to make your body run.22
A human stomachThe muscles in your heart, however, are involuntarymuscles. They keep your heart beating, whether you areawake or asleep. You don’t have to think, “It’s time tobeat again, heart!” These muscles work automatically.There are involuntary muscles in your stomach, aswell. Your stomach muscles keep digesting your foodwithout you reminding them to do the job.23
Chapter4Jointsand MusclesDoes anyone know what we call the place where twobones come together?It’s called a joint.You have lots of joints in your body. Your elbow is ajoint. So is your shoulder. So is your knee.24
Dr. Welbody points to an image of knee joints.25
Many joints are cushioned by cartilage. Cartilageis a flexible, connective tissue. It is not as hard as bone,but it is stiffer and less flexible than muscle.Do you remember when we learned about thevertebrae—the bones that make up your spinal column?Well, we have cartilage between each of the thirty or sovertebrae in our spinal column. The cartilage cushionsthe vertebrae and keeps them from rubbing or bangingagainst each other. The cartilage is shown in red in themodel on the next page.You also have cartilage in your ears. Grab the topof your ear and bend it down a little. Now, let it go.Do you feel how your ear snaps back into place whenyou let go of it? It’s the cartilage that makes your eardo that.26
VERTEBRAECARTILAGEModel of four vertebraewith cartilage27
Some of the most important tissues in your body arelocated at the joints.A ligament is a kind of tissue that connects one bonewith another. Most of your joints contain ligaments.You have ligaments in your knee, in your neck, and inyour wrists.This slide shows ligaments in your knee. Can yousee how the ligaments connect your thigh bone to thebones in your lower leg?Back view (left) and front view (right) of the right knee showingligaments in red28
Ligaments connect bones to other bones. Tendonsconnect muscles to bones.I said earlier that the muscular system and the skeletalsystem are connected. Well, tendons link these twosystems. Tendons connect muscles to bones and allowyou to move your bones.One of the most famous tendons in the body iscalled the Achilles [ə-KIL-eez] tendon. Does anyoneknow where the Achilles tendon is?That’s right! The Achilles tendon is in the backof your leg, just above the heel. The Achilles tendonconnects your heel bone to the musclesin your lower leg. It’s an importanttendon that you use when you walkor run.Does anyone know why thistendon is called the Achillestendon?The Achilles tendonNo? Well, then,I guess I hadbetter tell youthe story.29
The Achilles tendon is named for a famous Greekwarrior named Achilles. You may remember hearingabout the ancient Greeks when you were in second grade.When Achilles was a baby, his mom tried to makesure that he would never die. She had heard that aperson who had been dipped in the River Styx couldnot be harmed by spears or arrows. She took her sonand dipped him in the river. Then, she felt better. Shebelieved that her son was invulnerable. Nothing couldharm him—or so she thought.There was just one problem. When she dippedAchilles in the river, she held him by his heel. So thisheel never got dipped in the river.Many years later, during the Trojan War, a Trojanwarrior shot an arrow at Achilles. The arrow landedright above Achilles’s heel—the very spot that had notbeen dipped into the River Styx. Achilles died fromhis wound.So now you know why the Achilles tendon isnamed for Achilles. This tendon was the one spotwhere the mighty warrior was vulnerable and could bewounded.30
Achilles, the Greek warrior31
Chapter5TheNervous SystemThe skeletal system is made up of bones. Themuscular system is made up of muscles. The nervoussystem is made up of—you guessed it—nerves!You have about 200 bones in your body. You haveabout 650 muscles to help you move those bonesaround. How many nerves do you think you have?A thousand? Nope. You have more than that.Ten thousand? That’s still too low. Try again.A million? Believe it or not, that’s still too low.You have about a billion nerves in your body.32
Dr. Welbody points to an image of the nervous system.33
Your nerves allow you to keep track of what’shappening in the world around you. The nerves sendmessages to the brain. Then, the brain tells your bodyhow to act.Have you ever walked outside and felt a chill thatsent you back inside to get a coat? What happened wasthe nerves in your skin sent a message to your brain. Themessage was, “It’s cold out here!”Have you ever touched something hot? Chances areyou pulled your hand away pretty quickly. That’s becauseyour nerves sent a message to your brain.Nerves are important for our sense of touch. Withoutnerves, we couldn’t feel heat or cold. We couldn’t touchthings and find out if they are smooth or rough.Nerves are important for our other senses, too.Without nerves, we couldn’t see or hear. We couldn’tsmell or taste our food.34
The nervous system with a signal traveling along the nerves tothe brain35
The nerves in your body are made up of nerve cells.A single nerve contains many nerve cells.Here is an illustration of nerve cells. You can see thatnerve cells have long stringy parts that lead away fromthe center. The center of the cell is called the cell body.The stringy parts that lead away from the cell body arecalled dendrites.You can think of the dendrites as being like roads.Imagine that you want to send a letter to your aunt wholives in another town. Someone will have to put theletter in a car or truck and drive it to your aunt’s house.You might do this yourself. You might pay the post officeto do it. When one of the nerves in your body wantsto send a message to your brain, it sends the messageout along the dendrites. The message travels along thedendrites, much as a car or truck travels along a road.Each of the little green dots in the picture is a messagetraveling along a dendrite.36
The stringy parts that lead away from the cell body are calleddendrites.37
Has your family doctor ever tapped you on the kneewith a little rubber hammer? Did you ever wonder whyhe did that?What your doctor is doing is checking your reflexes—which is another way of checking your nerves.A reflex is something the body does without us eventhinking about it. If someone jumps out of a closet atyou, you may flinch. You will tighten up the muscles inyour body, just in case the person is trying to hurt you.This is a reflex. When you pull away from a hot stove,that is also a reflex.When your doctor taps your knee, he’s looking fora reflex reaction. If your leg moves a little, that’s a signthat your nervous system is working as it should.38
The doctor checks a boy’s reflexes, which is another way to checkhis nerves.39
Chapter6The Spinal Cordand BrainYou’ve got a lot of nerves! Really, you do!You have nerves in your fingers. You have nerves inyour toes. There are nerves all over your body. But thereare two parts of your body that are especially importantfor your nervous system. One is the spinal cord. Theother is the brain.40
BRAINSPINAL CORDNERVESYour brain, spinal cord, and nerves41
I told you a little about the spinal cord earlier, whenwe were looking at the skeletal system. I told you thatthe bones that make up your spine—the vertebrae—are there to protect your spinal cord. The vertebraeare hollow and long strings of nerves run through thehollow parts of the bones. The nerves that make up thespinal cord run all the way up your back and neck. Theyend up in the brain.If I were to have a serious accident and damagemy spinal cord, I might end up paralyzed—unableto move my legs and/or my arms. I might need touse a wheelchair to get around, like the boy in thisphotograph.You see, the brain uses the spinal cord as a sort ofsuper-highway to send messages out to the rest of thebody. If the spinal cord is broken, or damaged, themessages can’t get through to the arms and legs.42
These children have experienced change to their spinalcords, which impacts how they move.43
The spinal cord leads right to the center of yournervous system—your brain. It’s the brain that receivesmessages from the nerves. It’s the brain that sendsmessages out to your muscles. Even though the brainweighs only 2–3 pounds, it is the most important organfor life.The brain is protected by the skull. Inside the skull,there are three layers of fiber and fluid protecting thebrain. So, the brain is really well-protected. But itcan still be harmed. Ask a football player who’s had aconcussion. Getting a concussion is like bruising thebrain. Ouch!The human brain44
CEREBRUMMEDULLAThe three main parts of the brainCEREBELLUMThe brain is divided into three main parts: themedulla, the cerebellum, and the cerebrum. Each parthas its own job to do.The medulla, or “brain stem,” is located at the baseof the skull in the back, right where the spinal cordmeets the brain.The medulla controls the important involuntaryactions of the body, like breathing, heartbeat, anddigestion.45
The cerebellum sits right next to the medulla. It isdivided into two hemispheres or halves. The cerebellumhas several jobs. One of them is to control voluntarymovements. That means the cerebellum helps you walk,run, and jump.The two hemispheres of the cerebellum controldifferent parts of the body. The right hemispherecontrols movement on the left side of the body. Theleft hemisphere controls movement on the right side.It might seem strange that the left side of the braincontrols the right side of the body, but that’s just the waywe’re made.46
CEREBRUMMEDULLACEREBELLUMThe hemispheres of the cerebrum and the cerebellum47
The cerebrum of the brainCEREBRUMThe third part of the brain is the cerebrum. Thecerebrum sits on top of the cerebellum and themedulla. It is the largest part of the brain.Each part of the cerebrum has a certain job to do.For example, the front part just inside your foreheadcontrols emotions. The very back part just above thebrain stem controls the sense of sight. The sense of touchis controlled by a strip of the brain running over the topof your head from ear to ear.48
The outside part of the cerebrum is called thecerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is the wrinkly partof the brain that most people think about when theythink of a brain. People sometimes call this part of thebrain “the gray matter.”Cerebral cortex49
The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres, justlike the cerebellum. Until recently, we did not knowmuch about what the various parts of the cerebrum do.But in the past few decades, we have learned a lot.Scientists now have even more advanced ways thanjust x-rays to look at and observe different organs in thebody, including the brain. They use something calleda PET scan to see different parts of the brain work.A scientist may ask the person having the PET scan todo something like talk or blink his or her eyes. Whenthe person performs different actions, different parts ofthe brain light up on the computer screen. Scientistshave learned a lot about what happens where in thebrain by looking at PET scans. As you can see from thisimage of the brain, some of the things we do take placein the left hemisphere, while others happen in the righthemisphere.50
LEFT-BRAINFUNCTIONSRIGHT-BRAINFUNCTIONSANALYTIC THOUGHTART ONREASONINGSCIENCEAND BER SKILL3-D FORMSRIGHT-HANDCONTROLLEFT-HANDCONTROLThings that happen in each hemisphere of the cerebrum51
Chapter7Eyesand VisionFor the past few days I have been talking to youabout the body and its systems. Your teacher asked meif I could also tell you something about vision andhearing.I told her I could. I know a little about vision anda little about hearing, but I am not an expert on eitherone. So, I told her I would bring in some friends of minewho know more about these subjects.I have one of those friends with me today. His nameis Dr. Kwan Si-Yu. He is a special kind of eye doctorcalled an optometrist. He can tell you all about the eyesand how they work.52
Dr. Welbody introduces Dr. Kwan Si-Yu.53
Hello, I am Dr. Kwan Si-Yu. Are you ready to learnall about eyes?Good!The human eye has several parts. I’d like to start byshowing you two parts you can see easily.In the images on the right, you can see what eyeslook like up close. The pupil is the black part in thecenter of the eye. The iris is the colorful part of the eyethat surrounds the pupil.The iris can be different colors. Some of you mayhave green eyes or brown eyes. When we say that aperson has green eyes or brown eyes, it’s his or her iriseswe are talking about.The pupil is not as colorful as the iris. It is alwaysblack, but it changes shape. When it is dark, the pupilgets bigger to let more light in. When it is very brightand sunny, the pupil shrinks to let less light in. Howmuch light will be let into the inside of your eye dependson the shape of the pupil.54
The top picture shows a large pupil, which is letting more lightin. The bottom picture shows a small pupil, which is letting lesslight in.55
Now, let’s learn about some parts of the eye that youcan’t see just by looking at a person’s face.The picture on the next page shows some parts of theeye as they would look if you could see inside a person’shead. You are looking at them from the side.You can see the iris and the pupil. There are alsosome other parts shown. The cornea is a thin, clear tissue that covers thecolored part of the eye. It helps protect the eyefrom dirt and germs. The lens is the part of your eye that focuseslight. The lenses in your eyes curve outward. The retina is made of a special kind of tissuethat is very sensitive to light. Light from the lensfalls on the retina. Then, nerves in the retinasend messages to the brain. These messages travel down a nerve called theoptic nerve.56
LENSCORNEAOPTICNERVEPUPILIRISRETINAThe human eye57
Now, let’s see how all of these parts work together soyou can see things. You may be surprised to learn thatthe eye does not really see objects. Instead, it sees thelight that reflects off objects.Light passes into the eye—first through the cornea,and then through the pupil. If it’s dark, the pupilexpands to let more light in. If it’s bright, the pupil getssmaller to let less light in. When a doctor shines a lightin your eyes, she is watching to see if your pupils changeshape.Next, the light passes through the lens, which focusesthe light and projects it onto the retina.The retina is lined with special cells called rods andcones. These are special kinds of nerve cells that senselight. The rods and cones send information to the brain,using the optic nerve.All of this happens very quickly—so quickly that itseems like you see things at the exact moment you lookat them. In reality, though, you are seeing them a splitsecond later.The brain combines the information passed throughthe optic nerve of each eye to make one image. That iswhen you “see” the object.58
LENSCORNEAOPTICNERVEPUPILIRISRETINAYour eyes see light reflected off objects.59
Chapter8Earsand HearingBoys and girls, today you are going to learn about thesense of hearing. I’m an expert on eyes and vision, butnot on ears and hearing.That’s why I brought in a friend of mine. This isDr. Audit. She is an ear doctor. She will tell you all sortsof interesting things about your ears!So please welcome Dr. Kim Audit.Hi! Can you all hear me?You can? Well, then, tell your ears thanks! Your earswork for you all day long. They tune into all kinds ofsounds. They help you learn during school. They helpyou stay safe on the playground. When was the last timeyou thanked your ears for all the help they give you?60
Dr. Kwan Si-Yu introduces Dr. Kim Audit.61
I’m here to teach you about ears and hearing. But I’dlike to start by using this drum to tell you about soundwaves. Let me give it a couple of taps.A drum is just a thin membrane, or skin, that’s beenpulled tight over a frame. When you hit a drum, themembrane begins to vibrate. To vibrate means to moveback and forth rapidly. The vibrations of the drumcreate vibrations in the air. The vibrations in the air arecalled sound waves!62
Dr. Audit demonstrates vibration.63
Now back to your ears. Your ears are made up ofthree parts: the outer ear, the middle ear, and theinner ear.The part of your ear that you see on the side of yourhead is called the outer ear. The outer ear is made ofcartilage and fat. The outer ear may look funny, but itsshape is a good one for catching sounds. That’s really theouter ear’s main job—to catch sounds and guide theminto the middle ear.The outer ear has an opening in it called the earcanal. The ear canal is a tube that lets sound enteryour skull.The ear canal is lined with hairs and glands thatproduce ear wax. Ear wax helps to protect the ear. It alsohelps keep germs out of your ears.The ear canal leads to the eardrum. The eardrumis a lot like the drum I brought in today. It has a thinmembrane that is stretched tightly across the earcanal. When sounds reach the eardrum, they make theeardrum vibrate.64
EAR CANAL EARDRUMOUTER EARMIDDLE EAR INNER EAROuter, middle, a
a lot of x-rays and some do not Your bones are hard They absorb a lot of the x-ray light The soft tissue around your bones absorbs less x-ray light That is why doctors like x-rays We can aim x-rays at a part of your body and get a picture of the inside of your body We can use x-rays to find out if any bones are broken You will learn
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