Internet: Technology, Protocols And Services
1Internet: Technology, Protocols and ServicesHenning ScbulzrinneGMD Fokus, Berlinschulzrinne@fokus.gmd.deTU Berlin, WS 1995/96c 1995, Henning SchulzrinneCredits A.M. Rutkowski, Internet Society Jim Kurose, University of Massachusetts
2Introduction Course Objectives, Prerequisites, Overview Readings A Brief History of the Internet How big is the Internet? Who runs the Internet? The Internet View of the World Subnetwork technology Internet technology and StandardsCourse Objectives understand Internet technology, terminology, issues, constraints evaluate alternatives, strengths, weaknesses ability to design Internet applicationsnot: how to use services (email, WWW, .)
3Prerequisites introductory course in networking know Ethernet, packet vs. circuit switching, OSI layers, .(but we’llrefresh your memory) a bit of C (some programming examples) no performance evaluation or statistics needed .but a bit of English for slidesCourse Overview overview of history, standardization, design principles network components and addressing network, transport: IP, UDP, TCP mapping addresses: ARP and DNS programming the Internet: socket services routing: RIP, OSPF, BGP, . IP multicast and MBONE IPv4 ! IPv6 (IPng) traditional data services: ftp, telnet, nntp, smtp (and MIME) global clock synchronization: NTP
4 World-Wide Web real-time services: RTP, RSVP network management with SNMP Internet as the global information infrastructure? site visit: networks and services at ences[1] D. E. Comer, Internetworking with TCP/IP, vol. 1. Englewood Cliffs,New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3rd ed., 1995.[2] D. C. Lynch and M. T. Rose, Internet system handbook. Reading,Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 1993.[3] A. S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks; Second Edition. Prentice-Hall,2nd ed., 1988.[4] D. E. Comer and D. L. Stevens, Internetworking with TCP/IP, vol. 2.Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1991.[5] C. Partridge, Gigabit networking. Reading, Massachusetts:Addison-Wesley, 1993.
5IntroductionWhat is the Internet?internet, intranet: connection of different LANs within an organization private may use leased lines usually small, but possibly hundreds of routers may be connected to the Internet (or not), often by firewall(the) Internet : “collection of networks and routers that spans 61 countriesand uses the TCP/IP protocols to form a single, cooperative virtualnetwork”. (Comer)
6Internet ActorsStarted by U.S. research/military organizations:(D)ARPA: (Defense) Advanced Research Projects Agency fundstechnology with military usefulnessDoD: U.S. Department of Defense early adaptor of Internet technologyfor production useNSF: National Science Foundation funds university researchA Short History of the Internet: 1960’s1830: telegraph1876: circuit-switching (telephone)early 1960’s: concept of packet switching (Paul Baran)1965: MIT’s Lincoln Laboratory commissions Thomas Marill to studycomputer networking1968: ARPAnet contract awarded to Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN)1969: ARPAnet has 4 nodes (UCLA, SRI, UCSB, U. Utah), connected byIMPs (interface message processors); connected by 50 kb/s lines
7A Short History of the Internet: 1970’s multiple access networks: ALOHA, Ethernet (10 Mb/s) companies: DECnet (1975), IBM System Network Architecture (1974)1971: 15 nodes and 23 hosts: UCLA, SRI, UCSB, U of Utah, BBN, MIT,RAND, SDC, Harvard, Lincoln Lab, Stanford, UIU(C), CWRU, CMU,NASA/Ames1972: First public demonstration at ICCC1973: TCP/IP design1973: first satellite link from California to Hawaii1973: First international connections to the ARPANET: England andNorway1979: ARPAnet 100 nodesA Short History of the Internet: 1980’s proliferation of local area networks: Ethernet and token rings late 1980’s: fiber optic networks; fiber distributed data interface(FDDI) at 100 Mb/s1980’s: DARPA funded Berkeley Unix, with TCP/IP1981: Minitel deployed in France1980-81: BITNET (IBM protocols) and CSNET (NSF-funded ! 200 sites)Jan. 1, 1983: flag day: NCP ! TCPearly 1980’s: split ARPANET (research), MILNET (military)1984: Domain Name Service replaces hosts.txt file1986: NSFNET created (56 kb/s backbone)
8Nov. 1, 1988: Internet worm1989: Internet passes 100,000 nodes1989: first proposal for World-Wide Web1989: NSFNET backbone upgraded to T1 (1.544Mbps)A Short History of the Internet: 1990’s high-speed networks: Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) at 150Mb/s and higher focus on new applications wireless local area networks commercialization National Information Infrastructure (NII) (Al Gore, U.S. VP)1990: Original ARPANET disbandedFall 1991: CSNET discontinued1991: Gopher released by University of Minnesota1992: NSFNET backbone upgraded to T3 (44.736Mbps)
9March 1992: First MBONE audio multicastNovember 1992: First MBONE video multicastFebruary 1993: NCSA MosaicJune 1993: 1,776,000 hostsApril 30, 1995: NSFNET backbone disbandedThe T1 NSFNET Byte Volume
10How Big is the Internet?Many measures: networks (routed entities) domains, host names (but: several names per host!) directly (continuously) attached hosts (“ping’able”) IP-connected hosts (SLIP, PPP) firewalled hosts e-mail reachable“Consumer” InternetInternet access through on-line services: America Online (AOL; 5 mio subscribers) Compuserve (3.6 mio subscribers, 100,000 in Germany) Prodigy (2 mio “members”) T-Online/Datex-J (750,000 in Germany) lots of small onesor count people with access to services
11Internet User Populationsfirewalled10 mio.on-lineservicesSLIP/PPPwidget.comemail only(X.400, FIDO,.)core Internet7.8 mio.11.5 mio.INTERNATIONAL CONNECTIVITYVersion 14 - 6/15/95InternetBitnet but not InternetEMail Only (UUCP, FidoNet)No ConnectivityThis map may be obtained via anonymous ftpfrom ftp.cs.wisc.edu, connectivity table directoryCopyright 1995Larry Landweberand the Internet Society.Unlimited permission tocopy or use is hereby grantedsubject to inclusion ofthis copyright notice.
12Who’s on the Internet?July 1994Domain NameCodeInternet HostsGNP Total (M )GNP/HostIcelandAustraliaNorwayFinlandU.S. TotalNew ZealandSwedenNetherlandsCanadaCzech RepublicSwitzerlandU.K.South 6.16World 0310.71IsraelDenmarkHong KongAustriaChileGermanySlovak RepublicDemand for Global Domain NamesRegistrations1,000,000100,000Commercial CompaniesNon-Profit Companies10,000Universities1,000Network Operators100Dec.92Dec.93Source: Mike Walsh, NSICopyright 1995 A.M.RutkowskiDec.94Dec.95
13Internet GrowthTwo metrics:number of IP-connected hosts, domain names710Internet hosts106105TotalIP st popular on-line services1. E-Mail2. Downloads3. Internet access4. News on Topics (includes sports scores)5. Info and Reference6. Chat9698
14Internet Traffic WWWemailnews10010 110 2199119921993year19941995Internet ServicesJanuary 1995 NSFnetlogin4%gopher4%dns ircX113% 2%1%MBONE5%ftp31%email6%news12%unknown14%WWW18%
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16Who runs the Internet? “nobody” standards: Internet Engineering Task Force (later.) names: Internic (US), RIPE (Europe), . numbers: IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) operational coordination: IEPG (Internet Engineering Planning Group) network: ISPs (Internet Service Providers), NAPs (Network AccessPoints), DFN, . fibres: telephone companies (mostly) content: thousands of companies, universities, individuals, .Who pays for the Internet?internationallinesNAPInternicnational network(MCI, Sprint, .)ISPshellcompanyregionalnetworkuniversity56 kb - 2 MbLANISPon-line serviceslog-in via modem
17How is the Internet paid for?Generally: distance-insensitivedial-up: per minute (peak/off-peak) or flat monthlydirect connection: flat rate or volume bands; rarely extra for internationalbytes; no time zones German telephone: 4 time zones, 4 distance zones, plus internationaltariffs may change with reserved bandwidth!
18Network Access and lfirewallREthernetpoint-of-presence(POP)56kb/s- gional networkphone lines nodePCmodemphonecompanytelephoneswitchNetwork Interconnectionnationalnetwork
19Chicago NAPInternet in Germanyhighest access speedhigh-speed accessATM 155 Mb/s fixedATM trafficlocal (ISDN) callsdata networksInternet useservice offeringsstudent useon-line userspresident on linePost Office on linecomputer use (households)equipped with modemsUSA45 Mb/s 12,000/a (1.5 Mb/s) 7899/monthfreefreeleased linesupper-income malesWhite House, FTDsociology freshmen(5 mio.)yesyes36%53%OGermany2 Mb/s 253,000/a (2 Mb/s) 26700/month 1834/hour 0.80/hX.25CS studentsuniversities, SpiegelCS PhDs100,000 (700,000 Btx)noBtx?40%
20The Standards-Making UniverseTraditional Model Telco ional Model InformationSystems SCCSPSTTC(UP)CCITTCAC1NANA15 20 29CENCENELECEWOSTC32NANAT5 T1 CBEMAT2S3V1T9SISECMAETSINANANANISTOIWANSI 21214983AFNOR25IECISO-IEC1REG 7 1415BSI710.8.1.7.2 802.6.3.4 .5 cietyTraditionalRadioBodiesNAISDN etworkManagem’tForumFrameRelayForum5 pNew Model InformationSystems BodiesWinsockGroupX/OpenNew ModelTelco roFRForumVESA StdsAss’nA.M.Rutkowskicopyright 1994Standards Making ProcessesTraditional Standards Making ProcessRequirementsStage 2:Base StandardsDevelopmentStage 1:InitialRequirementsX3T1CCITTISO/IEC JTC1IEEEEIT/TIAVendorsTime: T0T1T2Stage orsJTC1/SGFSConsortiaStage 4:TestingStage ormatted& publishedon paperwith restricteddissemination& high costEnd-usersVendorsT5T4(N or NN years)years)IETF Standards Making ProcessPrototypeIRTFRequirements/research groupIdeas fromusers,IETFvendors,BOF group& reseachersIETFWorking GroupProposedStandardDraftStandardImplementation periencewith real usersSingle Stage: equirements development testing user implementation feedbackTime:EMUGDINT0T1All standards& documents& discussionsaccessableelectronically& openlyworldwideat very lowcost(N or NN months)months)
21IETF, IESG, IAB, ISOCInternet Architecture Board: IAB architectural oversight elected by ISOCInternet Engineering Steering Group (IESG): approves standardsInternet Society: ISOC conferences “hosts” IANAInternet Assigned Number Authority: IANA keeps track of numbers delegates Internet address assignmentIETF, IESG, IAB, ISOCIAB chairISOC presidentapprovesIABIANAappointsIETF/IESG chairIRTFIESGareaOperational Req.Applicationsarea directorUser ServicesSecurityNetwork WG chairDNSsrvlocavtworking group
22IETF small focused efforts preferred to larger comprehensive ones published goals and milestones no formal voting disputes resolved by discussion and demonstration (mostly.) “Rough consensus (and running code!)” mailing list and face-to-face meetings open, no-fee membership ( ATM Forum) standardization only after several implementations specifications available without charge by ftp ( ITU, IEEE)Internet Standards RFCs “Request for Comments”, since 1969 most RFCs are not standards! Internet drafts: working documents, but often used for prototypes edited, but not refereed numbered sequentially (around 1900 now) check the April 1 ones.(RFC 1149) ftp://ftp.fokus.gmd.de/pub/rfc/ orftp://ds.internic.net/rfc
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