Health Considerations - Environmental Impact Statement .
Health considerations - EnvironmentalImpact StatementGuidelines for Proponents
Health considerations - Environmental Impact StatementGuidelines for ProponentsPublished by the State of Queensland (Queensland Health), January 2016This document is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia licence.To view a copy of this licence, visit creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au State of Queensland (Queensland Health) 2016You are free to copy, communicate and adapt the work, as long as you attribute theState of Queensland (Queensland Health).For more information contact:Health Protection Branch, Department of Health, GPO Box 48, Brisbane QLD 4001,email environmentalhazards@health.qld.gov.au, phone 33289310 for Health ProtectionBranch.An electronic version of this document is available isclaimer:The content presented in this publication is distributed by the Queensland Government as an information source only.The State of Queensland makes no statements, representations or warranties about the accuracy, completeness orreliability of any information contained in this publication. The State of Queensland disclaims all responsibility and allliability (including without limitation for liability in negligence) for all expenses, losses, damages and costs you mightincur as a result of the information being inaccurate or incomplete in any way, and for any reason reliance was placedon such information.Health considerations - Environmental Impact Statement – Guidelines for Proponents- ii -
ContentsObjectives of this document . 1Scope . 1State Development and Public Works Organisation Act 1971 . 1Environmental Protection Act 1994 . 2Sustainable Planning Act 2009 . 2The role of Queensland Health in the EIS process. 2Air quality. 4Typical contaminants of concern. 4Particulate matter/dust . 4Oxides of nitrogen . 5Sulfur dioxide . 5Volatile organic compounds . 6Odour . 6Noise emissions . 7Buffer areas/distances . 7Water resource/quality . 8Drinking water. 8On-site drinking water . 8Use of rainwater tanks for drinking water . 8Non-drinking water. 9Recycled water or alternate water supplies . 9Use of rainwater tanks for non-drinking water . 10Wastewater disposal. 10Environmental waters for drinking and recreational use . 10Radiation safety. 11Land management . 12Contaminated sites . 12Waste management. 13Vector and pest management . 14Community health and social aspects . 16Communicable diseases . 16Public buildings/accommodation camp facilities . 16Emergency management . 17Provision of health services . 17Other aspects affecting health—social considerations . 18Abbreviations. 19Health considerations - Environmental Impact Statement – Guidelines for Proponents- iii -
BackgroundLand use decisions have the potential to adversely affect community health andwellbeing. In Queensland, an environmental impact statement (EIS) is the primaryassessment tool used to determine the cumulative impact of major projects. It isimportant that EISs appropriately consider and develop strategies to minimise anyadverse impacts that a project may have on community health. It should be recognisedthat an impact can be positive or negative or both and would be considered a changein consequence that results from the proposed project (either directly or indirectly).The World Health Organisation has estimated that avoidable environmental exposurescause up to 24 per cent of diseases. Consequently, the minimisation and appropriatemanagement of impacts that cause adverse health effects is a more effective way toprotect the health and wellbeing of Queenslanders.Objectives of this documentThe Department of Health has developed Health Consideration - Environmental ImpactStatement Guidelines for Proponents to: ensure that a proponent identifies relevant environmental hazards that impact onhuman health and wellbeing provide guidance to proponents on how to demonstrate that risks to human healthhave been minimised.ScopeThis guideline should be used by proponents to ensure that a project’s EISappropriately identifies and considers human health risks and commits to appropriateactions to minimise these risks.These guidelines apply to assessments by EIS conducted under the following Acts: State Development and Public Works Organisation Act 1971 Environmental Protection Act 1994 Sustainable Planning Act 2009.State Development and Public Works Organisation Act 1971Projects that are declared to be coordinated projects by the Coordinator General arerequired to submit an EIS or an Impact Assessment Report (IAR) under the StateDevelopment and Public Works Organisation Act 1971. The projects assessed withinthe Act framework include major infrastructure projects, mines, ports, large scaleresorts and industrial developments such as power stations and refineries.Criteria used for a coordinated project declaration includes: complex approval requirements, including local, state and federal government significant environmental effectsHealth considerations - Environmental Impact Statement – Guidelines for Proponents-1-
strategic significance to the locality, region or state, including for the infrastructure,economic and social benefits, capital investment or employment opportunities it mayprovide strategic infrastructure requirements.This Act is administered by the Department of State Development, Manufacturing,Infrastructure and Planning. Further information is available or-general/Environmental Protection Act 1994The EIS process under the Environmental Protection Act 1994 is only used for miningor petroleum/gas and other resource projects. A proponent can voluntarily undergo theEIS process for a project or be required to be assessed by EIS when applying for anenvironmental authority. The criteria by which to assess whether an EIS is required areset by the Department of Environment and Science (DES) and are dependent on thesize and nature of the project, as well as its distance from sensitive receivers/townshipsand other environmental matters. The details of the criteria used by the DES todetermine whether an EIS is required can be found pdf/eis-guideline-triggercriteria.pdfSustainable Planning Act 2009The EIS process is initiated by requirements of the Sustainable Planning Act 2009 andis used primarily for developments that are: proposed to be the subject of a development application for community infrastructure intended to be carried out on land proposed to bedesignated for the infrastructure proposed to be the subject of a master plan application.The role of Queensland Health in the EIS processRegardless of the legislative instrument requiring an EIS, the interests of QueenslandHealth do not vary significantly. Public health considerations that proponents shouldincorporate into an EIS include: air quality noise emissions water quality radiation safety land management community health and social aspects.Note: Queensland Health may not have specific legislative responsibilities for thecontrol of all specific hazards that may directly or indirectly cause a risk to humanhealth. However, it is important that the proponent adequately demonstrates andcommunicates to the community how risks to human health will be appropriatelyminimised.Health considerations - Environmental Impact Statement – Guidelines for Proponents-2-
Proponents should also be aware that the above considerations are not totallyexhaustive and other aspects may be required depending upon the nature of theproject.In projects where a hazard—for example an air emission—is likely to have a significantimpact on human health, discussions should be undertaken with the Public Health Unitwithin the local Hospital and Health Service (HHS) to determine whether a health riskassessment is required. If it is determined that a health risk assessment is required, theassessment should be conducted in accordance with the EnHealth EnvironmentalHealth Risk Assessment—Guidelines for assessing human health risks fromenvironmental hazards.This guideline can be found on the Australian Department of Health th considerations - Environmental Impact Statement – Guidelines for Proponents-3-
Air qualityWithin an EIS, proponents are required to demonstrate that the project will beconstructed and operated in a way that protects the qualities of the air environmentrelated to human health and wellbeing. The emissions from the project are required tobe modelled/predicted and compared to the goals contained within the EnvironmentalProtection (Air) Policy 2008 (EPP Air) and the National Environmental Protection(Ambient Air Quality) Measure 2003 (Cwlth) (NEPM AAQ). However, it should be notedthat these goals are not fully protective of human health, especially in sensitiveindividuals.The proponent should provide the following information in the EIS: A list of the air contaminants that would be generated and the predictedconcentration likely to be emitted by the proposal. A management plan that would successfully mitigate any potential adverse emissionthat may be generated by the project. This plan should identify how the risk tohuman health will not be increased by the project. The plan should be sufficientlyflexible to respond proactively to conditions/circumstances that are likely to generateelevated emissions. This management plan should include a commitment to implementing an ongoing airquality monitoring strategy, incorporating air monitoring equipment and weatherstations or alternatively justification of why a monitoring plan is not required.Prominent mitigation measures of the plan should be highlighted within the airquality chapter of the EIS. Practical strategies that would proactively deal withcommunity concerns when/if they arise should also be highlighted.The above information is not exhaustive and proponents should seek the advice of asuitably qualified consultant to prepare a concise but detailed report and managementplan.Typical contaminants of concernThe contaminants identified below are not fully inclusive of all air emissions thatQueensland Health believes cause adverse health effects. If a contaminant is notidentified in the EPP Air or NEPM AAQ, the proponent should identify any risk thecontaminant may have to human health. This should include the use and justification ofan appropriate health-based criteria/standard for the contaminant. The followingcontaminants are relatively common among most projects and should be addressed.Particulate matter/dustDust is a general term used to describe particles that are suspended in the air webreathe. The EPP Air uses the term particulate matter (PM) to describe airborne dust.Particulate matter is categorised as either PM10 or PM2.5. PM10 refers to particles thatare less than 10 micrometres in diameter. PM2.5 denotes smaller particles up to 2.5micrometres in diameter.Health considerations - Environmental Impact Statement – Guidelines for Proponents-4-
A wide range of project-related activities generate dust and particulates, including theremoval of vegetation, transport and loading activities, and wind action on stockpilesand exposed areas. The combustion of fuels (i.e. petroleum, diesel) also contributessignificantly to the level of particulate matter in the air.A number of studies have linked particulate matter to a range of health outcomes. Thepotential to cause health problems is generally related to the size of particles. PM10particles can enter the airways to the lungs and PM2.5 particles can reach the air sacsdeep inside the lungs.The results of many population-based epidemiological studies indicate that thepotential impacts of particulate matter include: irritation of the airways, coughing, or difficulty in breathing decreased lung function and the development of chronic bronchitis from long-termexposure aggravated asthma increased incidence of non-fatal heart attacks people with heart or lung disease/injuries may die prematurely.The likelihood of adverse effects is dependent on factors such as level of exposure andfrequency of exposure and the nature of the particulates.Additionally, dust on roofs can be washed into rainwater tanks and contaminate thewater. This is of particular concern if rainwater is the main source of drinking water forresidents or workers.Oxides of nitrogenOxides of nitrogen (NOx) are gases composed of nitrogen and oxygen. NOx areproduced, for example, during explosions and the combustion of wood, fossil fuels,petrol and diesel.Depending on exposure levels, NOx can irritate the eyes and respiratory tract. Nitrogendioxide—one of the most common NOx—can exacerbate pre-existing chronicobstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, especially in children. Large populationbased studies comparing health outcomes with continuously monitored gaseouspollutants indicate a probable contribution of increases in NOx with increases in dailymortality, and increases in hospital admission and emergency room attendance forboth respiratory and cardiovascular disease. Nitrogen dioxide may sensitise individualsto the effects of other pollutants and allergens and may increase susceptibility torespiratory infections.Sulfur dioxideSulfur dioxide (SO2) is a colourless irritant gas with a strong, suffocating odour. Themajority of the SO2 in air comes from human sources. The main source of SO2 in theair is industrial activity that processes materials that contain sulfur—for example, thegeneration of electricity from coal, oil or gas that contains sulfur. Some mineral oresalso contain sulfur, and SO2 is released when they are processed. In addition, industrialactivities that burn fossil fuels containing sulfur can be important sources of sulfurdioxide.Health considerations - Environmental Impact Statement – Guidelines for Proponents-5-
SO2 causes irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract at elevated concentrations.Prolonged exposure may cause inflammation of the respiratory tract and lung damage.SO2 also causes muscular constriction of the large airways. This is most noticeable inasthmatics when they exercise.Volatile organic compoundsVolatile organic compounds (VOCs) include all organic compounds—substances madeup of predominantly carbon and hydrogen—with boiling temperatures in the range of50-260 C, excluding pesticides. This means that they are likely to be present as a gasat ambient temperatures. Substances that are included in the VOC category includealiphatic hydrocarbons (e.g. hexane), aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g. benzene, tolueneand the xylenes), and oxygenated compounds (e.g. acetone and similar ketones).The health effects derived from VOCs depend on the specific composition of the VOCspresent, as well as the concentration and the length of exposure. Some VOCs aresuspected or known to cause cancer in humans. General effects of lowerconcentrations include eye, nose and throat irritation; headaches; loss of coordination;nausea; and damage to the liver, kidneys and central nervous system.OdourOdours can arise from a variety of projects and associated activities. Odour is likely tobecome an issue in situations where conflicting land uses result in sensitive receptorslocating close to odour sources. If not managed appropriately, odours can impactadversely on an individual’s quality of life and health.Proponents should be aware that odours present a difficult management issue andhave the potential to cause significant nuisance complaints. The DES provides adetailed assessment methodology for the assessment of odour impacts. This can befound at ealth considerations - Environmental Impact Statement – Guidelines for Proponents-6-
Noise emissionsNoise emissions have the potential to cause adverse impacts on human health andwellbeing. The proponents should describe the potential noise impacts and proposedmitigation measures—for example, this may include the attenuation of premises and/orthe buying of nearby properties that are sensitive receivers. Publications relevant to thehealth impacts created by environmental noise includes the World HealthOrganisation’s Guidelines for Community Noise (available uk/document/2322958 ) and theenHealth Council’s The health effects of environmental noise—other than hearing loss(available at ta-env noise.htm).Queensland Health supports the proponent describing the existing audible noise andvibration environment that may be affected by all components of the project in thecontext of the environmental values defined by the Environmental Protection (Noise)Policy 2008 (EPP Noise). Proponents also should refer, when necessary, to both theNoise Measurement Manual (Environmental Protection Agency 2000) and theGuideline: Noise and vibration from blasting (Environmental Protection Agency
Health considerations - Environmental Impact Statement – Guidelines for Proponents - 1 - Background Land use decisions have the potential to adversely affect community health and wellbeing. In Queensland, an environmental impact statement (EIS) is the primary assessment tool used to determine the cumulative impact of major projects. It is
Environmental Impact Statements (EIS’s) Small proportion of federal actions require an Environmental Impact Statement EIS’s Environmental Assessments (EA’s) (Initial Environmental Impact Assessment) About 50,000 annually (Environmental Impact Assessment) About 5-600 annually EAs 7 Categorical ExclusionsCategorical Exclusions
CHAPTER 3 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES, AND FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT/ AVOIDANCE, MINIMIZATION, AND/OR MITIGATION MEASURES ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT March 2015 3.2.5-2 I-405 IMPROVEMENT PROJECT Standards for the Management of Hazardous Waste, Title 23 Waters, and Title 27 Environmental Protection. Worker and public health and safety are key issues when .
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statement, the entity can summarize the statement, but they must still present the details in the financial statement notes (Exhibit 4). The new cash flow statement The Cash Flow Statement is the only statement that will retain its existing name. Its format is similar to today’s f
E5-13 Statement of cash flows—classifications. Moderate 15–20 E5-14 Preparation of a statement of cash flows. Moderate 25–35 E5-15 Preparation of a statement of cash flows. Moderate 25–35 E5-16 Preparation of a statement of cash flows. Moderate 25–35 E5-17 Preparation of a statement of cash flows and a statement of financial position.
a. Balance sheet, income statement, statement of shareholders' equity, and statement of cash flows. b. Balance sheet, auditor's report and income statement. c. Earnings statement and statement of retained earnings. d. Statement of cash flows and five-year summary of key financial data
The Science and Methods of Environmental Health. 2.1 Understanding Environmental Hazards to Human Health 2.2 Responding to Environmental Hazards to . Environmental Health Policy. The Fate and Transport of Environmental Contaminants Toxicology: The Science of Poisons Exposure Assessment: An Applied Science Epidemiology: A Quantitative Research .
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