4G Mobile Networks Long Term Evolution (LTE )
4G Mobile NetworksLong Term Evolution (LTE)Vladimir Settey 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Cisco Public1
The revolution is here (smartphones / tablets / netbooks) Broadband, anytime, anywhere Flat-rate data ? Data growth exponential; revenue growth linear. Scaling the network for data 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Cisco Public2
Evolution of Mobile NetworksLTE Architecture OverviewEPC MobilityServices in LTE 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Cisco Public3
2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Cisco Public4
Home Location Service ControlRegister (HLR) Point (SCP) There was wireless ISDN (aka GSM)MobilityMgmt Re-definefixed wireline services (e.g. SS and IN)Radio SMS is a signalling transport ratherthan a dataRR’ResourceBSSAPMgmt Network transportbased on TDMRR’BTSMBTSMLAP-DmGSMRadioLAP-Dm LAP-DGSMRadio 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights psMAP Voice oriented PMobile Switching Center Visitor Locatio(MSC/VLR)n RegisterBSSMAPBase TransceiverSystem (BTS)MobileStationBase StationController(BSC)TCAPSCCPMTP64 kbpsCisco Public5
One burst every TDMA frame was sufficient to transport a speechframe with source rate of 13 kbit/s GSM Phase 2 (circa 1996) added Circuit Switched Data supportoffering 9.6 kbit/s service High Speed CSD consisted in aggregating multiple timeslot for asingle user but resource intensiveModem Interworking Function (IWF)Modified V.1103.1 kHz audioorV110 64k UDIBSC 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.MSCCisco Public6
BTSGateway MSCMSC/VLRBSCIPPacket ControlUnit (PCU)Gateway GPRSSupport Node(GGSN)Serving GPRSSupport elayGSM64 kbpsRadio 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.RelayRLCBSSGPNw ServicesMAC64 kbpsL1bisGTPLLCUDPUDPBSSGPIPL2IPL2Nw ServicesL1bisL1L1Cisco Public7
First step towards an all IP network Designed to accommodate greater packet throughput (up to2Mbits/s announced In reality, can support up to 384 kbit/s) Core network remains largely unchanged from 2.5G Migration to ATM for Radio Access Transport3G MSC More control into the RNCPSTNATM/AAL2ATM/AAL53G RNCNode BIP3G SGSN 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.GGSNCisco Public8
So hopefully WCDMA got it right on packet services Iu-psNodeBRadio NetworkController (RNC)Gn/Gp3G ML1L1MACWCDMARadioFrameProtocolWCDMARadio 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Cisco Public9
HLRMSC-sMSC-sIu-csNb-UPMAPINAPH.248MGWBICC or SIP-TIPMGWTCAP Still Voice overRTPCS bearer on the radio access, databearer notSCCPsuitableIu-UP (latency,UDPoverhead)IP Voice over IP in the CoreAAL2 to transport OptionATML1/2 Introduction of SS7oIP transportM3UASCTPTS 23.205)(seeIPL1/2 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Cisco Public10
HSPA : Distribute RNCRemoves Drift RNC andData plane to NodeHSDPABadds intelligence to the Node BIu-psGnDrift RNCServing RNCNode BIPPDCPDirect Tunnel allowsSGSN to remove itselffrom data planeRLCMACMAC-HS DMA L1 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.3G DPIPIPIPIPAAL5/ATML2L2L1L1FrameProtocolAAL2/ATM AAL5/ATML2L1L1L1Cisco Public11
Rel-99Rel-5Rel-6Rel-7Rel-8WCDMAHSDPAHSUPAMIMO 2x264 QAMHSDPA: Always HSDPA:on scaling64 QAM, MIMOHSDPA:64 QAMand MIMOHSDPA:16 QAM DL14.4 MbpsHSUPA:5.7 MbpsDL: Up toDL: 384 kpsUL: 384 kbps 14.4 MbpsUL: 384 kbps2007 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.DL:Up to14.4 MbpsUL: 5.7 Mbps2008HSUPA: 16QAMAlways onscalingDL: 28 MbpsUL: 11 Mpbs2009DL: 42 MbpsUL: 11 Mpbs2010 Cisco Public12
Highlighting the growing importance of IP transport3G MSC-SIP RANw/ ATM PWor Native IPNode B 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.HLR/HSSPSTNSGW3G MGW3G RNC3G SGSNCore IPGGSNCisco Public13
Evolved Packet System (EPS) is the technology direction for 3GPPbased networks Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the next generation 3GPP radio accessnetworkEvolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) System Architecture Evolution (SAE) is the 3GPP next generationstandard for mobile networks providing:Increased BandwidthEnd-to-End IPSimplified ArchitectureSupport for multiple radio access technologies Evolved Packet Core (EPC) is the next generation 3GPP packet coreConsists of (3) main components (MME, SGW, and PGW) 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Cisco Public14
Radio Side (Evolved UTRAN - EUTRAN)Improvements in spectral efficiency, user throughput, latencySimplification of the radio networkEfficient support of packet based services: Multicast, VoIP, etc. Network Side (Evolved Packet Core - EPC)Improvement in latency, capacity, throughput, idle to active transitionsSimplification of the core networkOptimization for IP traffic and servicesSimplified support and handover to non-3GPP access technologies 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Cisco Public15
Higher Bandwidth ( 100 kbps per user on average) and improvedlatencyTransmission and transition delays 10 & 100ms resp. in unloaded conditions Service independent and data-only architectureStrict data QoS mechanism with no voice dedicated bearer identifictaion Always-on modelAll registered users have a default bearer established used for signalling IP addressingIPv6 by default with dual stack sessions (IPv4v6) Support of alternative access technologies3GPP and non-3GPP architecture, including possible wireline access Local breakoutPart of the traffic may be routed directly in the visited network 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Cisco Public16
2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Cisco Public17
DuplexFDD and TDDChannel Bandwidth1.25 – 20 MHzModulation TypeMultiple Access TechniqueTDMA Frame DurationNumber of symbols per frameQPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAMDL: OFDMA, UL: SCFDMA10ms with 1ms subframe140Sub-carrier Spacing15 kHzSymbol Duration66.7 usCyclic PrefixMultipath MitigationeNB SynchronizationForward Error CorrectionAdvanced Antenna Techniques 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.4.69 us, 16.67 usOFDM / Cyclic PrefixFrequency (FDD, TDD)Time (TDD, MBSFN)1/3 Convolutional and TurboMIMO 2x2, 4x4Cisco Public18
Sub-Channel"(Group of"Frequencies)"Sub-Channel"(Group "TDMA"(2G)"CDMA"(3G)"user Auser Buser C 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.OFDM"Time"OFDMA"(LTE & WiMAX)"Cisco Public19
Sub-carrier Spacing15 kHzFrequency 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.One Resource ElementCisco Public20
3 MHz5 MHz10 MHz1.4 MHz20 MHz 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Cisco Public21
256QAM (14% of cell area)16QAM (18% of cell area)64QAM (13% of cell area)QPSK ( 55% of cell area) Maximising the bandwidth made available to the users by selecting theoptimum modulation scheme (QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, etc.) 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Cisco Public22
DownlinkPhysical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) UplinkPhysical Random Access Channel (PRACH)Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Cisco Public23
2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Cisco Public24
3GPP AccessSWx (DIAMETER)HSSS12 (GTP-U)UTRANSGSNGERANRx RFS6a(DIAMETER)S4 (GTP-C, GTP-U)S10(GTP-C)S1-U(GTP-U)UES11(GTP-C)GxcGx (DIAMETER)SGWS5/8 (PMIPv6, GRE)S5/8 (GTP-C, GTP-U)GxaGxbS6b(DIAMETER)PGWAAASGiOperator’sIP Services(e.g. video, IMS)SWm(DIAMETER)S2a(PMIPv6, GREMIPv4 FACoA)S2b(PMIPv6,GRE)SWaePDGSWn S2cTrustedNon-3GPPIP AccessUE 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.UntrustedNon-3GPPIP AccessSTa (RADIUS,DIAMETER)UECisco Public25
3GPP AccessSWx (DIAMETER)HSSS12 (GTP-U)UTRANSGSNGERANRx PCRFS6a(DIAMETER)S4 (GTP-C, GTP-U)S10(GTP-C)S1-U(GTP-U)S11(GTP-C)GxcGx (DIAMETER)SGWS5/8 (PMIPv6, GRE)S5/8 (GTP-C, GTP-U)Mobility Management EntityE-UTRAN Control Plane with 2G/3G interworking(no user plane handling) Interacts with HSS for userauthentication, profile download, etc. Interacts with eNodeB and SGW forSGW selection, tunnel control, paging,handovers, etc. Interacts with SGSN for 2G/3GGxbS6b(DIAMETER)PGWAAASGiOperator’sIP Services(e.g. video, IMS)SWm(DIAMETER)S2a(PMIPv6, GREMIPv4 FACoA)S2b(PMIPv6,GRE)SWaePDGSWn S2cTrustedNon-3GPPIP AccessUE 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.GxaUntrustedNon-3GPPIP AccessSTa (RADIUS,DIAMETER)UECisco Public26
3GPP AccessSWx (DIAMETER)HSSS12 (GTP-U)UTRANSGSNGERANRx PCRFS6a(DIAMETER)S4 (GTP-C, GTP-U)S10(GTP-C)S1-U(GTP-U)S11(GTP-C)GxcGx (DIAMETER)SGWS5/8 (PMIPv6, GRE)S5/8 (GTP-C, GTP-U)Home Subscriber Services (HSS)Centralised database holding user profile: Interacts with MME for userauthentication and profile download Stores current location information (e.g.assigned MME, Serving SGW) One or more subscription profilescontaining IMSI, QoS, Services, etc.GxbS6b(DIAMETER)PGWAAASGiOperator’sIP Services(e.g. video, IMS)SWm(DIAMETER)S2a(PMIPv6, GREMIPv4 FACoA)S2b(PMIPv6,GRE)SWaePDGSWn S2cTrustedNon-3GPPIP AccessUE 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.GxaUntrustedNon-3GPPIP AccessSTa (RADIUS,DIAMETER)UECisco Public27
3GPP AccessSWx (DIAMETER)HSSS12 (GTP-U)UTRANSGSNGERANRx PCRFS6a(DIAMETER)S4 (GTP-C, GTP-U)S10(GTP-C)S11(GTP-C)S1-U(GTP-U)GxcGx (DIAMETER)SGWS5/8 (PMIPv6, GRE)S5/8 (GTP-C, GTP-U)Serving GatewayData plane anchoring for 3GPP access and 2G/3G bearer plane interworking Anchor point in visited network for3GPP Access (2G/3G/LTE) Processes all IP packets to/from UE(QoS control, LI) Uses network-based mobility towardsPDNGW (GTP or PMIPv6)GxbS6b(DIAMETER)PGWAAASGiOperator’sIP Services(e.g. video, IMS)SWm(DIAMETER)S2a(PMIPv6, GREMIPv4 FACoA)S2b(PMIPv6,GRE)SWaePDGSWn S2cTrustedNon-3GPPIP AccessUE 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.GxaUntrustedNon-3GPPIP AccessSTa (RADIUS,DIAMETER)UECisco Public28
3GPP AccessSWx (DIAMETER)HSSS12 (GTP-U)UTRANSGSNGERANRx PCRFS6a(DIAMETER)S4 (GTP-C, GTP-U)S10(GTP-C)S1-U(GTP-U)S11(GTP-C)GxcGx (DIAMETER)SGWS5/8 (PMIPv6, GRE)S5/8 (GTP-C, GTP-U)Packet Data Network Gateway (PGW)Subscriber-aware data plane anchoring for allaccess networks Anchor point in home or visited networkfor all IP-based access (3GPP or not) Session-based user authentication andIP address allocation (IPv4/v6) Processes all IP packets to/from UE(QoS control, PCEF, LI)GxbS6b(DIAMETER)PGWAAASGiOperator’sIP Services(e.g. video, IMS)SWm(DIAMETER)S2a(PMIPv6, GREMIPv4 FACoA)S2b(PMIPv6,GRE)SWaePDGSWn S2cTrustedNon-3GPPIP AccessUE 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.GxaUntrustedNon-3GPPIP AccessSTa (RADIUS,DIAMETER)UECisco Public29
3GPP AccessSWx (DIAMETER)HSSS12 (GTP-U)UTRANSGSNGERANRx RFS6a(DIAMETER)S4 (GTP-C, GTP-U)S10(GTP-C)S1-U(GTP-U)S11(GTP-C)GxcGx (DIAMETER)SGWS5/8 (PMIPv6, GRE)S5/8 (GTP-C, GTP-U)UEPolicy&Charging Rule Function (PCRF)User and application-aware policy decision point: Interacts with PGW to enforce persession or per flow policies Gets event notification from PGW(mobilty and/or traffic related) Interacts with application for admissioncontrol and policy definitiion Supports roaming P Services(e.g. video, IMS)SWm(DIAMETER)S2a(PMIPv6, GREMIPv4 FACoA)S2b(PMIPv6,GRE)SWaePDGSWn S2cTrustedNon-3GPPIP AccessUE 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.GxaUntrustedNon-3GPPIP AccessSTa (RADIUS,DIAMETER)UECisco Public30
3GPP AccessSWx (DIAMETER)HSSS12 (GTP-U)UTRANSGSNGERANRx RFS6a(DIAMETER)S4 (GTP-C, GTP-U)S10(GTP-C)S1-U(GTP-U)S11(GTP-C)GxcGx (DIAMETER)SGWS5/8 (PMIPv6, GRE)S5/8 (GTP-C, GTP-U)UEEnhanced Packet Data Gateway (ePDG)Support for untrusted non-3GPP access EPC point of attachment for useraccessing over other non-owned access Terminates IPSec tunnel from UEestablished with IKEv2 & EAP-AKA Supports network-based IP mobilitytowards the selected PGW (PMIPv6)GxbS6b(DIAMETER)PGWAAASGiOperator’sIP Services(e.g. video, IMS)SWm(DIAMETER)S2a(PMIPv6, GREMIPv4 FACoA)S2b(PMIPv6,GRE)SWaePDGSWn S2cTrustedNon-3GPPIP AccessUE 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.GxaUntrustedNon-3GPPIP AccessSTa (RADIUS,DIAMETER)UECisco Public31
HSSS6aEPS AKA via S6a(Auth Vectors)Challenge and keysexchangeMMEE- UTRANRRC Integrity and cipheringMutual AuthenticationNAS Integrity/CipheringeNBU-Plane CipheringUE USIM required for LTE Different set of keys used for ciphering, derived from the sameoriginal K stored in the USIM/HSS 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Cisco Public32
HSSMMEPCRFS1-MMEUEeNodeBS-GWEvolved Packet Core (EPC)Evolved UTRAN S1-APSCTPRLCMACRLCIPIPMACL2L2OFDMAOFDMAL1L1 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.PDN-GWCisco Public33
HSSPCRFMMES1-UUES5/S8eNodeBEvolved Packet Core (EPC)Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)IP (user)PDCPRLCPDCPRLCGTP-UUDPMACMACIPL2OFDMAOFDMAL1 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.PDN-GWS-GWS1-U36.414GTP-U GTP-U PMIPUDPUDP GREIPIPL2L2L1L1S5/S829.274(GTP)29.275(PMIPv6)IP (user)PMIP GTP-UUDPGREIPL2L1Cisco Public34
HSSPCRFMMEX2UEeNodeBEvolved Packet Core (EPC)Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)X2-APSCTPIPL2X2-C36.423L1 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights P-UX2-U36.424UDPIPL2L1Cisco Public35
HSSPCRFMMES6aGxUEeNodeBEvolved Packet Core (EPC)Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)DIAMETERSCTPIPL2L1 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights TPIPIPL2L2L1L1DIAMETERGx29.212SCTPIPL2L1Cisco Public36
Extract from 3GPP TS 23.401 V8.3.0 (2008-09) A UE shall perform the address allocation procedures for at least one IPaddress (either IPv4 or IPv6) PDN types IPv4, IPv6 and IPv4v6 are supported /64 IPv6 prefix allocation via IPv6 Stateless Address autoconfigurationaccording to RFC 4862, if IPv6 is supported (Mandatory) IPv6 parameter configuration via Stateless DHCPv6 according toRFC 3736 (Optional)“During default bearer establishment, the PDN GW sends the IPv6 prefixand Interface Identifier to the SGW, and then the S-GW forwards theIPv6 prefix and Interface Identifier to the MME or to the SGSN. The MMEor the SGSN forwards the IPv6 Interface Identifier to the UE.” 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Cisco Public37
2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Cisco Public38
Idle Mode Mobility proceduresUE Initial AttachPeriodic Location Update / Inter- and intra-RAT reselectionUE Detach Active Mode MobilityIntra-RAT Intra- and inter-area handoverInter-RAT handover RRC StatesRRC-IDLERRC-CONNECTED 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Cisco Public39
3G UE3G RNC3G SGSN3G GGSNHLR1. Attach Request2. Identity Request/Response3. UE Authentication (EAP-AKA) and Ciphering Start4. User Profile Download5. Attach Accept/Complete 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Cisco Public40
MME3G UES-GWP-GWHSS1. Attach Request2. Identity Req/Rsp3. UE Authentication (EAP-AKA) and Ciphering Start4. User Profile Download5. Bearer Request6. Bearer RequestPCRFBearer Authorisation(inc. IP @, policy)9. Bearer Accept8. Bearer Accept10. Attach Accept/Complete 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Cisco Public41
3G UEOld RNC1. HO PreparationTarget RNCOld SGSN2. Relocation RequiredTarget SGSNGGSN3. Fwd Reloc Req4. Relocation Request5. RAB establishment at target NodeB6. Relocation Request Ack8. Relocation Command7. Fwd Reloc Ack9. Reconfig Radio10. SRNS Context Transfer11. Relocation Detected12. Relocation Detected13. Update PDP Req14. Policy Ctrl(optional)15. Update PDP AckRelocation Completion including Radio resource release at Old RNC and RAU procedure 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Cisco Public42
3G UEOld eNBTarget eNBMMEOld S-GWTarget S-GWP-GWEstablished 2-way Bearer1. HO prep and execFwd DataDL Data2. Path Switch Req3. Create Session Req4. Modify Bearer Req5. Policy Ctrl7. Create Session Resp6. Modify Bearer Ack8. Path Switch Resp9. Release10. Delete Session Req/RespEstablished 2-way Bearer 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Cisco Public43
3G UEOld MME1. HO preparationTarget MME2. Fwd Reloc ReqOld S-GWTarget S-GWP-GW3. Create Session Req/Resp4. HO prep at Target eNB5. Create Indirect TunnelReq/Resp6. Fwd Reloc Resp7. Create Indirect TunnelReq/Resp9. HO Command8. HO Command10. eNB context transfer11. HO Notify12. Reloc Complete Req/Resp13. Update Session Req14. Modify Bearer Req15. Policy Ctrl17. Update Session RespRelocation Completion including radio resource release at Old 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. eNB and Session and Fwd tunnel tear down at old MME/SGW16. Modify Bearer RespCisco Public44
2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Cisco Public45
The EPS architecture (3GPP Rel 8)is the first 3GPP all-IP architecture Voice and SMS are stillthe cash cows for mobile operatorsMigration is criticalUser experience must be preserved CSFB is the interim solution recommended by NGMN IMS is the target solution for Telephony and Multimedia Services OneVoice IMS profile ‘simplifies’ implementation for VoLTE NGMN and OneVoice initiatives reduce risk of industry fragmentation SMS typically required before voice due to EU regulatory requirementsfor data roaming services 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Cisco Public46
1UTRAN /GERANIuCS / AIncoming SMSMSCSGs2SMS is delivered via SGs interfaceMMES1-MMECSFB UEE-UTRANS6aHSSS11S1-UServing/PDN GW During EPC attach, CSFB UE’s are also attached over SGs to MSC MME maintains mapping of TA to LA to determine appropriate MSC toestablish SGs association with SMS can be delivered/sent without FallBack to legacy radio (SGs interfaceincludes SMS payload capability) 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Cisco Public47
14 UE Responds to paging –incoming call terminated viastandard 2G/3G proceduresIuCS / AUTRAN /CSFB UEGERANIncoming Call – delivered to VMSC whichhas SGs association for this subscriberMSCSGs23UE retunes to 2G/3G RAT on receiptof pageUE is paged via the SGs interfaceMMES1-MMECSFB UEE-UTRANS6aHSSS11S1-UServing/PDN GW Additional complexity / upgrades required on CS core to support use-case where the MSC sending Page is different to MSC receiving Pageresponse (i.e. TA to LA mapping is inaccurate due to cell breathing orother circumstances) This capability (Roaming Retry) requires upgrades on GMSC, VMSCand HLR. Introduces further termination latency. 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Cisco Public48
1UTRAN /GERANIuCS / AIuPS / GbSGSN(SR-VCC)IMS (HPLMN)Subscriber has already registeredinto IMS following EPC attachMSC Server(SR-VCC)SCC SCFS11S1-MME2SR-VCCUEUE OriginatesCallE-UTRANS1-UServing/PDN GWSGi(Gm from UE) To enable mid-call mobility, S-CSCF anchors call at SCC AS TAS provides end-user services (e.g. IR.92) MGCF provides breakout to PSTN or other CS networks 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Cisco Public49
IMS (HPLMN)3SR-VCC UE2NewUTRANcall leg/establishedGERANIuCS / AIuPS / Gb1UE retunes to 2G/3G SGSNRAT during active call (SR-VCC)MSC Server(SR-VCC)SCC AS performsbearer managementand tears down originalSCC P-CSCFS11S1-MMESR-VCC UEE-UTRANS1-UServing/PDN GWSGi(Gm from UE) SCC AS performs leg management – hides mobility events from other IMSapplication servers SR-VCC only works in one direction – LTE 2G/3G Requires upgrades on legacy MSC infrastructure 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Cisco Public50
CSFBVoIMSEnd-User ServicesRe-use legacy implementationOneVoice (IR.92) provides baseline. Alloperator proprietary services and extensionsmust be ported to IMS.RegulatoryRe-use legacy implementationNational regulatory services must beimplemented in IMS.Service DifferentiationRestricted to only services deliverable fromlegacy core.IR.92 services can be blended with other IMSservices such as presence, RCS, richmessaging.End-user ExperienceSignificant post-dial delay. Retuning fromCS back to LTE may take some time –impact to data services.No retuning required to access CS equivalentservices. Still industry concerns regarding SRVCC latency.ComplexityMedium – CS core requires upgrades forSGs interface and also to support RoamingRetry.High – Significant new network infrastructurerequired. SR-VCC extremely complex.Intensive service porting to ensure full legacyparity.CostUnknown – upgrades must come fromexisting CS vendors. Believed that legacyvendors are using this to their advantageto seek premium.High – large investment required for newinfrastructure. However, diverse range ofvendors opens door for innovative deals/solutions. 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Cisco Public51
Thank you.
Long Term Evolution (LTE ) is the next generation 3GPP radio access network Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) System Architecture Evolution (SAE) is the 3GPP next generation standard for mobile networks providing: Increased Bandwidth End-to-End IP .
Mobile networks are renowned for being "just works" networks—that is, networks that assure connectivity, the use of applications, and the ability to make voice calls from virtually anywhere with minimal effort. Despite the universal success of mobile networks, mobile alone is not ideal for connecting the growing range of new,
Decisional Balance Worksheet Good things Not so good things Current Behavior Short Term Long Term Short Term Long Term Change Short Term Long Term Short Term Long Term . Thinking About Drinking Here is an example of someone exploring their ambivalence about alcohol use. Everyone’s decisional balance will look a little different.
in such environments, the mobile and wireless net-working support allowing mobile users to communi-cate with other users (fixed or mobile) becomes crucial. A possible scenario may involve several dif-ferent networks that can support or can be modified to support mobile users. When dealing with differ-ent wireless networks, a universal mobile device
which are mass deployed, such as WiMAX (IEEE 802.16 wireless and mobile networks) , Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 wireless networks), LTE (Long Term Evolution), 3G mobile networks (UMTS, cdma2000) and 4G as well as accompanying networks, such as personal area networks (e.g., Bluet
Wireless / Mobile Networks indigoo.com Contents 1. Wireless technologies overview 2. Radio technology 3. Radio technology problems 4. 802.11 WLAN Wireless LAN 5. Overview 1G / 2G / 2.5G / 2.75G / 3G / 4G networks 6. 2G / 2.5G / 3G networks 7. 4G LTE - Long Term Evolution 8. Satellite Internet Access 9. Wireless mobility 10. Mobile IP RFC2002
Strategy 6: Mobile Workload Mobile devices are increasingly driving mainframe workloads April 2014: Mobile Workload Pricing – 60% reduction in mobile workload CPU to R4HA peak MUST be from mobile device MUST show connection to mobile device – Mobile Safari good – Desktop Safari not good Mobile to mainframe is .
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-3 Elements of a wireless network network infrastructure Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-4 . CDMA, GSM 2.5G: UMTS/WCDMA, CDMA2000 802.11a,g 3G: UMTS/WCDMA-HSPDA, CDMA2000-1xEVDO 4G: LTWE WIMAX 802.11a,g point-to-point 200 802.11n s) Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-8 infrastructure mode !
5) The Netherlands has three national mobile networks, which are operated by the MNOs1 KPN, VodafoneZiggo, and T-Mobile. In addition, a large number of MVNOs2 are active on the Dutch market that also use those networks. The existing 4G networks are continuously upgraded in order to be able to accommodate the growth in mobile data traffic.
