2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules - Norwell High School
2.3 Carbon-Based MoleculesKEY CONCEPTCarbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.
2.3 Carbon-Based MoleculesCarbon atoms have unique bonding properties. Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms,including other carbon atoms. Carbon-based molecules have three general types ofstructures.– straight chain– branched chain– ring
2.3 Carbon-Based MoleculesThe Importance of the Carbon Backbone The carbon backbone allows large molecules to form,which make up life!– Organisms use these molecules to build their bodies.– Carbon atoms can bind to each other or to otheratoms in an endless variety of shapes.– The different shapes that carbon can create are themolecules necessary for life- Shape determines function!
2.3 Carbon-Based MoleculesMacromolecules Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, andnucleic acids are referred to asmacromolecules because of their largesize.– Also called polymers- They are made up of monomers.
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Macromolecules are made of many smallsubunits bonded together.– Monomers are the individual subunits.– Polymers are made of many monomers.How arepolymersformed?
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2.3 Carbon-Based MoleculesFour main types of carbon-based molecules are found inliving things. Carbohydrates are made of carbon,hydrogen, and oxygen.Simple carbs sweet- tastingsugarsComplex carbs starch, cellulose,chitin
2.3 Carbon-Based MoleculesFour main types of carbon-based molecules are found inliving things. Carbohydrates’ function is to provide a quick source ofenergy for living thingsClassification:A. Monosaccharides– simple sugars– glucose, fructose,galactose, ribose,deoxyribose
2.3 Carbon-Based MoleculesB. Disaccharides- Two monosaccharides chemically bonded together bydehydration synthesis- Maltose, sucrose, lactose.C. Polysaccharides- Complex carbohydrates- polymers of monosaccharides formed by dehydrationsynthesis- starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
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2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Carbohydrates can be broken down to provideenergy for cells. Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.Polymer (starch)Starch is a polymer ofglucose monomers thatoften has a branchedstructure.Polymer (cellulose)monomerCellulose is a polymerof glucose monomersthat has a straight, rigidstructure
2.3 Carbon-Based MoleculesPlants and animals each have different carbohydratesused for energy storage and structureCarb. used to storeenergy:Carb. used forstructure:Found inPlants:StarchCelluloseFound inAnimals:GlycogenChitin(insects andcrustaceans)
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2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Why is cellulose nondigestible in humans?
2.3 Carbon-Based MoleculesLipids Lipids are nonpolar molecules that includefats, oils, and cholesterol. Insoluble in water due to hydrocarbon chains.Classification: Fats and Oils (Triglycerides)– Contain glycerol and fatty acids- Glycerol- Contains three OH- groups.- Fatty acid- consists of long hydrocarbon chain.
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules– Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol.Triglyceride
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Fats and oils contain different types of fattyacids.– saturated fatty acids– unsaturated fatty acids
2.3 Carbon-Based MoleculesTypes of Fats and Fatty Acids
2.3 Carbon-Based MoleculesCoronary Arteries and Plaque
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Phospholipids– Polar phosphate “head” (hydrophilic)– Nonpolar fatty acid “tails” (hydrophobic)Phospholipid
2.3 Carbon-Based MoleculesPhospholipidsCell membranesare made ofphospholipids
2.3 Carbon-Based MoleculesLipids Steroids– Have skeletons of four fused carbon rings.- Cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen Waxes– Long-chain fatty acid bonds with a long-chainalcohol.-High melting pointWaterproofResistant to degradationMade by insects
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Lipids have several different functions.– Long-term energy storage– broken down as a source of energy– make up cell membranes– used to make hormones
2.3 Carbon-Based MoleculesProteins Functions– Support– Enzymes– Transport– Defense– Hormones– Motion
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Proteins– are polymers of amino acid monomers.– Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteinsin organisms.Oneaminoacid
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.– Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteinsin organisms.– Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.– Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
2.3 Carbon-Based MoleculesProteins Protein Structure– Primary - Sequence of amino acids.– Secondary - Polypeptide coils or folds in a particularfashion.– Tertiary - Folding and twisting that results in finalthree-dimensional shape of a polypeptide.– Quaternary - Consists of more than one polypeptide.
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids.– Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape.Hemoglobinhydrogen bond– Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structureand function.
2.3 Carbon-Based MoleculesDEOXYRIBONUCLEICACIDRIBONUCLEIC ACID
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers callednucleotides.– Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphategroup, and a nitrogen base.A phosphate groupnitrogen-containing molecule,called a baseAGCordeoxyribose (sugar)T
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers callednucleotides.– Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphategroup, and a nitrogen base.– DNA stores genetic DNAinformation.– RNA builds proteins. RNA
2.3 Carbon-Based MoleculesDNAComplementary base-pairing
2.3 Carbon-Based MoleculesATP: Adenosine triphosphate A special nucleotide thatcontains A LOT of chemicalenergy Energy is stored in thephosphate bonds It is the “energy currency” for allliving things
13.1 Ecologists Study Relationships. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells. Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure. Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer
CARBON-BASED MOLECULES Reinforcement KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life. Carbon atoms are the basis of most molecules that make up living things. Many carbon-based molecules are large molecules called polymers that are made of many smaller, repeating molecules called monomers. There are four main types of
Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms. Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures. 1. straight chain 2. branched chain 3. ring . 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Many carbon-based molec
Answer: Carbon is versatile Can form many covalent bonds resulting in molecules with complex structures (chains, rings, branching) C C C C Organic: Molecules with a carbon skeleton Inorganic: Molecules without a carbon skeleton Functional Groups: Determine characteristics of molecules
The molecules in water have a small positive and a small negative charge, a bit like the poles on a magnet. We call such molecules with partial charges polar molecules. The molecules in oil have almost no positive or negative charge. We call these molecules non-polar molecules. Different kinds of molecules do not mix well with each other. Polar
Page 1 of 12 NAME: SCHOOL: TEACHER: BASIC ORGANIC MOLECULES: WORKSHEET 1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION CONCEPTS Organic molecules as molecules containing carbon atoms. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that consist of hydrogen and carbon only Homologous series: A series of organic compounds that can be described by the same general formula and where each member differs from the
a. nitrogen. c. water. b. carbon dioxide. d. oxygen. ANS: D DIF: 1 OBJ: 6-1.3 21. During the Calvin cycle, carbon-containing molecules are produced from a. carbon atoms from ATP. b. carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms, and oxygen atoms from glucose. c. carbon atoms from carbon dioxide in the air and hydrogen atoms from water.
9 Which property allows carbon to form a variety of long-chain polymers? A. Carbon has six valence electrons used in multiple bonds. B. Carbon forms strong ionic bonds with different molecules. C. Carbon has four valence electrons, allowing for multiple bonds. D. Carbon forms both ionic and covalent bonds with other carbon atoms.
4 Binding Forces Between Molecules For molecules to exist as aggregates in gases, liquids, and solids, intermolecular forces must exist. Intermolecular forces Cohesion, or the attraction of like molecules, Adhesion, or the attraction of unlike molecules, Repulsion is a reaction between two molecules that forces th
