AESTHETIC EVALUATION OF WIND TURBINES IN STOCHASTIC .
National Technical University of AthensSchool of Civil EngineeringDepartment of Water Resources andEnvironmental EngineeringEuropean Geosciences UnionGeneral Assembly, Online, 4-8 May2020HS3.3/ERE6: Stochastic modellingand real-time control of complexenvironmental systemsAESTHETIC EVALUATION OF WIND TURBINES IN STOCHASTIC SETTING:case study of Tinos island, GreeceEleni Manta*, Romanos Ioannidis, G.-Fivos Sargentis and Andreas Efstratiadis*eleni.mantas@gmail.com
introductionThe concept of landscape aesthetics introduces a different view for evaluating thenatural environment. Landscape aesthetics prioritise the people's psychologicaldelectation and the need for recreation. The natural landscape aspect acquaints theperson with the natural environment, provided that it becomes perceivable,attractive and can be visited. Thus, the natural environment constitutes the subjectof historical memory.Aesthetics is a highly subjective issue, thus any attempt towards its quantificationrequires accounting for the uncertainty induced from subjectivity.Nowadays, tradition and history have been trapped in museum-like preservation,while any new construction is synonymous to maximum "exploitation" andpromotion. In this reality, the notion of integrating an activity and forming the naturalenvironment is difficult to approach.Often, the natural landscape changes rapidly or disappears altogether, be it in thename of progress and exploitation, or of the necessity for a public function. [1]2
introductionCharacteristic example of a public functionare wind turbines. They are large-scaleengineering infrastructures that may causesignificant social reactions, due to theanticipated aesthetic nuisance. [1]Since aesthetics is a subjective matter, thestochastic methodology was introduced asa way of quantifying and evaluating theimpact of wind turbines on the natural andhistorically rich landscape.The mathematical field of Stochastics hasbeen introduced as an alternative way ofdeterministic approaches, to model the socalled random, i.e., complex, unexplainedor unpredictable, fluctuations observed innon-linear geophysical processes.Stochastics help develop a unifiedperception for natural phenomena andexpel dichotomies like random vs.deterministic. [2]In this research a stochastic computationaltool called 2D-C is used to analyzelandscape [3]. Key component of themethodology is the climacogram analysis.3
stochastic analysis of landscape images with 2D-CEach image is digitized in 2D based on a grayscale color intensity and next the climacogram is calculatedbased on the geometric scales of adjacent pixels [3], [4; see parallel presentation EGU2020-19832]. Inpractice, this allows for evaluating the brightness of an image.Assuming an area n Δ n Δ, where n is the number of intervals(e.g., pixels) along each spatial direction and Δ is thediscretization unit (determined by the image resolution, e.g.,pixel length), the empirical classical estimator of theclimacogram for a 2D process is expressed as:Benchmark of image analysis; (a) White noise; (b)Image with clustering; (c) landscape; the lowerrow depicts the average brightness in the upperone.(white 1, black 0)where the “ ” over γ denotes estimate, κ is the dimensionless spatialscale,represents a local average of the space-averaged process at scale κ, andat grid cell (i, j), andis the global average.Note that the maximum available scale for this estimator is n/2. Thedifference between the value in each element and the field mean is raisedto the power of 2, since we are mostly interest in the magnitude of thedifference rather than its sign. Thus, the climacogram expresses in eachscale the diversity in the color intensity among the different elements. Inthis manner, we may quantify the uncertainty of the brightness intensitiesat each scale by measuring their variability [3].4
steps of stochastic analysis with 2D-CExample of stochastic analysisof a 2D picture (Sargentis et al.,2020) [4]; Grouped pixels atscales
Human chain at Tinos harbor as a form of protest against the wind turbines. [5] Peaceful protest on the mountain that the new wind turbines are planned to be installed. [5] Protest in Athens city center against the wind turbines. [5] Citizens of Tinos blocking the coming of the materials needed for the installation of the new wind turbines. [5] 8
boat wind turbines and make them facing the wind [3]. The number of blades of boat wind turbines is often 3. Three-bladed boat wind turbines can produce power at low wind speed and can be self-started by the wind. This paper is focused on three-bladed boat wind turbines with passive yaw motion.
WIND TURBINES Wind Turbines AP-Power-Wind Turbines-13a Wind power is popular. The market for wind turbines is expanding rapidly and with it is an increasing demand for turbines to be i
Common concerns about wind power, June 2017 1 Contents Introduction page 2 1 Wind turbines and energy payback times page 5 2 Materials consumption and life cycle impacts of wind power page 11 3 Wind power costs and subsidies page 19 4 Efficiency and capacity factors of wind turbines page 27 5 Intermittency of wind turbines page 33 6 Offshore wind turbines page 41
Small Wind Turbines Are Different Utility-Scale Wind Power, 600 - 1,800 kW wind turbines – Professional maintenance crews – 15 mph (7 m/s) average wind speed Small, “Distributed” Wind Power 0.3 - 50 kW wind turbines – Installed at individual homes, farms, busine
Chapter 13: Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines. Chapter 13: Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines. Chapter 13: Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines. Time accurate predictions for a 2-bladed HAWT are shown in the next figure (13.22) At high tip speed ratio (low wind speeds) vortex ring state (part a)
3.Types Of Wind Turbines There are two types of wind turbines. One is Vertical axis wind turbines and the other is horizontal axis wind turbines. We also know that there is sufficient wind to satisfy much of humanity's energy requirements - if it could be gathered effectively and on a large scale.
Used wind turbines are purchased by a variety of companies including traders, operators, developers, and engineering companies. Those who purchase used wind turbines may wish to sell the used wind turbine, use it, refurbish it, or remanufacture it. Trading websites give an indication of who buys and sells used wind turbines.
modern slavery:classical and Bayesian approaches Bernard W. Silverman University of Nottingham, UK [Read before The Royal Statistical Society on Wednesday, November 13th, 2019, Professor R.HendersonintheChair] Summary. Multiple-systems estimation is a key approach for quantifying hidden populations such as the number of victims of modern slavery.The UK Government published an estimate of 10000 .
