Unit Global Struggles - MS. HANNAWI'S CLASSROOM
UnitGlobalStruggles1931–1960CHAPTER 13A World in Flames1931–1941CHAPTER 14America and World War II1941–1945CHAPTER 15The Cold War Begins1945–1960CHAPTER 16Postwar America1945–1960Why It MattersThe rise of dictatorships in the 1930s led to World War II, themost destructive war in world history. The United Statesplayed a major role in the war, fighting in Europe, Africa andAsia. Afterwards, the United States emerged as a globalsuperpower, abandoned isolationism, and began buildingalliances around the world. Confrontation with the SovietUnion led to the Cold War, as the United States sought tocontain the spread of communism.450The Granger Collection, New York
Despite the fog, American soldiers march in Belgium duringthe winter of 1944–1945.451
ChapterA World inFlames1931–1941SECTION 1 America and the WorldSECTION 2 World War II BeginsSECTION 3 The HolocaustSECTION 4 America Enters the WarItalian dictator Benito Mussolini, at left, walks inMunich, Germany, with German dictator AdolfHitler, center, in 1938.Roosevelt1933–19451934 Nye Committeeholds hearingson causes ofWorld War I1935 First NeutralityAct bars saleof weapons towarring nations1937 Neutrality Actlimits trade withall warringnationsU.S. PRESIDENTSU.S. EVENTSWORLD EVENTS19311931 JapaninvadesManchuria452 Chapter 13 A World in Flames19331933 Hitler becomeschancellor ofGermany19351935 Hitler denouncesTreaty of Versailles Italy invades Ethiopia1936 Spanish CivilWar begins Hitler reoccupiesthe Rhineland19371937 Japan invadesChina
MAKING CONNECTIONSCould World War II HaveBeen Prevented?In the 1930s, global economic problems brought dictatorsto power in Europe and Japan, and another world warerupted. Many Americans, disillusioned by World War I,wanted to remain neutral, but when Japan attacked PearlHarbor, the United States was forced to join the war. What problems do you think World War I createdthat contributed to the outbreak of World War II? Do you think different American policies in the1920s and 1930s could have prevented WorldWar II?1939 United StatesdeniesSS St. Louispermissionto dock19391938 Munich Conferencegives Sudetenlandto Hitler1939 Polandinvaded;World War IIbeginsComparing Totalitarian Dictators Make1940 Roosevelt makes“destroyers-forbases” dealwith Britain1941 Congress passesLend Lease Act Japan attacksPearl Harbor19411940 France surrendersto Germany;Britain winsBattle of Britaina Trifold Book Foldable to compare and contrastthe dictatorships of BenitoMussolini, Joseph Stalin, and Mussolini Stalin HitlerAdolf Hitler. As you read thechapter, add details abouteach ruler under his name.Use your list as a helpfulstudy guide on their differTotalitarian Dictatorsences and similarities.)JTUPSZ 0/-*/& Chapter OverviewVisit glencoe.com to preview Chapter 13.Chapter 13 A World in Flames453
Section 1America and the WorldGuide to ReadingBig IdeasGovernment and Society In theyears following World War I, aggressiveand expansionistic governments tookpower in both Europe and Asia.Content Vocabulary fascism (p. 454) collective (p. 455) internationalism (p. 459)Academic Vocabulary exploit (p. 454) dominate (p. 457)People and Events to Identify Benito Mussolini (p. 454) Vladimir Lenin (p. 455) Joseph Stalin (p. 455) Adolf Hitler (p. 456) Manchuria (p. 457) Neutrality Act of 1935 (p. 458) Axis Powers (p. 459)Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read about theevents in Europe and Asia after WorldWar I, use the major headings of thesection to create an outline similar tothe one below.America and the WorldI. The Rise of DictatorsA.B.C.D.II.454 Chapter 13 A World in FlamesIn the years following World War I, aggressive andexpansionist governments took power in Europe andAsia. Meanwhile, most Americans did not want to getinvolved in another foreign war.The Rise of DictatorsMAIN Idea Dictators took control of the governments of Italy, the SovietUnion, Germany, and Japan.HISTORY AND YOU Can you think of a country today that is ruled by adictator? Read about the repressive governments that arose during the 1920sand 1930s.When World War I ended, President Wilson had hoped that theUnited States could “aid in the establishment of just democracythroughout the world.” Instead, the treaty that ended the war, alongwith the economic depression that followed, contributed to the riseof antidemocratic governments in both Europe and Asia.Mussolini and Fascism in ItalyOne of Europe’s first dictatorships arose in Italy. In 1919 BenitoMussolini founded Italy’s Fascist Party. Fascism was an aggressivenationalistic movement that considered the nation more importantthan the individual. Fascists believed that order in society wouldcome only through a dictator who led a strong government. Theyalso thought nations became great by building an empire.Fascism was also strongly anticommunist. After the RussianRevolution, many Europeans feared that communists, allied withlabor unions, were trying to bring down their governments. Mussoliniexploited these fears by portraying fascism as a bulwark againstcommunism. Fascism began to stand for the protection of privateproperty and the middle class. Mussolini also promised the workingclass full employment and social security. He pledged to return Italyto the glories of the Roman Empire.Backed by the Fascist militia known as the Blackshirts, Mussolinithreatened to march on Rome in 1922, claiming he was coming todefend Italy against a communist revolution. Liberal members of theItalian parliament insisted that the king declare martial law. When herefused, the cabinet resigned. Conservative advisers then persuadedthe king to appoint Mussolini as the premier.Once in office, Mussolini worked quickly to set up a dictatorship.Weary of strikes and riots, many Italians welcomed Mussolini’s leadership. With the support of industrialists, landowners, and the Roman
The Rise of Dictators, 1922–19330ARCTIC OCEAN1,000 kilometers0In 1926 Joseph Stalin becomesdictator of the Soviet Union andbegins to collectivize agricultureand industrialize the economy. Hispolicies kill millions of rural peasants.1,000 milesLambert Equal-Area projectionATLANTIC OCEANIn 1936 General Francisco Francolaunches a military revolt thatoverthrows Spain’s democraticgovernment; Franco thenestablishes a dictatorship.In 1933, high unemployment and fearsof communism enable Adolf Hitlerand the Nazi Party to take power.Hitler imposed a dictatorship, enactedanti-Jewish policies, and beganrebuilding the ET UNIONEWEUROPESJAPANESEEMPIREITALYpianCasBlack SeaASIASeaIn 1922 fears of communismand economic chaos enableBenito Mussolini to lead theFascists to power in Italy.In 1931, the militarist Empire of Japaninvades Manchuria; six years later, Japanattacks China. In 1941 General Hideki Tōjōbecomes prime minister and led the nationinto war with the United States.Analyzing GEOGRAPHYRedSeaAFRICACatholic Church, Mussolini—who took the titleof Il Duce, or “The Leader”—embarked on anambitious program of bringing order to Italy.Stalin Takes Over the USSRAfter the Russian Revolution, the CommunistParty, led by Vladimir Lenin, establishedcommunist governments throughout theRussian Empire. In 1922 they renamed theseterritories the Union of Soviet SocialistRepublics (USSR). The Communists institutedone-party rule, suppressed individual liberties,and punished opponents.After Lenin died in 1924, a power strugglebegan between Leon Trotsky and JosephStalin. Born with the surname of Dzuhgashvili,Stalin replaced his last name with the Russianword stal, meaning “steel.” Between 1902 and1913, he had been imprisoned or exiled seventimes, but he always escaped.ArabianSea1. Region In which region of the world dida dictator first come to power, and when?2. Human-Environment InteractionsWhat effect did Stalin’s policies have on theSoviet Union?By 1926, Stalin had become the new Sovietdictator. He began a massive effort to industrialize his country, using Five-Year Plans. Duringthe first two of these Five-Year Plans, from1928 to 1937, steel production increased from4 million to 18 million tons (3.628 to 16.326million t). At the same time, however, industrial wages declined by 43 percent from 1928 to1940. Family farms were combined and turnedinto collectives, or government-owned farms.Peasants who resisted by killing livestock orhoarding crops faced show trials or death fromstarvation. As many as 10 million peasantsdied in famines during 1932 and 1933.Stalin tolerated no opposition, targeting notonly political enemies but also artists and intellectuals. During the late 1930s, the USSR wasa nation of internal terrorism, with public trialsthat featured forced confessions. A new constitution, passed in 1936, promised many freedoms but was never enforced.Chapter 13A World in Flames 455
Stalin also used concentration camps; by1935 some 2 million people were in camps,most of which were located in the Arctic.Prisoners were used as slave labor. Between 8and 10 million people died as a result of Stalin’srule, which lasted until his death in 1953.Hitler and Nazi GermanyAdolf Hitler was a fervent anticommunistand an admirer of Mussolini. A native Austrian,Hitler had fought for Germany in World War I.Germany’s surrender and the subsequentTreaty of Versailles caused him and many otherGermans to hate both the victorious Allies andthe German government that had acceptedthe peace terms.Postwar Germany’s political and economicchaos led to the rise of new political parties.One of these was the National SocialistGerman Workers’ Party, or the Nazi Party. Theparty was nationalistic and anticommunist,calling for Germany to expand its territory andnot abide by the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.It also was anti-Semitic. Using the wordsSocialist and Workers in its name, the partyhoped to attract unhappy workers. Adolf Hitlerwas one of the party’s first recruits.In November 1923, the Nazis tried to seizepower by marching on city hall in Munich,Germany. Hitler intended to seize powerlocally and then march on Berlin, the Germancapital, but the plan failed. The Nazi Party wasbanned for a time, and Hitler was arrested.While in prison, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf(“My Struggle”), in which he called for theunification of all Germans under one government. He claimed that Germans, particularlyblond, blue-eyed Germans, belonged to a“master race” called Aryans. He argued thatGermans needed more space and called forGermany to expand east into Poland andRussia. According to Hitler, the Slavic peoplesof eastern Europe belonged to an inferior race,which Germans should enslave. Hitler’s racismwas strongest, however, toward Jews. Hebelieved that Jews were responsible for manyof the world’s problems, especially forGermany’s defeat in World War I.After his release, Hitler changed his tactics.Instead of trying to seize power violently, hefocused on getting Nazis elected to theWar and Civil War in the 1930s Japanese officers targeted resource-rich Manchuria as the firstgoal in their drive to build an empire.Italy Invades Ethiopia, 1935Japan Invades Manchuria, 193140 ENWEritreaSNWSakhalinEAngloEgyptianSudan50 EDessieKarafuto(MANCHUKUO)MONGOLIA10 NAddisAbabaChangchunCHINAGulf ishSomalilandHararETH IOPIAPyongyangDairenSea ofJapanSeoulSoPekingNeghellian40 NmalMukdenila50 NEndU.S.S.R.Italian-held territoryEthiopia (Abyssinia)Italian invasion routeRedSea140 E130 E120 EItJAPANKoreaTokyoYellowSeaaliINDIANOCEANBritish East Africa00200 milesMiller projectionShanghaiJapanese invasionof Manchuria200 kilometers0 0400 kilometers30 N0Miller projection400 miles Mussolini, the dictator of Italy, wanted to build a newRoman Empire in Africa. In 1935 the Italian army invadedEthiopia, then known as Abyssinia. The emperor, HaileSelassie, went into exile.
Reichstag, the lower house of the German parliament. When the Great Depression struckGermany, many desperate Germans began tovote for radical parties, including the Nazisand Communists. By 1932, the Nazis were thelargest party in the Reichstag. The followingyear, the German president appointed Hitleras chancellor, or prime minister.After taking office, Hitler called for newelections. He then ordered the police to crackdown on the Socialist and Communist Parties.Storm troopers, as the Nazi paramilitary unitswere called, began intimidating voters. Afterthe election, the Reichstag, dominated by theNazis and other right-wing parties, voted togive Hitler dictatorial powers. In 1934 Hitlerbecame president, which gave him control ofthe army. He then gave himself the new title ofDer Führer, or “The Leader.”Militarists Control JapanIn Japan, as in Germany, difficult economictimes helped undermine the political system.Japanese industries had to import nearly all ofthe resources they needed to produce goods.During the 1920s Japan did not earn enoughmoney from its exports to pay for its imports,which limited economic growth. When theDepression struck, other countries raised theirtariffs. This made the situation even worse.Many Japanese military officers blamed thecountry’s problems on corrupt politicians. Mostofficers believed that Japan was destined todominate East Asia and saw democracy as“un-Japanese” and bad for the country.Japanese military leaders and their civiliansupporters argued that seizing territory wasthe only way Japan could get the resources itneeded. In September 1931, the Japanese armyinvaded Manchuria, a resource-rich region ofnorthern China. When the Japanese primeminister tried to stop the war by negotiatingwith China, officers assassinated him. Fromthat point forward, the military controlled thecountry. Japan’s civilian government supportedthe nationalist policy of expanding the empireand appointed a military officer to serve asprime minister.Examining How did postwar conditions contribute to the rise of dictatorships in Europe?The Spanish Civil War, 1936–193910 W5 WOviedo0 illeWES40 NValencia00100 kilometers100 milesLambert ConformalConic projectionIn 1936 a civil war broke out in Spain when Fascist GeneralFrancisco Franco attempted a military coup. With aid from Hitlerand Mussolini, Spain became a testing ground for new militaryideas such as air strikes. On April 26, 1937, planes released 100,000pounds of bombs, destroying 70% of Guernica, shown at left afterthe bombing. A mere 15 days after the bombing, the artist PabloPicasso began painting Guernica (above).Analyzing VISUALS1. Comparing In what way were the three warsshown on the map all a prelude to World War II?2. Analyzing How does Picasso show the terror ofthe Guernica bombing?Chapter 13A World in Flames 457
American NeutralityMAIN Idea Most Americans did not want to getinvolved in another European war, despite FranklinRoosevelt’s emphasis on internationalism.HISTORY AND YOU Do you think the United Statesshould become involved in the wars of other nationseven when it is not under attack? Read to learnabout American attitudes during the 1930s.The rise of dictatorships and militarism discouraged many Americans. The sacrifices theyhad made during World War I seemed pointless. Once again, Americans began supportingisolationism and trying to avoid involvementin international conflicts.The Nye CommitteeIsolationist ideas became stronger in theearly 1930s for two reasons. When theDepression began, many European nationsfound it difficult to repay money they had borrowed during World War I. In 1934 all of thedebtor nations except Finland announced theywould no longer repay their war debts.Meanwhile, dozens of books and articlesappeared arguing that arms manufacturershad tricked the United States into enteringWorld War I. In 1934 Senator Gerald P. Nye ofNorth Dakota held hearings to investigatethese allegations. The Nye Committee documented the huge profits that arms factorieshad made during the war. The report createdthe impression that these businesses influenced the decision to go to war. Coupled withthe European refusal to repay their loans, theNye Committee’s findings turned even moreAmericans toward isolationism.Legislating NeutralityItalian and German aggression increasedunder Mussolini and Hitler. Worried that theactions of these nations might lead to war,Congress passed the Neutrality Act of 1935.This legislation—reflecting the belief that armssales had helped bring the United States intoWorld War I—made it illegal for Americans tosell arms to any country at war.In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after voters elected a coalition of Republicans, Socialists,and Communists. General Francisco Franco ledthe rebellion, backed by Spanish Fascists, armyofficers, landowners, and Catholic Church leaders. The revolt became a civil war and attractedThe Neutrality Acts, 1935–1937CausesThe Neutrality Act of 1935 Nye Senate Committee report suggesting thatthe American arms industry had pushed thenation into World War I for its own profit growing belief that America should havestayed out of World War I mandatory embargo on selling or exporting arms, ammunition, or implements ofwar to nations at war discretionary travel restrictions set to expire after 6 monthsThe Neutrality Act of 1936Causes Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia; FDR encouragesa moral embargo against Italy, which hecould not enforceCauses Spanish Civil War sale of aviation parts to rebels in Spain, whichFDR thought unpatriotic agreements creating the Axis alliance458 Chapter 13 A World in Flames arms embargo with countries at war discretionary travel restrictions ban on loans to nations fighting, butshort-term credits exempted republics in the Americas exemptedThe Neutrality Act of 1937 arms embargo against nations at war travel ban on warring nations’ ships trade with countries at war on a cash-andcarry basis allowed if goods were notcontraband or sent on foreign ships Republican Senator GeraldNye headed the Senate MunitionsCommittee, whose findings convinced many that arms makers were“merchants of death” and that theUnited States should remain neutral.Analyzing VISUALS1. Analyzing What impact did theNye Committee’s findings have onpublic opinion?2. Evaluating Why did so manyAmericans support neutrality?
worldwide attention. Congress passed a second neutrality act, banning the sale of arms to either side in a civil war.Shortly after the Spanish Civil War began, Hitler and Mussolinipledged to cooperate on several international issues. Mussolinitermed this new relationship the Rome-Berlin Axis. The followingmonth, Japan aligned itself with Germany and Italy when it signedthe Anti-Comintern Pact with Germany. The pact required the twocountries to exchange information about communist groups.Together, Germany, Italy, and Japan became known as the AxisPowers, although they did not formally become military allies untilSeptember 1940.With tensions in Europe worsening, Congress passed theNeutrality Act of 1937. This act not only continued the ban onselling arms to warring nations, but also required them to buy allnonmilitary supplies from the United States on a“cash-and-carry”basis. Countries at war had to send their own ships to the UnitedStates to pick up the goods, and they had to pay cash. Loans werenot allowed. Isolationists knew that attacks on American shipscarrying supplies to Europe had helped bring the country intoWorld War I. They wanted to prevent such attacks from involvingthe nation in another European war.Roosevelt’s InternationalismWhen he took office in 1933, President Roosevelt knew thatending the Great Depression was his first priority. He was not,however, an isolationist. He supported internationalism, theidea that trade between nations creates prosperity and helps prevent war. Internationalists also believed that the United Statesshould try to preserve peace in the world. Roosevelt warned thatthe neutrality acts “might drag us into war instead of keeping usout,” but he did not veto the bills.I
CHAPTER 14 America and World War II 1941 1945 CHAPTER 15 The Cold War Begins 1945 1960 CHAPTER 16 Postwar America 1945 1960 Why It Matters The rise of dictatorships in the 1930s led to World War II, the most destructive war in world history. The United States played a major role in the war, fighting in Europe, Africa and
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19 Caste and Politics democracy. politics. 5. Popular Struggles and Movements Popular Struggles in Nepal and Bolivia Mobilization and Organization Pressure Groups and Movements . Note: The chapter ‘Popular Struggles and Movements’ to be assessed in the Periodic Test
UNIT 5 RESOURCES Global Struggles, 1941–1960 CHAPTER 13 A World in Flames, 1931–1941 CHAPTER 14 America and World War II, 1941–1945 CHAPTER 15 The Cold War Begins, 1945–1960 CHAPTER 16 Postwar America, 1945–1960 TAVMT 08_UR5_878505-7 5/24/07 10:04 PM Page 1
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BASIC WIRING TABLE OF CONTENTS Unit I: Occupational Introduction 1 Unit II: General Safety 15 Unit III: Electrical Safety 71 Unit IV: Hand Tools 101 Unit V: Specialty Tools and Equipment 195 Unit VI: Using Trade Information 307 Unit VII: Basic Equipment 343 Unit VIII: Basic Theory 415 Unit IX: DC Circuits 469 Unit X: AC Circuits 533 Unit XI: Wiring Methods 641 Unit XII: Conductors 685
The Global Resource Nexus: The Struggles for Land, Energy, Food, Water and Minerals . Material Flows cut across product chains, need for material flows innovations . 7 Information . . fragile supply, fail
TCIA (ASC A300) (Tree Care Industry Association) Revision BSR A300 Part 2-201x, Tree, Shrub, and Other Woody Plant Management - Standard Practices (Soil Management a. Assessment, b. Modification, c. Fertilization, and d. Drainage) (revision of ANSI A300 Part 2-2011) A300 (Part 2) Soil Management standards are performance standards for
