Applied Computational Aerodynamics
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-05374-8 - Applied Computational Aerodynamics: A Modern Engineering ApproachRussell M. Cummings, William H. Mason, Scott A. Morton and David R. McDanielFrontmatterMore informationApplied Computational AerodynamicsThis computational aerodynamics (CA) textbook is written at the undergraduate level, based on years of teaching focused on developing the engineering skillsrequired to become an intelligent user of aerodynamic codes, unlike most available books which focus on learning how to write codes. This is done by takingadvantage of CA codes that are now freely available and doing projects to learnthe basic numerical and aerodynamic concepts required.The authors believe that new and vibrant ways to interact with CA are important in order to improve understanding of aerodynamics. This book includes anumber of unique features to make studying computational aerodynamics moreenjoyable. These include: The computer programs used in the book’s projects are all open source andaccessible to students and practicing engineers alike on the book’s website,www.cambridge.org/aerodynamics. CA Concept Boxes appear throughout the book to make material more relevantand to provide interesting asides from the material at hand. Flow Visualization Boxes are used throughout the book to give readers the opportunity to “see” fluid dynamic flows first hand. Profiles of both experienced and beginning practitioners of CA are includedthroughout to add a more personal dimension to the practice of numerical simulations of aerodynamics. Best Practices summaries are included at the end of most chapters to provide realworld guidelines for how CA is typically used. The website includes access to images, movies, programs, CA codes, additionalmaterial, and links to a variety of resources vital to the discussions containedwithin the book (www.cambridge.org/aerodynamics).Russell M. Cummings is a professor of aeronautics at the U.S. Air ForceAcademy, where he teaches and conducts research in fluid mechanics, aerodynamics, and computational aerodynamics.William H. Mason is a professor emeritus of aerospace engineering at VirginiaPolytechnic Institute and State University.Scott A. Morton is a researcher at the University of Dayton Research Instituteand the principal software developer for the Kestrel Fixed Wing Aircraft NavierStokes flow solver.David R. McDaniel is an associate research professor at the University ofAlabama at Birmingham where he works on the Kestrel Fixed Wing AircraftNavier-Stokes flow solver. in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-05374-8 - Applied Computational Aerodynamics: A Modern Engineering ApproachRussell M. Cummings, William H. Mason, Scott A. Morton and David R. McDanielFrontmatterMore informationCambridge Aerospace SeriesEditors: Wei Shyy and Vigor 36.37.38.39.40.J. M. Rolfe and K. J. Staples (eds.): Flight SimulationP. Berlin: The Geostationary Applications SatelliteM. J. T. Smith: Aircraft NoiseN. X. Vinh: Flight Mechanics of High-Performance AircraftW. A. Mair and D. L. Birdsall: Aircraft PerformanceM. J. Abzug and E. E. Larrabee: Airplane Stability and ControlM. J. Sidi: Spacecraft Dynamics and ControlJ. D. Anderson: A History of AerodynamicsA. M. Cruise, J. A. Bowles, C. V. Goodall, and T. J. Patrick: Principles of SpaceInstrument DesignG. A. Khoury (ed.): Airship Technology, Second EditionJ. P. Fielding: Introduction to Aircraft DesignJ. G. Leishman: Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics, Second EditionJ. Katz and A. Plotkin: Low-Speed Aerodynamics, Second EditionM. J. Abzug and E. E. Larrabee: Airplane Stability and Control: A History of theTechnologies that Made Aviation Possible, Second EditionD. H. Hodges and G. A. Pierce: Introduction to Structural Dynamics andAeroelasticity, Second EditionW. Fehse: Automatic Rendezvous and Docking of SpacecraftR. D. Flack: Fundamentals of Jet Propulsion with ApplicationsE. A. Baskharone: Principles of Turbomachinery in Air-Breathing EnginesD. D. Knight: Numerical Methods for High-Speed FlowsC. A. Wagner, T. Hüttl, and P. Sagaut (eds.): Large-Eddy Simulation for AcousticsD. D. Joseph, T. Funada, and J. Wang: Potential Flows of Viscous and ViscoelasticFluidsW. Shyy, Y. Lian, H. Liu, J. Tang, and D. Viieru: Aerodynamics of Low ReynoldsNumber FlyersJ. H. Saleh: Analyses for Durability and System Design LifetimeB. K. Donaldson: Analysis of Aircraft Structures, Second EditionC. Segal: The Scramjet Engine: Processes and CharacteristicsJ. F. Doyle: Guided Explorations of the Mechanics of Solids and StructuresA. K. Kundu: Aircraft DesignM. I. Friswell, J. E. T. Penny, S. D. Garvey, and A. W. Lees: Dynamics of RotatingMachinesB. A. Conway (ed): Spacecraft Trajectory OptimizationR. J. Adrian and J. Westerweel: Particle Image VelocimetryG. A. Flandro, H. M. McMahon, and R. L. Roach: Basic AerodynamicsH. Babinsky and J. K. Harvey: Shock Wave–Boundary-Layer InteractionsC. K. W. Tam: Computational Aeroacoustics: A Wave Number ApproachA. Filippone: Advanced Aircraft Flight PerformanceI. Chopra and J. Sirohi: Smart Structures TheoryW. Johnson: Rotorcraft AeromechanicsW. Shyy, H. Aono, C. K. Kang, and H. Liu: An Introduction to Flapping WingAerodynamicsT. C. Lieuwen and V. Yang: Gas Turbine EmissionsP. Kabamba and A. Girard: Fundamentals of Aerospace Navigation and GuidanceR. M. Cummings, W. H. Mason, S. A. Morton, and D. R. McDaniel: AppliedComputational Aerodynamics in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-05374-8 - Applied Computational Aerodynamics: A Modern Engineering ApproachRussell M. Cummings, William H. Mason, Scott A. Morton and David R. McDanielFrontmatterMore informationAppliedComputationalAerodynamicsA Modern EngineeringApproachRussell M. CummingsUnited States Air Force AcademyWilliam H. MasonVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityScott A. MortonUniversity of Dayton Research InstituteDavid R. McDanielUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-05374-8 - Applied Computational Aerodynamics: A Modern Engineering ApproachRussell M. Cummings, William H. Mason, Scott A. Morton and David R. McDanielFrontmatterMore information32 Avenue of the Americas, New York NY 10013-2473, USACambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit ofeducation, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107053748 2015 William H. Mason, Scott A. Morton, David R. McDanielThis publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place without the writtenpermission of Cambridge University Press.This work was created in the performance of a Cooperative Research and DevelopmentAgreement with the Department of the Air Force. The Government of the United Stateshas certain rights to use this work.First published 2015Printed in the United States of AmericaA catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication DataCummings, Russell M. (Russell Mark), author.Applied computational aerodynamics : a modern engineering approach / Russell M. Cummings,United States Air Force Academy, William H. Mason, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and StateUniversity, Scott A. Morton, United States Air Force, David R. McDaniel, University of Alabamaat Birmingham.pages cm. – (Cambridge aerospace series)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-1-107-05374-8 (hardback)1. Air flow – Mathematical models. 2. Aerofoils – Mathematical models. 3. Aerodynamics,Supersonic – Data processing. I. Morton, Scott A., author. II. Mason, William H.(William Henry), 1947– author. III. McDaniel, David R., author. IV. Title.TL574.F5C86 2015629.132′300151–dc23 2014020402ISBN 978-1-107-05374-8 HardbackCambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLsfor external or third-party Internet websites referred to in this publication and does notguarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-05374-8 - Applied Computational Aerodynamics: A Modern Engineering ApproachRussell M. Cummings, William H. Mason, Scott A. Morton and David R. McDanielFrontmatterMore informationContentsPrefacepage xvAcknowledgmentsxixList of AbbreviationsNomenclaturexxiiixxvii1. Introduction to Computational Aerodynamics1.11.21.31.41.5126710IntroductionThe Goals of Computational AerodynamicsThe Intelligent UserA Bit of Computational Aerodynamics HistoryWhat Can Computational Aerodynamics Do Todayand Tomorrow?1919222527293132333435373840401.5.1 Commercial Aircraft Applications1.5.2 Military Aircraft Applications1.61.71.8Integration of CA and ExperimentsDesign, Analysis, and Multidisciplinary OptimizationThe Computational Aerodynamics metry ModelingGrid GenerationFlow SolutionPost ProcessingCode ValidationComputational Aerodynamics Users and ErrorsScope, Purpose, and Outline of the BookProjectReferences2. Computers, Codes, and Engineering452.12.2464748555555IntroductionFrom Engineering Methods to High-Performance Computing2.2.12.2.22.2.32.2.4Semi-Empirical MethodsLinear Potential Flow MethodsCFD MethodsWhen Should You Use a Given Method?v in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-05374-8 - Applied Computational Aerodynamics: A Modern Engineering ApproachRussell M. Cummings, William H. Mason, Scott A. Morton and David R. McDanielFrontmatterMore informationviContents596163667178828689902.3 Computing Systems2.3.12.3.22.3.32.3.42.42.52.62.72.8Why CA Requires Large ComputersCA Historical DevelopmentComputer Measures of MeritParallel Computer ScalabilityComputer Codes: Verification, Validation, and CertificationSome Comments on ProgrammingElements of a SolutionProjectsReferences3. Getting Ready for Computational Aerodynamics:Fluid Mechanics .1 Introduction3.2 Governing Equations of Fluid Mechanics3.3 Derivation of Governing Equations3.3.1 Conservation of Mass: The Continuity Equation3.3.2 Conservation of Momentum and the Substantial Derivative3.3.2.1 Substantial Derivative3.3.2.2 Forces3.3.3 The Energy Equation3.4 Solution of the Set of Governing Equations3.5 Standard Forms and Terminology of Governing Equations3.5.1 Nondimensionalization3.5.2 Use of Divergence Form3.5.3 The “Standard” or “Vector” Form of the Equations3.6 Boundary Conditions, Initial Conditions, and the MathematicsClassification of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs)3.6.13.6.23.6.33.6.43.6.5Hyperbolic TypeParabolic TypeElliptic TypeEquations of Mixed TypeElaboration on Characteristics3.73.83.93.103.11Hyperbolic PDEsParabolic PDEsElliptic PDEsBoundary ConditionsUsing and Simplifying These Equations: High- toLow-Fidelity Flowfield Models3.12 Inviscid Flow Models3.12.1 Potential Flow3.12.2 Small Disturbance Expansion of the Full Potentialand Energy Equation 3.12.3 Transonic Small Disturbance Equation in this web service Cambridge University www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-05374-8 - Applied Computational Aerodynamics: A Modern Engineering ApproachRussell M. Cummings, William H. Mason, Scott A. Morton and David R. McDanielFrontmatterMore informationviiContents3.12.4 Prandtl-Glauert Equation3.12.5 Incompressible Irrotational Flow: Laplace’sEquation 3.13 Viscous Flow Models3.13.1 Thin-Layer Navier-Stokes Equations3.13.2 Parabolized Navier-Stokes Equations3.13.3 Boundary-Layer Equations3.143.153.163.17Examples of Zones of ApplicationRequirements for a Complete Problem FormulationExercisesReferences4. Getting Ready for Computational Aerodynamics:Aerodynamic Concepts4.14.2IntroductionReview of Potential Flow Theory4.2.1 Vorticity4.2.2 Simplified Equations of Motion4.3Potential Flow Applications4.3.1 Flow Over a Circular Cylinder4.3.2 Flow Over a Circular Cylinder with Circulation4.4Applications to Airfoils4.4.1 Conformal Mapping4.4.2 Singularity Distribution Approaches4.4.3 Kutta Condition4.5Boundary Layers and Viscous Effects4.5.1 Boundary Layer Concepts4.5.1.1 Laminar Boundary Layers4.5.1.2 Turbulent Boundary Layers4.5.1.3 Relative Features of Boundary Layers4.5.2 Skin Friction Estimation4.6Airfoil foil TerminologyForces and Moments on an AirfoilAirfoil Aerodynamic CoefficientsAirfoil Lift and Drag VariationsNACA Airfoil FamiliesHow to Use NACA Airfoil DataFactors That Affect Airfoil Aerodynamics4.6.7.1 Reynolds Number4.6.7.2 Camber4.6.7.3 Thickness4.6.8 How Airfoils Work4.6.9 Thin Airfoil Theory in this web service Cambridge University 2192195196198198198199199204www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-05374-8 - Applied Computational Aerodynamics: A Modern Engineering ApproachRussell M. Cummings, William H. Mason, Scott A. Morton and David R. McDanielFrontmatterMore informationviiiContents4.11 Exercises4.12 Projects4.13 402452472492502522532552582592605. Classical Linear Theory Computational Aerodynamics2645.1 Introduction5.2 Panel Methods2652672694.7 Wing Aerodynamics4.7.14.7.24.7.34.7.44.7.5Wing TerminologyWing Aerodynamic CoefficientsThe Vortex FilamentPrandtl’s Lifting Line TheorySubsonic Compressibility Effects4.8 Transonic Aerodynamics4.8.14.8.24.8.34.8.44.8.5Transonic TheoriesSupercritical AirfoilsKorn Airfoil EquationWing SweepKorn Wing Equation4.9 Supersonic Aerodynamics4.9.1 Supersonic Linear Theory and Airfoil Aerodynamics4.9.2 Volumetric Wave Drag4.9.3 Wing Aerodynamics4.10 Hypersonic Aerodynamics4.10.14.10.24.10.34.10.4Importance of Temperature in Hypersonic FlowNewtonian and Modified Newtonian Flow TheoryAerodynamic HeatingEngine/Airframe Integration5.2.1 The Integral Equation for the Potential5.2.2 An Example of a Panel Code: The Classic Hess and SmithMethod5.2.3 Program PANEL5.2.4 Geometry and Design5.2.4.1 Effects of Shape Changes on PressureDistributions 5.2.4.2 Shape for a Specified Pressure Distribution5.2.5 Issues in the Problem Formulation for 3D Potential Flow OverAircraft5.2.6 Example Applications of Panel Methods5.2.7 Using Panel Methods5.2.7.1 Commonsense Rules for Panels5.2.7.2 What a Panel Method Can and Cannot Do5.2.8 Advanced Panel Methods: What Is a “Higher Order”Panel Method? in this web service Cambridge University e.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-05374-8 - Applied Computational Aerodynamics: A Modern Engineering ApproachRussell M. Cummings, William H. Mason, Scott A. Morton and David R. McDanielFrontmatterMore informationixContents5.2.9 Current Standard Panel Method Programs: A Brief Survey5.2.9.1 PAN AIR5.2.9.2 VSAERO5.2.9.3 Woodward Code5.2.9.4 PMARC5.3Vortex Lattice Methods5.3.1 Boundary Conditions on the Mean Surface and thePressure Relation5.3.1.1 Linearized Form of the Boundary Condition5.3.1.2 Transfer of the Boundary Conditions5.3.1.3 Decomposition of Boundary Conditions intoCamber/Thickness/Alpha 5.3.1.4 Thin Airfoil Theory Pressure Relation5.3.1.5 ΔCp due to Camber/Alpha (Thickness Effects Cancel!)5.3.2 The Classical Vortex Lattice Method5.3.3 Examples of the Use and Accuracy of the VortexLattice Method5.3.3.1 The Warren 12 Test Case5.3.3.2 Isolated Swept Wing5.3.3.3 Wing-Body-Tail5.3.3.4 Control Surface Deflection5.3.3.5 Pitch and Roll Damping Estimation5.3.3.6 Slender Lifting Body Results5.3.3.7 Non-Planar Results5.3.3.8 Ground Effects and Dihedral Effects5.3.4 Inverse Design Methods and Program DesCam5.3.5 Alternate and Advanced VLM Methods5.3.6 Unsteady Flow Extension5.3.7 Vortex Lattice Method 3363373383393446. Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics3506.16.2351IntroductionOptions for Numerically Solving the Navier-StokesEquations6.2.1 Finite Difference Methods6.2.2 Finite Volume Methods6.2.3 Finite Element/Pseudo Spectral Methods6.36.46.5Approximations to DerivativesFinite Difference MethodsRepresenting Partial Differential Equations6.5.1 Discretization6.5.2 Consistency in this web service Cambridge University Press353354355356358359367369370www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-05374-8 - Applied Computational Aerodynamics: A Modern Engineering ApproachRussell M. Cummings, William H. Mason, Scott A. Morton and David R. McDanielFrontmatterMore informationxContents6.5.3 Stability6.5.4 Convergence6.6 Stability Analysis6.6.1 Fourier or Von Neumann Stability Analysis6.6.2 Examples of Stability and Instability6.7 The Wave Equation6.7.16.7.26.7.36.7.46.7.56.7.6Forward Difference in xCentral Difference in xBackward Difference in xLax MethodLax-Wendroff MethodMacCormack Method6.8 Truncation Error Analysis of the Wave Equation:The Modified Equation6.9 The Heat Equation6.9.1 Explicit Scheme6.9.2 Implicit Scheme6.10 Laplace’s Equation6.11 The Finite Volume Method6.12 Time Integration and Differences6.12.1 Explicit Time Integration6.12.1.1 First-Order Time Accuracy6.12.1.2 Second-Order Time Accuracy6.12.1.3 General Form of Backward Time Difference6.12.1.4 Runge-Kutta Time Integration6.12.2 Implicit Time Integration6.12.3 Subiterations6.12.4 Solution Method for Time Integration6.13 Boundary Conditions6.13.1 Farfield Boundary Conditions6.13.2 Solid Wall Boundary Conditions6.13.3 Numerical Representation of Boundary Conditions6.14 Solution of Algebraic 76.14.86.14.9Dense MatrixSparse and Banded MatrixGeneral Sparse MatrixPoint Jacobi and Point Gauss-SeidelGauss-Seidel and Successive Over-RelaxationSuccessive Line Over-RelaxationApproximate FactorizationMultigrid MethodThe Delta Form6.15 Program THINFOIL in this web service Cambridge University 0411411412413413415416420421421www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-05374-8 - Applied Computational Aerodynamics: A Modern Engineering ApproachRussell M. Cummings, William H. Mason, Scott A. Morton and David R. McDanielFrontmatterMore informationxiContents6.17 Projects6.18 References4254254284304394437. Geometry and Grids: Key Considerations in ComputationalAerodynamics4486.16 Modern Methods6.16.1 Finite Difference Methods6.16.2 Higher-Order Methods6.16.3 Finite Volume Methods7.17.27.37.47.5IntroductionSurface Shape Development: Lofting TechniquesComputational Grid OverviewGrid or Mesh TypesStructured Grids7.5.1 Topologies7.6Methods for Creating Structured Grids7.6.17.6.27.6.37.6.47.7Algebraic Grid Generation and Stretching/ClusteringConformal TransformationElliptic Grid GenerationHyperbolic Grid GenerationUnstructured Meshes7.7.1 Cell Types7.8Methods for Creating Unstructured Meshes7.8.1 Delaunay Triangulation7.8.2 Advancing Front/Advancing Layer7.8.3 Octree7.9 Cartesian Grids7.10 Grid Adaption7.11 Grid Properties that Affect Solution Accuracy7.11.1 Outer Boundary Size7.11.2 Structured Cell Geometry7.11.2.1 Jacobian7.11.2.2 Cell Shape7.11.2.3 Cell Orthogonality at a Surface Boundary7.11.2.4 Cell Stretching7.11.3 Unstructured Cell Geometry7.11.3.1 Flow Alignment and Boundary LayerGradients 7.11.3.2 Cell Planarness7.11.3.3 Cell Skew and Smoothness7.11.3.4 Cell Isotropy and Spacing7.11.4 Viscous Grid Requirements7.12 Grid Sensitivity Studies in this web service Cambridge University 1513www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-05374-8 - Applied Computational Aerodynamics: A Modern Engineering ApproachRussell M. Cummings, William H. Mason, Scott A. Morton and David R. McDanielFrontmatterMore informationxiiContents7.13 Examples of Grids for Complex Geometries7.13.1 Ranger Jet Aircraft Inviscid Block-structured Grid7.13.2 X-31 Viscous Block Structured Grid7.13.3 Block Structured Grid for Helicopter with SlidingInterface Rotor7.13.4 Unstructured High Lift Commercial Transport7.13.5 Unstructured Mesh for Aircraft with Stores7.13.6 C-130 Unstructured Chimera Mesh with Ring-SlotParachute7.13.7 V-22 Rotorcraft with Cartesian Overset Grids5165165185205205227.14 Current Grid Generation Software and Data Structures7.15 Projects7.16 References5225245255285308. Viscosity and Turbulence 555560563566567IntroductionTypes of Viscous EffectsLaminar FlowTransitionTurbulent FlowCharacteristics of TurbulenceTurbulence Modeling ApproachesReynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS)8.8.1 Mass-Weighted Averaging8.8.2 Taxonomy of Turbulence Models8.8.3 Prandtl’s Mixing-Length Theory – An Example of aZero-Equation Model8.8.4 Examples of the Use of Various RANS Models8.8.5 FLOMANIA Project Results8.8.6 AIAA Drag Prediction Workshop results8.11 Direct Numerical Simulation8.12 076109. Flow Visualization: The Art of Computational Aerodynamics6179.1 Introduction9.2 Flow Visualization Background6186208.9 Large-Eddy Simulation8.9.1 Spatial Filtering8.9.2 Subgrid Scale Models8.9.3 Example LES Applications8.10 Hybrid Approach (RANS/LES)8.10.18.10.28.10.38.10.4Detached-Eddy SimulationDelayed Detached-Eddy SimulationImproved Delayed Detached-Eddy SimulationDESider Results in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-05374-8 - Applied Computational Aerodynamics: A Modern Engineering ApproachRussell M. Cummings, William H. Mason, Scott A. Morton and David R. McDanielFrontmatterMore 637How Flow Visualization Works9.3.19.3.29.3.39.3.4Smooth Contour LinesThree-Dimensional Vector PlotsStreamlinesFlow Function ComputationHow to View Scalar PropertiesHow to View Vector Properties9.5.1 Commonly Used Vectors in Fluid Dynamics andFlow Visualization9.5.1.1 Vorticity9.5.1.2 Helicity Density and Relative Helicity9.5.1.3 Q-Criterion9.5.1.4 Shear Stress Vector9.5.2 Examples of vector flow visualization9.5.2.1 Vector Arrows9.5.2.2 Streamline/Stream Ribbons9.5.2.3 Vortex Visualization Using Vector Magnitudes9.5.2.4 Vortex Visualization Using the Q-Criterion9.5.2.5 Vortex Visualization Using Vortex Tracking9.5.3 Skin Friction Lines9.6Newer Flow Visualization 9640640641643646647647650650651653657659659Line Integral ConvolutionNumerical SchlierenFeature ExtractionUnsteady Flow and MoviesProjectsReferences10. Applications of Computational Aerodynamics66210.1 Introduction10.2 Getting to Know Flowfields10.3 Transonic Aerodynamics Prediction66366366910.3.1 Brief Review of Methodology Development for TransonicFlow Calculations10.3.2 Airfoils10.3.3 Wings10.3.4 Drag Prediction10.3.5 Fighter Aircraft Design10.4 Supersonic Aerodynamics Prediction10.4.1 Initial Application of CFD at Supersonic Speeds10.4.2 Application of CFD to a Supersonic Configuration10.4.3 Application to Low Sonic Boom Aircraft Design10.5 Hypersonic Aerodynamics Prediction10.6 Aerodynamic Design and MDO10.6.1 High Speed Civil Transport Example in this web service Cambridge University idge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-05374-8 - Applied Computational Aerodynamics: A Modern Engineering ApproachRussell M. Cummings, William H. Mason, Scott A. Morton and David R. McDanielFrontmatterMore informationxivContents10.6.2 Truss-Braced Wing Example10.7 Integration of Computational and Experimental Work10.7.1 Pros and Cons of Experiments10.7.2 Pros and Cons of Computations10.7.3 Delta Wing with Periodic Suction and Blowing forFlow Control10.7.4 Pitching UCAV Configuration10.7.5 C-130 Airdrop Configuration10.7.6 Closed-Loop Flow Control10.7.7 Data Assimilation70170470470510.9 The Future of Computational Aerodynamics10.10 Projects10.11 ppendix A Geometry for Aerodynamicists731Appendix B Sources of Experimental Data for Code Validation766Appendix C Potential Flow Review776Appendix D Computational Aerodynamics Programs790Appendix E Structured Grid Transformations802Appendix F Commonly Used Turbulence Models808Glossary823Index83310.8 Current Applications of Potential Flow Codes10.8.110.8.210.8.310.8.4Compressible Vortex Lattice MethodTransonic Lifting-Line MethodUnsteady Vortex-Lattice Method for AeroelasticityMeshless Full Potential SolverColor plates follow page 338 in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-05374-8 - Applied Computational Aerodynamics: A Modern Engineering ApproachRussell M. Cummings, William H. Mason, Scott A. Morton and David R. McDanielFrontmatterMore informationPrefaceAren’t there already plenty of excellent books on the topic of CFD? Yes,there are if you are a graduate student who wants to learn the intricaciesof numerical methods applied to solving the fundamental equations of fluiddynamics. However, we believe that a paradigm shift has taken place in CFD,where the development of algorithms and codes has largely been replaced bypeople applying well-established codes to real-world applications. While thisis a natural progression in any field of science and engineering, we do notbelieve that the paradigm shift has filtered into the academic world. In academia, undergraduates learning about aerodynamics are still going throughtheories and applications that were being taught 40 or 50 years ago. Webelieve that it is time to write a book for people who want to be “intelligentusers” of CA, not for those who want to continue developing CA tools. Westrongly endorse the perspective of David Darmofal and Earll Murman ofMIT (see AIAA Paper 2001–0870):Within aerodynamics, the need for re-engineering the traditional curriculum is critical. Industry, government, and (to some extent) academia hasseen a significant shift away from engineering science and highly specializedresearch-oriented personnel toward product development and systems-thinking personnel. While technical expertise in aerodynamics is required, it playsa less critical role in the design of aircraft than in previous generations. Inaddition to these influences, aerodynamics has been revolutionized by thedevelopment and maturation of computational methods. These factors castsignificant doubt that a traditional aerodynamics curriculum with its largelytheoretical approach remains the most effective education for the next generation of aerospace engineers. We believe that change is in order.We agree completely and believe that CA needs to be brought into theundergraduate classroom as soon as possible. That is why we have writtenthis book!The target audience for Applied Computational Aerodynamics is advancedundergraduates in aerospace engineering who want (or need) to learn CA inxv in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-05374-8 - Applied Computational Aerodynamics: A Modern Engineering ApproachRussell M. Cummings, William H. Mason, Scott A. Morton and David R. McDanielFrontmatterMore informationxviPrefacethe broad context of learning to do computational investigations, while alsolearning engineering methods and aerodynamics. In addition, we believe thatworking engineers who need to apply CA methods, but who have no CAbackground, will also find the book valuable.The educational objectives of the book include: (1) providing a contextfor computational aerodynamics within aeronautical engineering; (2) learning how to approach and solve computational problems; and (3) providingan entry into the literature by including numerous references and trying toput them in some sort of relevant context. Our overall goal, as mentionedpreviously, is to educate competent and intelligent users (or even observers)of CA, which will be accomplished through the use of well-defined projectswhere students will learn how to use the available tools within the context ofunderstanding aerodynamics.The contents of the book include: a brief history of computational aerodynamics and computers (why and how CA is used); engineering problemsolving with emphasis on using the computer, but in the broad context ofexperimental, analytical, and engineering methods; review of the governingequations used in CA; an introduction to aerodynamic concepts; “classical”linear computational aerodynamics methods; the central idea of CFD – thenumerical solution of PDEs; geometry and grids; viscosity and turbulencemodels; the art of CA, including rules of thumb, overall approaches to thesimulation of aerodynamics, grid generation, convergence, grid studies, andflow visualization; and projects illustrating both CA and aerodynamics. Thebook and accompanying website (www.cambridge.org/aerodynamics) willprovide access to CA software so that anyone within an academic or industrial environment will be able to accomplish the various projects with readilyavailable computer resources. Finally, we want to reiterate what we are doingand what we are not doing. This is a book designed to teach aerodynamicsthrough the use of modern computational tools. This is not a book for CFDalgorithm developers (those books have already been written).The
Applied Computational Aerodynamics This computational aerodynamics (CA) textbook is written at the undergradu-ate level, based on years of teaching focused on developing the engineering skills required to become an intelligent user of aerodynamic codes, unlike most avail-able books which focus on learning how to write codes. This is done by taking
Aerodynamics is the study of the dynamics of gases, or the interaction between moving object and atmosphere causing an airflow around a body. As first a movement of a body (ship) in a water was studies, it is not a surprise that some aviation terms are the same as naval ones rudder, water line, –File Size: 942KBPage Count: 16Explore furtherIntroduction to Aerodynamics - Aerospace Lectures for .www.aerospacelectures.comBeginner's Guide to Aerodynamicswww.grc.nasa.govA basic introduction to aerodynamics - SlideSharewww.slideshare.netBASIC AERODYNAMICS - MilitaryNewbie.comwww.militarynewbie.comBasic aerodynamics - [PPT Powerpoint] - VDOCUMENTSvdocuments.netRecommended to you b
A history of car aerodynamics G. Dimitriadis Experimental AerodynamicsVehicle Aerodynamics. Experimental Aerodynamics What has aerodynamics . such as Audi, BMW, VW Daimler-Benz and others. Experimental Aer
Chapter 13: Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines. Chapter 13: Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines. Chapter 13: Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines. Time accurate predictions for a 2-bladed HAWT are shown in the next figure (13.22) At high tip speed ratio (low wind speeds) vortex ring state (part a)
flight test, ice analysis, ice protection, and icing aerodynamics. In reference to the then promising new field of CFD, the workshop noted, “In view of the recent progress achieved in computational fluid mechanics, even further improvements in analysis could be developed and the committee was enthusiastic that renewed
theoretical framework for computational dynamics. It allows applications to meet the broad range of computational modeling needs coherently and with fast, structure-based computational algorithms. The paper describes the SOA computational ar-chitecture, the DARTS computational dynamics software, and appl
2022 State of Computational Engineering Report www.rescale.com 7 Defining Our Terms Computational science & engineering (CSE) - using computational models, simulations and high performance computing (HPC) to understand natural phenomena (e.g., weather, quantum mechanics) or behavior of engineered products (e.g., aerodynamics, crashes).
CHAPTER 1 HELICOPTER AERODYNAMICS WORKBOOK 1-2 THE ATMOSPHERE THE ATMOSPHERE ATMOSPHERIC PROPERTIES Helicopter aerodynamics is the branch of physics dealing with the forces and pressures exerted by air in motion. The atmosphere, the mass of air, which completely envelops the earth, is composed of varying and nonvarying constituents.
501 Concrete 501.1 Description (1) This section describes proportioning, mixing, placing, and protecting concrete mixtures. 501.2 Materials 501.2.1 Portland Cement (1) Use cement conforming to ASTM specifications as follows: - Type I portland cement; ASTM C150. - Type II portland cement; ASTM C150. - Type III portland cement; ASTM C150, for high early strength. - Type IP portland-pozzolan .
