THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY
THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHYVOLUMETWO,BOOKTWO
THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY1Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europeand the Mediterranean2.1Cartography in the Traditional Islamic andSouth Asian Societies2.2Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies2.3Cartography in the Traditional African, American,Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies3Cartography in the European Renaissance4Cartography in the European Enlightenment5Cartography in the Nineteenth Century6Cartography in the Twentieth Century
THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHYVOLUMETWO,BOOKTWOCartography in theTraditional East and SoutheastAsian SocietiesEdited byJ.B. HARLEYandDAVID WOODWARDAssociate EditorJOSEPH E. SCHWARTZBERGAssistant EditorCORDELL D. K. YEETHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO & LONDON
j. B. Harley was professor of geography at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.David Woodward is professor of geography at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London 1994 by The University of ChicagoAll rights reserved. Published 1994Printed in the United States of America0302010099989796959454321ISBN 0-226-31637-8 (v. 2, bk. 2)@ The paper used in this publication meets the minimumrequirements of the American National Standard forInformation Sciences-Permanence of Paper for PrintedLibrary Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984Editorial work on The History of Cartography is supportedin part by grants from the Division of Research Programs ofthe National Endowment for the Humanities and theGeography and Regional Science Program of the NationalScience Foundation, independent federal agencies. For acomplete list of foundations, organizations, and individualswho supported the editorial work, see pages v and vi.The costs of publishing this book have been defrayed in partby three awards:A publication grant from the National Endowment for theHumanities, an independent federal agency.The 1992 Hiromi Arisawa Memorial Award from the Bookson japan Fund with respect to Peasant Uprising in Japanpublished by the University of Chicago Press. The award isfinanced by the japan Foundation from generous donationscontributed by japanese individuals and companies.A publication grant from the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundationfor International Scholarly Exchange.Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendationsexpressed in The History of Cartography are those of theauthors and do not necessarily reflect the views of theagencies that provided financial support.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication datawill be found on the last page of this book
Financial SupportFederal AgenciesDivision of Research Programsof the National Endowment for the HumanitiesGeography and Regional Science Programof the National Science FoundationFoundations and InstitutionsGaylord and Dorothy Donnelley FoundationThe National Geographic SocietyThe Henry Luce Foundation, Inc.Rand McNallyThe Japan FoundationThe Luther I. Replogle FoundationThe Johnson FoundationThe Hermon Dunlap Smith Center for theThe Andrew W. Mellon FoundationHistory of Cartography, The Newberry LibraryOrganizationsCalifornia Map SocietyThe Chicago Map SocietyGeography and Map Division of the SpecialLibraries AssociationMap and Geography Round Table, AmericanLibrary AssociationMap Society of British ColumbiaThe Mercator Society, New YorkPublic LibraryMichigan Map SocietyThe New York Map SocietyNorth East Map OrganizationThe Rocky Mountain Map SocietyWashington Map SocietyFoundersRoger S. and Julie BaskesArthur HolzheimerMr. and Mrs. Kenneth NebenzahlMr. and Mrs. Roderick WebsterArthur L. KellyBernard LiskerBenefactorsGlen McLaughlinChuck and Lia PalmerGeorge ParkerDavid M. RumseyJulie A. AndersonRichard B. ArkwayFrederick and Howard BaronStephen D. and Nancy BrinkClive A. BurdenRand BurnetteJoAnn and Richard CastenMr. and Mrs. James R. DonnelleyRalph EhrenbergJohan W. EliotClifton F. FergusonRichard and Dorothy FitchGerald F. FitzgeraldJoseph H. FitzgeraldPatronsWilliam B. GinsbergJohn M. GubbinsWarren HeckrotteFrancis H. HellerFrancis HerbertRobert A. HighbargerJohn S. JoseyJay I. KislakEdward D. KleinbardDee LongenbaughScott A. LoomerDouglas W. MarshallMartayan Lan, Inc.George F. McCleary, Jr.Barbara Backus McCorkleDonald L. McGuirk, Jr.Braham NorwickHarold L. OsherWilliam Sherman ReeseJack L. RingerArthur H. RobinsonJoseph E. SchwartzbergRichard H. SigelStephen StaresThomas and Ahngsana SuarezAntiques of the Orient Pte. Ltd,Michael J. Sweetlain C. Taylor and North by West
Additional support fromDaniel M. AmatoW. Graham Arader IIIPatricia and Stanley K. Arnett, IIJames AxtellStanley BalzekasGwendolyn R. BarckleyThomas R. BeallYasha BeresinerAnibal A. BiglieriStephen A. BrombergMichael BurackCharles A. BurroughsFred A. Cazel, Jr.Barbara Mae ChristySherry Coatney and David NiemiTim CossCray Research FoundationGerald DanzerRichard DittmanMichael J. DubinElizabeth F. DunlapOliver C. DunnClinton R. EdwardsC. EideHerbert F. EllisEdward B. Espenshade, Jr.Lucy A. FellowesBruce FetterNorman FieringRobert L. FisherJohn FondersmithTheodore N. FossJohn FryeEdward GarciaRobert GraebnerMark A. GreenEugene M. GrossmanPeter J. GuthornSusanne A. HaffnerJ. Scott HamiltonJohn B. HendersonBangbo HuAlice C. HudsonMurray HudsonIBMKit S. KappElton R. KerrAnne and Lawrence KnowlesJosef W. KonvitzSteven KosakowskiG. Malcolm LewisJanice and Chingliang LiangCatharine McClellanMichael McGuireAllen H. MeyerJack and Carmen MillerMr. and Mrs. Paul J. Mode, Jr.John T. MoncktonMark MonmonierGene MoserCurtis J. MusselmanMr. and Mrs. Jerome J. NerenbergAlfred W. NewmanJudy OlsonTheodore W. PalmerRichard P. PalmieriDouglas T. PeckMary PedleyEdward F. ·PenicoCarla Rahn and W. D. Phillips, Jr.Miklos PintherFrancesco PronteraJean M. RayDennis ReinhartzCharles D. ReynoldsJohn R. RibeiroWalter W. RistowSteve RitchiePierre L. SalesStephen E. SchalkDon SchnabelCherie SemansDavid Charles SheldonRobert B. ShilkretJohn D. ShugrueLawrence SlaughterThomas R. SmithJohn P. SnyderMargaret SowersBruce N. SpringMr. and Mrs. Martin SteinmannRichard J. A. TalbertG. Thomas TanselleNorman and Elizabeth ThrowerRichard M. UglandRichard UmanskyCarol UrnessDiane D. VasicaLeonard VisRainer VollmarStephen J. WalshDaniel Gilbert WattersAnn H. WellsJames A. WeluLouis WernerScott D. WestremJoan WinearlsEric W. WolfJohn WolterAlberta and Clifford WoodJennifer WoodwardJeanne and Stephen YoungRick Ray Zellmer and Erica SchmidtHis Royal Highness The Duke of Cornwall
ContentsList of IllustrationsPreface, David Woodward15XlXXlllPrehistoric Cartography in Asia,Catherine Delano SmithThe Government Interest in MeasurementWater Conservancy and CartographyEvidentiary Scholarship and CartographyMaps, Measurement, and TextNumber and Text in Pei Xiu's CartographyText and Measurement in Later CartographyThe Shape of the World: Observation versus TextThe Cartographic Grid1The Mapping Impulse in Prehistoric ArtPicture MapsPlan MapsCelestial MapsCosmological MapsProblems of Interpretation62Introduction to East Asian Cartography,Nathan Sivin and Gari Ledyard23ScopeThe Variety of East AsiaTermsContentsHistoriographyThe Means and Ends of CartographyText and MapImplicationsReinterpreting Traditional Chinese GeographicalMaps, Cordell D. K. Yee 357Chinese Mapping: A Mathematical Tradition?The Use and Abuse of Cartographic History: Flaws inthe Quantitative ApproachToward a Revision of the Chinese Map Tradition4Chinese Cartography among the Arts: Objectivity,Subjectivity, Representation,Cordell D. K. Yee 128The Relation between Art and RealityLiterature, Maps, and Representation of the MaterialWorldThe Dual Function of Representation in LiteraturePainting and RepresentationThe Artistic Economy: Common Technologies ofProductionCartography and the Visual Arts: Conceptual andStylistic ConnectionsMaps as Paintings/Paintings as MapsToward a Redefinition of the MapCombining Fact and ValueCartography in China3Taking the World's Measure: Chinese Mapsbetween Observation and Text,Cordell D. K. Yee 96Traditional Chinese Cartography and the Myth ofWesternization, Cordell D. K. Yee 170The Introduction of European CartographyEuropean Cartography and Qing MappingGauging the Extent of Western InfluenceLate Qing Manifestations of European InfluenceChinese Maps in Political Culture,Cordell D. K. Yee 718Maps, Ritual, and WarfarePolitical Culture and Documentary ScholarshipMaps in Han Political CultureThe Continuity of Qin and Han PracticesAstrology and Celestial Mapping in Political CultureThe Proliferation of Geographic RecordsGazetteer MapsMaps, Scholarship, and Cultural ContinuityChinese Cosmographical Thought: The HighIntellectual Tradition,John B. Henderson 203Foundations of Geometric and Nonary CosmographySchematic Arrangements of Various Types of SpaceGeomancy and Its Relation to CosmographyLater Modifications and Criticisms of TraditionalCosmographical SchemataVB
ContentsVlllThe Yuan and Ming Dynasties (1279-1644)Celestial Cartography in KoreaThe jesuit ContributionCountercosmography and Anticosmography in QingThought9Concluding Remarks: Foundations for a FutureHistory of Chinese Mapping,Cordell D. K. Yee 228Celestial Maps in Antiquity and the Middle AgesCelestial Maps in the Edo PeriodHoshi MandarasAboriginal Celestial CartographyCartography in Korea, Japan, and Vietnam10 Cartography in Korea, Gari Ledyard235The Present State of Korean Cartographic ResearchKorean Maps before the Fifteenth CenturyWorld Maps and East Asia Regional MapsThe Foundations of Korean CartographyThe Shape of KoreaLocal, Regional, and Defense MapsThe Historical and Social Setting of Korean Cartography11 Cartography in Japan, Kazutaka Unno346Introduction: The Main Mapping TraditionsAncient and Medieval japanese Cartography before theEdo PeriodEarly Assimilation of European CartographyThe State and CartographyDevelopment of the Printed Map Tradejapanese Cartography and "Dutch Learning"japanese Mapping of Their Northern Frontier andCoastlines12 Cartography in Vietnam, john K. Whitmore478CosmographyMaps of D i Vi tItineraries of D i VietMaps of D i NamCelestial Mapping in East Asia13 Chinese and Korean Star Maps and Catalogs,F. Richard Stephenson 511Independent Developments in Chinese CelestialCartographyThe Beginnings of Celestial Cartography in ChinaThe Constellations as Envisaged during the Western andEastern Zhou Dynasties and the Chunqiu Period(ca. 1027-468 B.C.)Celestial Cartography in the Zhanguo Period (403-221B.C.)TheTheTheThe14 Japanese Celestial Cartography before the MeijiPeriod, Kazuhiko Miyajima 579Qin and Han Dynasties (221 B.C.-A.D. 220)Three Kingdoms to the Sui Dynasty (220-618)Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties Period (618-960)Song and Contemporary Dynasties (960-1279)Cartography in Greater Tibet and Mongolia15 Maps of Greater Tibet,joseph E. Schwartzberg607Cosmographic MapsGeographical MapsMongolian Cartography, C. Henrik Herb682Cartography in Southeast Asia16 Introduction to Southeast Asian Cartography,joseph E. Schwartzberg 689The State of Our KnowledgeThe Nature of the Southeast Asian Cartographic Corpus17 Cosmography in Southeast Asia,joseph E. Schwartzberg701Tribal CosmographiesBuddhist and Hindu CosmographiesAstronomy, Astrology, Geomancy, and Mental Maps inRelation to Fields of Cosmic Force18 Southeast Asian Geographical Maps,joseph E. Schwartzberg 741A Map of the Greater Part of AsiaMaps of Countries and RegionsRoute MapsMaps of Primarily Rural LocalitiesMaps of Primarily Urban Localities19 Southeast Asian Nautical Maps,Joseph E. Schwartzberg82820 Conclusion to Southeast Asian Cartography,joseph E. Schwartzberg 839Nature and Distribution of the Surviving CorpusPhysical Attributes of Southeast Asian MapsCartographic Attributes of Southeast Asian MapsFuture Tasks
Contents21 Concluding Remarks, David Woodward,Cordell D. K. Yee, andJoseph E. Schwartzberg 843European and Asian Cartographies ComparedMap and TextRepresenting the Physical and Metaphysical W orIdA Tentative TypologyFuture NeedsToward a New Cartographic HistoricismIXEditors, Authors, and Project StaffBibliographical Index851853General Index, Ellen D. Goldlust893
Illustrationswith Tables and AppendixesCOLOR ing page 324)Cujin xingsheng zhi tu (Map of advantageousterrain past and present, 1555)Changjiang tu (Map of the Yangtze River)Water police map, 1850Detail of a Chinese coastal map on a scrollSection of a map of the Grand Canal linkingBeijing with Hangzhou, eighteenth centuryQing map of the Yongding RiverQing map of the Yellow RiverDetail of a silk map from the Han dynastyDetail from the painting of WangchuanDetail from a prefectural map from aneighteenth-century manuscript atlas of JiangxiProvinceDetail from an early eighteenth-century map ofthe Great WallDetail of a nineteenth-century map of theYellow RiverMap of Guangdong Province, ca. 1739Part of a Late Qing map of Wutai ShanChinese map of the Eastern Hemisphere, 1790Ch'onhado (Map of the world)24252627282930313233343536(Following page 740)The Korean peninsula from the Kangnido(Honil kangni yoktae kukto chi to [Map ofintegrated lands and regions of historicalcountries and capitals]), by Yi Hoe and KwonKiln (ca. 1470)Choson'guk p'alto t'onghapto (Consolidatedmap of the Eight Provinces of Choson)Tongnae Pusan ko chido (Old map ofTongnae and Pusan)Untitled view of P'y6ngyang, with participantsin a festive occasion on the river in theforegroundCh'orongsong chondo (Complete map of IronJar fortress)The Cion oyashiro ezu (Map of Gion Shrine)of 1331The early seventeenth-century Bankoku ezu37383940(Map of all the countries) with its companionscreen showing views of twenty-eight citiesShibukawa Hammi's terrestrial globe of 1690An extract from a Shoho provincial map:Nagato Province (now part of YamaguchiPrefecture) of 1649Keicho map of Japan, ca. 1653The Honcho zu'kan komoku (Outline map ofJapan, 1687) by the ukiyoe artist IshikawaRyusenThe N ihon meisho no e (Panoramic view ofthe noted places of Japan, ca. 1804)A map of jambudvlpa, ca. 1709Embassy to ChinaPainting of constellations and the Milky Wayon the ceiling of a Northern Wei tombPart of the Naginataboko seishozu (schematicpicture of stars and constellations)Mandala of an esoteric form of thebodhisattva ManjusrI and his consortThe Potala and other principal holy places ofcentral TibetBurmese painting of the CakkavalaMap of Asia from the Arabian Sea to Koreaand JapanMap of the Vale of Manipur showing theroute of King Alaungpaya's invasion of1758-59Central portion of the sacred map ofTimbangantenPresumed administrative map of a small partof central JavaShan map relating to a border dispute between(British) Burma and China along the Nam MaoRiverFIGURES1.11.21.31.41.5XlEarly representation of enclosures in plan 2Depiction of enclosures and boundary lines inIndian rock art 4Village scene from the late Bronze Age 5Picture map of a late prehistoric village 5"Huts and yards" depicted in plan 7
143.153.163.173.183.193.203.213.223.23Picture of a yurt 7Grave plans from several sites in Mongolia 8Grave plans from Ich-Tengerin-Am, Mongolia9Traditional burial place found in Mongolia10Celestial diagram from the Jin shi suo(Collection of carvings, reliefs, andinscriptions) 11Mapping the cosmos 12A possible cosmographical symbol 14Mesolithic cosmological map from India 14Reference map for the study of rock art inAsia 16Reference map of the spread of literacy at theend of the prehistoric period 17Early forms of the graph tu 26Zhaoyu tu (Mausoleum map or plan) engravedon bronze 36Fangmatan map, verso of board 1 38Fangmatan map, recto of board 3 39Fangmatan map, detail of the verso of board 340Map fragment on paper 40Han silk map unearthed at Mawangdui 41Detail of the Han silk map 41Topographic map from Mawangdui 42Reconstructed topographic map fromMawangdui 43Garrison map from Mawangdui 44Reconstructed garrison map from Mawangdui45Jiu yu shouling tu (Map of the prefectures andcounties of the nine districts [the empire])46Hua yi tu (Map of Chinese and foreign lands)47 u ji tu (Map of the tracks of Yu), 1136 48Rubbing of the u ji tu, 1142 49Map from the Guang yutu (Enlargedterrestrial atlas) 50Signs from the legend on the Guang yutu51Sign for ]iuyi Shan (Nine beguiling mountains)52Reconstruction of the sign for ]iuyi Shan 52Nautical chart from the Wubei zhi (Treatiseon military preparations) 54Yuan observational tower 56Map of an auspicious site for a family tomb(detail) 57"Gujin Hua yi quyu zongyao tu" (General mapof the ancient and present territories of Chinaand foreign countries) 583.243.25"Tang Yixing shan he liangjie tu" (Map of thetwo boundaries formed by mountains andrivers according to Yixing of the Tang) 59Map of China in the Da ming yitong zhi(Comprehensive gazetteer of the Great Ming)603.263.273.283.293.303.313.32Word and image on a Qing hydrological map(detail) 61Detail from the H angzhou cheng tu (Map ofHangzhou) 62Map of the source of the Yellow River 63Detail from the Wanli haifang tu (Tenthousand Ii map of maritime defenses, 1705?)64Map of Jingjiang prefectural city, 1271-7265Rubbing of a stone map of Hua Shan (T aihuaShan tu [Map of Taihua]), 1585 66Rubbing of a stone map of Hua Shan (T aihuaquan tu [Complete map of Taihua]), 1700674.1Reference map for the study of Chinesecartography 68Diagram of the Wu fu, or five dependencies4.2Clay model of fields found in a Han tomb3.3376784.3Clay model of a pond found in a Han tomb4.4Graph of the changes in mercuryconcentration in the soil at the site of QinShihuang's tomb 79View of the site of Qin Shihuang's tomb 79Relief model found in a tomb from theSouthern Tang dynasty 80Star map painted on the ceiling of the tomb ofLi Bian, an emperor of the Southern Tang81Chart showing the arrangement of ritualobjects and offerings used in imperial sacrificesthanking the heavenly spirits 82Qing "fish-scale" or cadastral map 84Ming "fish-scale" or cadastral maps 85Dili tu (Geographic map) 86Star map from a local gazetteer 90Map of the area around Lishui Xian 92Map of Yan Zhou 93Calculating the height of the sun, according tothe Huainanzi ([Book of the] Master ofHuainan) 97Planimetric hydrologic map 98Portion of a map of the Yellow River 100Water conservancy workers performingmeasurements for cutting a canal .4
6.56.66.76.86.96.10Examples of measuring tools used in waterconservancy 101Text and image on a Qing map of theChangjiang, or Yangtze River 103Section of a Qing map of the Yellow River104Map of Chang'an during the Tang dynasty107Nineteenth-century map of the EasternHemisphere 109Interpretation of Pei Xiu's method of levelingheights 110Interpretation of Pei Xiu's method ofdetermining diagonal distance 111Interpretation of Pei Xiu's method ofstraightening curves 111Calculation of distance using a sighting board,water level, and graduated rod 116Rendition of a water level 117Rendition of a sighting board 117Calculating the width of a stream whilestanding on one of its banks 118Woodblock illustration showing thecalculation of the width of a stream 118Determination of height using a water leveland graduated rod 119Han divination board 120Han cosmic mirror 121Illustration explaining lunar eclipses 122Zhang Huang's depiction of the heavens asround and the earth as square 122Wang Qi's depiction of the heavens as roundand the earth as square 123Interpretation of zhunwang (regulated view orsighting) 126Painted potsherds from the Yangshao culture129Bronze hu vessel 130Bronze incense burner-relief model of amountain from the Han dynasty 131jiehua, or ruled-line painting 138Detail of a map of Chang'an, 1080 140The Pingjiang tu (Map of Pingjiang Prefecture)141Woodblock map of the seat of localgovernment at Jizhou in present-day HebeiProvince 142Woodblock illustration or map, 1894 143Woodblock map of the seat of localgovernment at Rongzhou in present-dayGuangxi Province 144Woodblock map of Nanning Prefecture inpresent-day Guangxi Province 7.47.57.67.77.8Rubbing of a stone map, Tai Shan quan tu(Complete map of Tai Shan [Mount Tai]),probably Qing dynasty 146City plan of Fanyang from the Han dynasty147Map of Ningcheng from the Han dynasty148Lacquered wine cup 149Silk gauze from the Han dynasty 149Manor map from the Han dynasty 149Painting of Wangchuan 150Two details from a tenth-century painting ofWutai Shan 152Three maps from a Ming encyclopedia 154Four maps of Zhejiang Province 156Three maps of Gansu Province 158Three maps of Yongping Prefecture 160Map of the temple of the GuangpingPrefecture's guardian deity 162Map of the seat of local government atT ongzhou 163Qing map of Guangdong 164Section of a thirteenth-century copy (?) of theChangjiang wanli tu (Ten thousand Ii map ofthe Changjiang) 165Section of the "Wanli changjiang tu" (Tenthousand Ii map of the Changjiang) 166Map of Tai Shan (Mount Tai) from the Daoistcanon 167Map of the underworld from the Daoistcanon 167"Gujin Hua yi quyu zongyao tu" (General mapof the ancient and present territories of Chinaand foreign countries) 168"Tang Yixing shan he liangjie tu" (Map of thetwo boundaries formed by mountains andrivers according to Yixing of the Tang) 169"Yudi shanhai quantu" (Complete geographicmap of the mountains and seas) 172Third edition of Matteo Ricci's world map,1602 172Chinese Buddhist map of Jambiidvlpa 174"Sihai hua yi zongtu" (General map of Chineseand foreign territory within the four seas)175"Shanhai yudi quantu" (Complete geographicmap of the mountains and seas) 176Chinese rendition of the two hemispheres178Map of Korea from the H uangyu quanlan tu(Map of a complete view of imperial territory)182Chinese version of a Jesuit map of the Qingempire 183
28.38.48.58.68.78.88.9Map of Shandong Province from the H uangyuquanlan tu184Detail showing Lhasa from the Qianlongrevision of the Jesuit atlas, 1760 186Qing map of the empire, probably based onLuo Hongxian 187Page from a route book 188Map of the empire from a Qingcomprehensive gazetteer 190Map of the imperial capital from a Qingcomprehensive gazetteer 191Map of Lantian Xian from a Qing gazetteer ofShaanxi Province 192Map of Zhongnan Shan (Zhongnanmountains) 193Map from the N anyang (u zhi (Gazetteer ofNanyang Prefecture) 194Map from the ]izhou zhi (Gazetteer of Jizhou)195Map from the Tongzhou zhi (Gazetteer ofTongzhou) 196Late seventeenth-century map of the GreatWall (detail) 197Nineteenth-century map of the Yellow River197Astrological drawing from a Qing gazetteer ofHenan Province 198Historical map by Wei Yuan 199Map of the British Isles by Wei Yuan 200Standardization of map conventions during thelate Qing 200Detail from "Huangyu quantu" (Completemap of the empire, 1899) 200Maps of Zhili, provincial seat of the imperialgovernment 201Map combining grid and graticule 202Diagram of the nine units that form a well205Map of the tracks of [the sage-king] Yu 206Diagram of the nine domains of the Zhou207Diagram of the field allocation of the twentyeight lunar lodges 208A (enye-influenced diagram of the "roundedheavens" circumscribing the "squared earth"209Diagram of the national capital 211Diagram of Xuan Yuan's (or the YellowEmperor's) luminous hall 211Diagram of the nine chambers of the luminoushall 212Illustration of a legendary account of theorigins of the Yellow River chart (Hetu) andLuo River writing (Luo shu) Diagram of the Luo shu giving birth to thetwelve terrestrial branches 215Illustration of a geomantic compass 217Illustrations of the topographical formscorresponding to the five planets and fivephases 218Illustrations of the ideal (eng shui spot, or thedragon's lair configuration 219Illustration of a ninth-century work ongeomancy 220Illustration of the three dragon systems ofChina with the divisions and conjoinings andsources and endings of the mountains andrivers 221"Fate position diagram" 222Japanese copy of a map from a seventhcentury Chinese text 229The Korean kingdoms in the sixth century239"Chaoxian tu" from Luo Hongxian's Guangyutu (Enlarged terrestrial atlas, ca. 1555) 242Honil kangni yoktae kukto chi to (Map ofintegrated lands and regions of historicalcountries and capitals, 1402), by Yi Hoe andKwon Kt1n, from a copy of ca. 1470 244Detail of Europe from the Kangnido 246Yoji chondo (Complete terrestrial map), apartly hand-colored woodcut of ca. 1775248The Koryo University Son'gi okhyong(Demonstrational armillary sphere) 250The Son'gi okhyong as depicted in a 1620Korean edition of the Shuzhuan daquan(Complete commentaries on the Book ofHistory) 250The terrestrial globe in the Son'gi okhyong251The surface of the terrestrial globe in theSon'gi okhyong, drawn in two planispheres252Undated Ch'onha chegukto (Map of thecountries of the world) 257Ch'onhado (Map of the world) with graticule258Untitled map, called "Chugoku zenzu"(Complete map of China) 264Comparison of continental outlines betweenthe Kangnido and the Ch'onhado 265Ch'onha kogum taech'ong pyollamdo(Comprehensive and synoptic map of theancient and modern world), by Kim Suhong,1666 268"Chunggukto" (Map of China) 269
.2310.2410.2510.2610.27"Haedong cheguk ch'ongdo" (General map ofthe countries in the Eastern Sea) 270"Ilbon'guk Taemado chi to" (Map of japan'sTsushima Island) 271Tsushima Island 272"Hamgyong to" (Hamgyong Province) 276Map of a grave site 277Yongbyonbu chondo (Complete map ofYongbyon Prefecture) 280Kapsanbu hyongp'yondo (Situational map ofKapsan Prefecture) 281Untitled map of Korea 282Korea: Northern border changes from thetenth to the fourteenth century 290"Shandong dili zhi tu" (Map of Shandong'sgeography) 293"P'alto ch'ongdo" (General map of the EightProvinces) 294"Ch'ungch'ong to" (Ch'ungch'ong 3510.3610.3710.3810.3910.40Royaume de Coree 300Pukkwan Changp'a chido (Map of theChangp'a, the northern frontier) 302P'alto ch'ongdo (General map of the EightProvinces), first half of the seventeenth century304Tong'yo ch'ongdo (General map of the easternterritory) 306"Hamgyong namdo" (Southern HamgyongProvince) 308"Ponjo p'alto chuhyondo ch'ongmok"(General index to district maps in the eightprovinces of the nation) 315Area of Seoul from the Ch'onggudo (Map ofthe Blue Hills [Korea]) 316Another version of the Ch'onggudo, showingthe area northwest of Seoul 317"Hapch'on" (Map of Hapch'on) 319"Kyongsan" (Map of Kyongsan) 319"Chech'on, Ch'ongp'ung, Tanyang" (Map ofChech'on, Ch'ongp'ung, and Tanyang) 320Comparison of peninsular outlines of KimCh'ongho's Ch'onggudo (Map of the BlueHills [Korea]), Taedong yojido (Territorialmap of the Great East [Korea]), and Taedongyoji chondo (Complete territorial map of theGreat East) with those of a modern map320Chido sik (Demonstration map of a district)xv10.4332510.4410.4510.4610.4710.48A sample of Kim Chongho's data 322Inch'on and southern Kanghwa Island fromthe Ch'onggudo, by Kim Chongho, 1834324Chido p'yo (map symbols) 326Area of Kaesong from the T aedong yojido, byKim Chongho 327Woodblock for a section of the T aedongyojido, with corresponding printed sheet330T aedong yoji chondo (Complete territorialmap of the Great East), by Kim Chongho,1861 332Sin'an chido (Map of Sin'an, or Chongju)33310.4910.5010.5110.5210.53Andong apto (Map of the district seat ofAndong) 334Tosongdo (Map of the capital) 335Suson chondo (Complete map of the "Sourceof Good" [the capital]) 336Yogye kwanbang chido (Map of the defensivesystem of the Liaodong and jizhou sector), byYi Imyong, 1706 338Sobuk p'ia yanggye malli illam chi to(Synoptic myriad-li map of the double frontierbetween them and us in the west and north)34110.5411.1Detail from the YongHo nam yonhaehyongp'yondo (Map of the natural defenses ofthe southern coasts of Kyongsang and Chollaprovinces) 342Map of japan on an Imari plate, ca. 184034711.211.311.411.511.6Reference map for japanese cartography 348Line-engraved mural from tomb 48 at Kazuwa,Kurayoshi, T ottori Prefecture, discovered in1974 352Mid-eighth-century landscape on a woodenboard 353The tomb of the emperor Nintoku, Sakai,Osaka Prefecture 356Illustration from the Kasuga gongen genki e(Paintings of miracles of Kasuga Shrine, 1309)35711.711.8Diagram of the jori system 360Example of an eighth-century paddy-field map36111.911.1032210.4110.42Inch'on and southern Kanghwa Island fromthe T aedong yojido, by Kim Chongho, 186111.1111.12Map showing the manors of Kono andMakuni in Naga County, Kii Province 362Example of a docho: A "land ledger" or mapof the Otogi Manor 363A map showing the property of jingo Temple,Kyoto, dating from 1230 364The Fukoin kyuki hokyo ezu (Plan of the oldstructure of Fukoin Temple) of 1510 365
911.3011.3111.3211.3311.3411.3511.36The Kasugamiya mandara (Mandala ofKasuga Shrine) of 1300 366Map of japan owned by Ninna Temple, Kyoto367The "Dainihonkoku zu" (Map of Great japan)in the 1548 codex of the Shugaisho(Collection of oddments) 368A map of japan in the Nichureki (Two guides)369An oblique view of Mount Sumeru and theuniverse engraved on the pedestal of the greatstatue of the Buddha at Todai Temple 371The Gotenjiku zu (Map of the Five Indias) byjiikai, 1364 372Schematic explanation of figure 11.18 373The "Tenjiku zu" (Map of India) in the 1548codex of the Shugaisho 375Anonymous Nanban-style world map 378Typus orbis terrarum: A N anban-style map ofthe world, ca. 1625 378A N anban-style ma
The Three Kingdoms to the Sui Dynasty (220-618) The Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties Period (618-960) The Song and Contemporary Dynasties (960-1279) Contents The Yuan and Ming Dynasties (1279-1644) Celestial Cartography in Korea The jesuit Contribution 14 Japanese Celestial Cartography before the Meiji Period, Kazuhiko Miyajima 579
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .
On an exceptional basis, Member States may request UNESCO to provide thé candidates with access to thé platform so they can complète thé form by themselves. Thèse requests must be addressed to esd rize unesco. or by 15 A ril 2021 UNESCO will provide thé nomineewith accessto thé platform via their émail address.
̶The leading indicator of employee engagement is based on the quality of the relationship between employee and supervisor Empower your managers! ̶Help them understand the impact on the organization ̶Share important changes, plan options, tasks, and deadlines ̶Provide key messages and talking points ̶Prepare them to answer employee questions
Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have
Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
the history of cartography can be placed in its proper context, an essential part of a much wider humanistic endeavor. In number and scale, the six volumes of this History have been planned accordingly. The present History has had to build on new foun dations.1 As an independent subject, the
Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
