REVIEW Trans Fats And Metabolic Syndrome
Proceedings of the IRSC Department of Biological SciencesREVIEWTrans Fats and Metabolic SyndromePatrick Sundin 1Two issues affecting health today are metabolic syndrome and trans fats. Metabolic syndrome is a common condition that hasno single known cause. Trans fats are fatty acids that can be artificially made and added to food, or can naturally occur inruminant-derived foods. There has been speculation that metabolic syndrome and trans fats are correlated. Studies indicateboth positive and negative correlations between metabolic syndrome and the consumption of trans fats.Trans fats are isomers of polyunsaturatedfatty acids which have at least one doublebond in the trans configuration, ratherthan the cis configuration typically foundin nature (1). There are two major typesof trans fats: ruminant-derived andindustrially-produced. Industrially-produced trans fats (ITFs) are made via thepartial hydrogenation of liquid plant oilsin the presence of a metal catalyst, highheat and vacuum. Heating food oil resultsin oxidation, hydrolysis, isomerizationand polymerization, which transform thecis bonds into trans bonds. Trans fats arethereby incorporated into the food (2).Through this method, even simplyheating food oil through cooking canresult in the creation of trans fats.Ruminant-derived trans fats (RTFs) occurnaturally in animals such as cattle. Theyare present in the meat and dairy productsof ruminant animals. Although locatedthroughout the body, prions are mostprevalent in the nervous system, and thisis primarily where disease prions doharm. Amyloid precursor proteins (APP)and tau are also located throughout thebody but primarily in the nervous system,the location where the disease forms ofthese proteins primarily do harm (1,2).Since RTFs are naturally occurring,they are difficult to avoid in omnivorousdiets. Two similar studies performed byMohankumar et al. and Wang et al. haveshown that increased consumption ofRTFs can help ease the effects of, or evenreverse, metabolic syndrome. ITFs havebeen shown to cause or worsen the effectsof metabolic syndrome (3, 4). Both typesof trans fats are linked to coronary heartdisease (CHD). Trans fats have beenassociated with both positive and negative1SeniorStudent, Department of BiologicalSciences, Indian River State College, FortPierce, Florida1health effects. ITFs were first used in the1950s to improve the taste, texture andshelf life of processed foods (5). ITFswere originally believed to be a healthyalternative to saturated fats. Whilesaturated fats contribute roughly 10% ofthe total energy in the North Americandiet, trans fats constitute roughly 1-2% ofthe total energy (1). Association of transfats with adverse health effects wasdiscovered as early as 1957 (5). Themajor health problem associated withtrans fats was CHD, which is the leadingcause of death in the United States. Inaddition to CHD, trans fats are linked tocancer, particularly colon and breastcancers (1).A minimal amount of trans fat isproduced in the gut by gut flora. In onestudy, these gut-produced trans fats wereshown to reduce carcinogenesis,atherosclerosis and overall body fat.These health benefits are conditional; thetrans fats must be conjugated. These transfats could be considered a health benefit.However, the amount of trans fatproduced in the gut is trace, so overallbenefit is minimal (4).Metabolic SyndromeMetabolic syndrome, also known asmetabolic X syndrome, MetS or MetX, isa condition marked by the presence ofseveral other conditions. Metabolicsyndrome was recognized as a conditionin 1998 (6). Major indications ofmetabolic syndrome are increased bellyfat, type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol andhypertension. Inflammation has also beenlinked to metabolic syndrome (7). Insulinsensitivity has been linked to hepaticconditions such as nonalcoholic fattyliver disease, thereby also linking it withmetabolic syndrome. A possible primarycause of metabolic syndrome is insulinresistance. Other possible causes areobesityandsedentarylifestyle,suggesting that a functional cure formetabolic syndrome might be achievedthrough better diet and exercise.However, unlike a pill or injection, thiswould not be a fast cure. Metabolicsyndrome is a serious health concerntoday, as it leads to a 46% greater chanceof mortality (2). Although the cause(s) formetabolic syndrome may be mostlyunknown, it has been demonstrated thattrans fats are a possible cause, orcontributor, to the syndrome.Correlations between Trans Fats andMetabolic SyndromeThere have been several studies oncorrelations between metabolic syndromeand trans fats. There are both positivecorrelations (in which trans fatsexacerbate metabolic syndrome) andnegative correlations (in which trans fatshelp prevent or halt the progress ofmetabolicsyndrome). Thesearedependent upon the type of trans fatconsumed. In a study conducted byMazidi, high trans fatty acid intake waslinked with metabolic syndrome (8).Trans fat intake has been positivelylinked to type 2 diabetes (9). As apotential key cause of metabolicsyndrome, type 2 diabetes is associatedwith a decrease in insulin sensitivity. Inone study, conducted by Kimokoti andBrown, rodents were fed a diet low in fatbut high in trans fats (2). The diet led to aseries of conditions including increasedbody fat (particularly around thebelly/midsection), increased weight,higher blood sugar due to insulinsensitivity and fatty liver, all of which areindicative of metabolic syndrome. In thesame study, short term consumption wasnot shown to be a leading cause ofmetabolic syndrome (2).2020 VOLUME 3
Trans Fats and Metabolic SyndromeTrans fats have been shown to beassociated with oxidative stress, elevatedpro-inflammatory cytokines, insulinresistance and metabolic programming.These are all linked with metabolicsyndrome. Mother mice fed diets ofincreased trans fats and overall greaterfatty acids during pregnancy and lactationwere shown to have offspring who werepredisposed to metabolic syndrome duetoproblemswithmitochondrialbioenergetics and lipid metabolism (7).An experiment conducted by Zhao et al.showed that fatty acid consumptioncaused obesity, insulin resistance andliver problems in mice, all signs ofmetabolic syndrome (10). Feeding miceelaidic acid, an ITF, also led to insulinresistance (11).A possible mechanism of insulinresistance is the reduction of glucosetransporter type 4 (GLUT4) expression,which may decrease the binding ofinsulin to adipocytes (12). GLUT4 is aninsulin-regulatedglucosetransportmechanism protein. It is found primarilyin adipose tissue and striated muscletissue. In the GLUT4 study, trans fatswere found to adversely affect highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol andoppose the effect of insulin, the latter ofwhich is a possible cause of metabolicsyndrome (12).In human subjects, trans fat consumptionwasassociatedwithdyslipidemia, diabetes, allergic diseaseand metabolic syndrome. Of 902 patientsin one study conducted by Mori et al., 318had metabolic syndrome (13). Fastingserum trans fat levels were higher inpatients with metabolic syndrome and/orcardiovascular disease. In another humanstudy conducted by Giugliano et al., a dietlow in trans fats and rich inpolyunsaturated fatty acids, such asomega-3 fatty acids, was shown to reduceinflammation, which in turn reducesatherosclerosis(7). Atherosclerosisleading to cardiac arrest and other fatalconditions is the leading cause ofmortality due to metabolic syndrome (7).The research associates metabolicsyndrome with inflammation.A high plasma level of trans fats hasbeen associated with unfavorable changesin glucose metabolism and cardiometabolic parameters, suggesting metabolic2syndrome (14). A higher intake of transfats and fatty acids in general has beenshown to lead to a higher incidence ofmetabolic syndrome (15). In anotherstudy by Maximino et al., there was apositive correlation between plasma transfatty acids and metabolic syndrome (16).Another indication of the positive linkbetween ITF consumption and metabolicsyndrome is the increased amount ofcases in the developing world, wherethere are limited restrictions on usingITFs in foods. Increased trans fatsconsumption in India has been shown tocause an increase in cases of metabolicsyndrome, especially in older, well-fedindividuals (17).Short term consumption of trans fat wasnot shown to be a significant cause ofmetabolic syndrome (18). In one study, ashort-term diet containing 5-9% transfats, which is much greater than average,was shown to have no adverse effects oninsulinsensitivityandglucosemetabolism, both key contributors tometabolic syndrome.Many of the above studies onlyinvolved ITFs. However, RTFs have alsobeen shown to be negatively correlatedwith metabolic syndrome. In a studyconducted by Wu et al., RTFs were shownto lower insulin resistance, thuspreventing type 2 diabetes (6). They werealso shown to lower blood pressure andreduce hypertension. Both conditions areindications of metabolic syndrome (6).Overall, it has been shown that the twomajor types of trans fats have markedlydifferent correlations to metabolicsyndrome. ITFs have a positive link,while RTFs have a negative link. There isno easy cure yet, and simply cutting ITFsout of a diet will most likely not curemetabolic syndrome, as consuming moreRTFs will may not stave off the ITFeffects. There have been cases where adecline in trans fats consumption alonedid not halt the progression of metabolicsyndrome (16). Trans fats, particularlyRTFs and ITFs, which can be generatedby cooking, are not easy to eliminate fromthe diet. Hence, trans fats are a dietaryissue that is likely to persist.Linoleic Acid and Other Fatty AcidsSeveral types of fatty acids haveimportant nutritional value. Linoleic acidis a polyunsaturated fatty acid in the cisconformation. It is found in vegetable oilsand is vital to proper health. Linolenicacid, or α-linolenic acid, is an omega-3fatty acid, while γ-linoleic acid is anomega-6 fatty acid. Both types of fattyacids are found in vegetable oils. Whileomega-3 fatty acids have health benefits,they can become trans fats when heated.In studies conducted by Mohankumar etal. and Wang et al., there were no linksbetween metabolic syndrome and linoleicacid (3, 4). However, trans-11 vaccenicacid and conjugated linoleic acid helpedease the symptoms of metabolicsyndrome (3).Hepatic Links to Metabolic SyndromeNonalcoholic fatty liver disease is alsolinked to insulin resistance, suggestingthat metabolic syndrome may be affectedby liver function (5). Although themolecular and cellular mechanisms forinsulin resistance remain unclear, it hasbeen shown that unsaturated fats, such astrans fats, have more of an effect oninsulinresistanceand/orinsulinsensitivity than saturated fats (16).It was demonstrated that a deficiency inor inhibition of 11β-HSD1 (cortisonereductase) can possibly give resistance tobothmetabolicsyndromeandnonalcoholic fatty liver disease, whichare related due to hepatic metabolism(19). Cortisone reductase is an enzymethat reduces cortisone in tissues, therebyactivatingrelatedglucocorticoidreceptors. This enzyme could be exploredas a possible treatment for bothconditions. Supplying 11β-HSD1 in someway, either pharmaceutically or throughgene therapy, might be a treatment formetabolic syndrome, nonalcoholic fattyliver disease and other hepatic conditions(19).Trans Fats and Metabolic SyndromeWorldwideMetabolic syndrome may have beenpresent in the developed world sincebefore the official discovery of it in 1998,due to excess nutrition and sedentarylifestyles. Cases of metabolic syndromeare also showing up in the developingworld, due to increased urbanization,more access to food, and increasedlifespans (17). In developing nations such2020 VOLUME 3
Trans Fats and Metabolic Syndromeas India, being obese can been a sign ofstatus. Hence, obesity caused bymetabolic syndrome may be looked uponfavorably. Approximately 1.5 billionpeople throughout the world are obese.With belly fat a key symptom ofmetabolicsyndrome,increasinglyprevalent obesity could be associatedwith an increase in the prevalence ofmetabolic syndrome and related conditions (18). In Latin America, metabolicsyndrome affects approximately 24.9% ofthe population (16).The dangers posed by trans fatsconsumption, particularly ITFs, havebeen well documented, leading to a 2015US government ban on added trans fats(5). This is not characteristic of thedeveloping world, where starvation andmalnutrition have been prevalent untilrelatively recently. A trend in thedeveloping world is to have a diet morelike the one in the industrialized world,consisting of mainly processed and fastfoods rather than a simpler agrarian homecooked diet (20).India is home to over a billion people.As in other developing nations, there is anincreased demand for fats, oils andprocessed foods, resulting in increasedconsumption of trans fats. Vanaspati is apopular type of cooking oil in northernIndia consisting of approximately 53%trans fats (17). Many other foods in Indiahave well over 40% trans fats (18). Indecreasing order, the foods that tend tohave the highest amount of trans fats arebaked goods, animal products, margarine,french fries, snack chips, shortening,breakfast cereals and candies (20). In oneIndian study, trans fat consumption led tofemale infertility, compromised fetaldevelopment, and an overall cognitivedecline (21). Cases of metabolicsyndrome are on the rise in India (21).Type 2 diabetes, CHD and hypertension,all indicative of metabolic syndrome, areall becoming more prevalent throughoutIndia (21).Trans fats are also prevalent in foods inMexico and other parts of Latin America(16, 22). Cases of metabolic syndromeare also on the rise in Latin America.Metabolic syndrome has even beenrecorded among children in Mexico (22).Trans fats are also similarly present infoods, as is the case in India. In one study3conducted in Latin America, greaterconsumption of fatty acids in general,such as trans fats, led to a greaterincidence of metabolic syndrome (16).The new appearance of problemsassociated with the consumption of transfats and metabolic syndrome are notlimited to the developing world. Aregression in diet and lifestyle, such aschoosing junk foods over healthieralternatives and forgoing physicalactivity, can lead to a reoccurrence ofmetabolic syndrome. This may be thecase in Japan, a modern industrial nation.In a study there, excessive consumptionof trans fats led to systemic inflammationand endothelial dysfunction (14). Theseproblems were not just limited to olderpeople. The young population was alsoprone to effects if they excessivelyconsumed trans fats (14).In another study conducted by Yamadaet al., involving young women in Japan, adiet rich in processed foods, whichinclude trans fats, increased the risk ofmetabolic syndrome (22). The fat intakein Japan has been very low until recently.This study indicated a positive linkbetween trans fat intake and metabolicsyndrome. The authors stated that furtherstudies are needed.As in many industrialized Westernnations, metabolic syndrome is an issue inJapan, where a study in 2000 surveyed3264 people of varying ages andbackgrounds (23). The overall incidenceof metabolic syndrome was 7.8%. Men inthe survey had a much greater incidenceof metabolic syndrome at 12.8%, withonset generally around the age of 30,versus 1.7% of women with onset aroundthe age of 50 (23).Metabolic syndrome is a problemthroughout the world, as is consumptionof trans fats. To its detriment, thedeveloping world is catching up to theindustrialized world in these aspectsrather than learning from the dietary andlifestyle mistakes previously made bytheir industrial counterparts.Trans fats have been highly regulatedsince the discovery of the negative healtheffects and have been banned throughoutthe world. The dangers of trans fats wereconfirmed by 1990s studies which led tothe United States ban on the addition oftrans fats to foods (5). Although manyother developed nations followed, anaverage person in the developed worldstill takes in roughly 30 grams of transfats daily. Better economic conditions andincreased urbanization have led toincreased demand for trans fats-basedfoods (17).Trans fats in foods are a persistentwidespread issue. They are naturallypresent in some foods and, while theaddition of trans fats has been eliminatedvia legislation in much of the developedworld, there are no such laws in thedeveloping world. Increased communication regarding trans fat issues may helpspread positive dietary informationthroughout the world.Usage and Replacement of Trans FatsThere is a link between ITFs and insulinresistance, which has been associatedwith metabolic syndrome. There is alsoan association with type 2 diabetes, atrademark condition of metabolicsyndrome. One approach toward afunctional cure in some cases may be toreplace trans fats with other types offoods (2). A possible replacement forITFs is the saturated fatty acid stearic acid(24, 25). Stearic acid is readily availablein various foods, such as milk fat, lard,cocoa butter and shea butter. Mammalscan also synthesize stearic acid fromacetyl-CoA molecules. Stearic acid isabsorbed much less efficiently than othersaturated fatty acids and can be excreted(24, 25). Stearic acid also doesn’t causeinsulin resistance, which has been shownto be a contributing factor to metabolicsyndrome (6). In general, saturated fattyacids have a less clear effect on insulinresistance than trans fats. The upper limitof dietary saturated fats is suggested at 510% of total energy intake due to negativeeffects on cardiovascular health (14).TLR-4 and MyD88Insulin resistance has been shown to beinduced by the activation of toll-likereceptor 4 (TLR-4) in the liver (3).Increasing dietary fats can interfere withtoll-like receptor 4. TLR-4 transcriptionally activates ceramide synthesis,which leads to inhibition of insulinsignaling. The purpose of a study byMohankumar et al. was to show that fattyacids, such as trans fats, did not directly2020 VOLUME 3
Trans Fats and Metabolic Syndromecontrol insulin resistance (3). MyD88protein is involved in signaling withinimmune cells where it plays a role ininsulin signaling and insulin resistance.While fatty acid intake did result in theimpairment of insulin signaling (and thusinsulin resistance), hepatic ceramideswere not increased, bringing into questionthe roles of TLR-4 and MyD88 (3).Other data suggest that insulinresistance is not dependent on TLR-4 orceramide synthesis, and a knockdown ofTLR-4 or the protein MyD88 preventsfatty liver in rats (28). While the cellularand molecular mechanisms for insulinresistance currently remain unknown, theTLR-4 pathway has been shown to haveeffects on appetite. In addition, TLR-4deficient mice developed hepatic insulinresistance when fed a diet rich in bothsaturated and unsaturated fats such astrans fats (28).PossibleCuresSyndromeforMetabolicMetabolic syndrome, which was onlyrecognized as a definitive condition in1998, currently has no known singlecause (6). The main factors associatedwith metabolic syndrome includesedentary living and poor diet (2). Theremay be additional unknown causes yet tobe discovered.For example, cigarette smoking wasshown to be positively linked tometabolic syndrome (15). Cigarettesmoking decreases lung and heartcapacity, thus limiting physical activity.The health dangers of cigarette smoking,and tobacco usage in general, have beenwell documented. There are manymethods by which a person can ceaseusing tobacco products, potentiallyalleviating one possible cause ofmetabolic syndrome (15).Proper nutrition is another keycomponent in the onset of metabolicsyndrome. Foods leading to a caloricexcess, such as carbohydrates, sugars andfatty acids, play a definite role inmetabolic syndrome. In one experimentled by Dorfman, rodents fed a high caloricdiet all had significant weight gain, bodyfat, higher blood sugar, fat accumulationin the tissues and signs of insulinresistance, all signs of metabolicsyndrome (26). Rodents that were fed4omega 3 fatty acids, such as those foundin fish oil, had less insulin resistance thanthose that did not (10). Salmon oil wasalso used in another study, with similarresults (17). This study, conducted byMisra et al., also noted a negative linkbetween omega 3 consumption andmetabolic syndrome.Trans fats, particularly RTFs, have beenexplored as a possible cure for metabolicsyndrome. The RTF vaccenic acid wasshown to have beneficial effects oncardiovascular disease when fed to rats(27). The rats in the study also hadstimulated mitochondrial fatty acidoxidation, which could lead toimprovements in liver and adipose tissuemetabolismandreductionindyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis (27).RTFs such as trans-11-vaccenic acid andconjugated linoleic acid were shown toease the symptoms of metabolicsyndrome (27). In another study, vaccenicacid was again shown to improve bloodlipids and metabolic disorders such asmetabolic syndrome (4).Disease forms are promotedincreases in cholesterol.with5.6.7.8.9.10.R E F E R E N CE S A N D N O T E S1.2.3.4.R.J. de Souza, A. Mente, A. Maroleanu,A.I. Cozma, V. Ha, T. Kishibe, E. Uleryk,P. Budylowski, H. Schünemann, JBeyene, S.S. Anand. Intake ofsaturated and trans unsaturated fattyacids and risk of all-cause mortality,cardiovascular disease, and type 2diabetes: systematic review and metaanalysis of observational studies. BMJ.351 (2015).R.W. Kimokoti, L.S. Brown. DietaryManagement of the MetabolicSyndrome. Clin Pharmacol Ther.(2011).S.K. 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Giugliano, A. Ceriello, K. Esposito.The Effects of Diet on Inflammation:Emphasis on the Metabolic Syndrome.J Am Coll Cardiol. 48(4) (2006).M. Mazidi, A.F. Cicero, A.P. Kengne, M.Banach. Association Between PlasmaTrans-Fatty Acid Concentrations andMeasures of Glucose Homeostasisand Cardiovascular Risk Factors inAdults in NHANES 1999-2000.Angiology. 69(7), 630-637 (2018).W.C. Willett. Dietary Fats and CoronaryHeart Disease. J Intern Med. 272, 1324 (2012).X. Zhao, C. Shen, H. Zhu, C. Wang, X.Liu, X. Sun, S. Han, P. Wang, Z. Dong,X. Ma, K. Hu, A. Su, J. Ge. Trans-FattyAcids Aggravate Obesity, InsulinResistance and Hepatic Steatosis inC57BL/6 Mice, Possibly bySuppressing the IRS1 DependentPathway. Molecules. 21, 705 (2016).S.W.P. Koppe, M. Elias, R.H. Moseley,R.M. Green. Trans Fat feeding resultsin higher serum alanineaminotransferase and increasedinsulin resistance compared with astandard murine high-fat diet. Am JPhysiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol.297, G378-G384 (2009).A.M. Lottenberg, M. da Silva Afonso,M.S.F. Lavrador, R.M. Machado, E.R.Nakandakare. The role of dietary fattyacids in the pathology of MetabolicSyndrome. J Nutr Biochem. 23, 10271040 (2012).K. Mori, T. Ishida, T. Yasuda, M.Hasokawa, T. Monguchi, M. Sasaki, K.Kondo, H. Nakajima, M. Shinohara, T.Shinke, Y. Irino, R. Toh, K. Nishimura,K. Hirata. Serum Trans-Fatty AcidConcentration Is Elevated in YoungPatients with Coronary Artery Diseasein Japan. Circulation Journal. 79(2015).K. Chien, C. Chao, C. Kuo, H. Lin, P.Liu, P. Chen, H. Hsu, B. Lee, Y. Lee andM. Chen. Plasma Fatty Acids and the2020 VOLUME 3
Trans Fats and Metabolic Syndrome15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.22.23.5risk of Metabolic Syndrome in ethnicChinese adults in Taiwan. LipidsHealth Dis. 10, 33 (2011).Z. Zhang, C. Gillespie, Q. Yang. Plasmatrans-fatty acid concentrationscontinue to be associated withMetabolic Syndrome among US adultsafter reductions in trans-fatty acidintake. Nutr Res. 43, 51-59. (2017).P. Maximino, P.M. Horta, L.C. dosSantos, C.L. de Oliveira, M. Fisberg.Fatty Acid intake and MetabolicSyndrome among overweight andobese women. Rev Bras Epidemiol.18(4), 930-942 (2015).A. Misra, N. Singhal, L. Khurana.Obesity, the Metabolic Syndrome andType 2 Diabetes in DevelopingCountries: Role of Dietary Fats andOils. J Am Coll Nutr. 29(3), 289S-301S(2010).G. Cascio, G. Schiera, I. DiLiegro.Dietary fatty acids in MetabolicSyndrome, Diabetes andCardiovascular Diseases. CurrDiabetes Rev. 8, 2-17. (2012).D.P. Larner, S.A. Morgan, L.L.Gathercole, C.L. Doig, P. Guest, C.Weston, J. Hazeldine, J.W. Tomlinson,P.M. Stewart, G.G. Lavery. Male 11βHSD1 Knockout Mice Fed ITF-Fats andFructose Are Not Protected fromMetabolic Syndrome or NonalcoholicFatty Liver Disease. Endocrinol.157(9), 3493–3504 (2016).V. Dhaka, N. Gulia, K.S. Ahlawat, B.S.Khatkar. Trans Fats-Sources, HealthRisks and Alternative Approach-AReview. J Food Sci Technol. 48(5),534-541 (2011).S. Bhardwaj, S.J. Passi and A. Misra.Overview of Trans Fatty Acids:Biochemistry and Health Effects.Diabetes Metab Syndr. 5(3), 161-164(2011).G. Martínez-Razo, A. Martínez-Basila,A. Salas-Fernández, J. MaldonadoHernández. Association betweenMetabolic Syndrome and ErythrocyteFatty Acid profile in Mexicanadolescents: a trans fatty acidapproach. Food Nutr Sci. 4, 51-58(2013).M. Yamada, S. Sasaki, K. Murakami, Y.Takahashi, K. Uemishi. Association oftrans fatty acid intake with metabolicrisk factors among free-living youngJapanese women. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr.18(3), 359-371 (2009).H.i Arai, A. Yamamoto, Y. Matsuzara, Y.Saito, N. Yamada, S. Okawa, H.Mabuchi, T. Teramoto, J. Sasaki, N.Nakaya, H. Itakura, Y. Ishikawa, Y.24.25.26.27.28.Ouichi, H. Horibe, N. Shirahashi, T.Kita. Prevalence of MetabolicSyndrome in the General JapanesePopulation in 2000. J AtherosclerThromb. 13(4), 202-8 (2006).M. Crupkin, A. Zambelli. DetrimentalImpact of Trans Fats on HumanHealth: Stearic Acid-Rich Fats asPossible Substitutes. Compr Rev FoodSci Food Saf. 7 (2008).P.W. Siri-Tarino, S. Chiu, N. Bergeron,R.M. Krauss. Saturated Fats versusPolyunsaturated Fats versusCarbohydrates for CardiovascularDisease Prevention and Treatment.Annu Rev Nutr. 35, 17–543 (2015).S.E. Dorfman, D. Laurent, J.S.Gounarides, X. Li, T.L. Mullarkey, E.C.Rocheford, F. Sari-Sarraf, E.A. Hirsch,T.E. Hughes, S. R. Commerford.Metabolic Implications of DietaryTrans-fatty Acids. Obesity 17, 1200–1207 (2009).M.M. Jacome-Sosa, J. Lu, Y. Wang,M.R. Ruth, D.C. Wright, M. Reaney, J.Shen, C.J. Field, D.F. Vine, S.D. Proctor.Increased Hypolipidemic Benefits ofcis-9, trans-11 Conjugated LinoleicAcid in Combination with trans-11Vaccenic Acid in a Rodent Model ofthe Metabolic Syndrome, the JCR:LAcp Rat. Nutr Metab. 7(60) (2010).T. Galbo, R.J. Perry, M.J. Jurczak, J.G.Camporez, T.C. Alves, M. Kahn, B.A.Guigni, J. Serr, D. Zhang, S. Bhanot,V.T. Samuel, G.I. Shulman. Saturatedand unsaturated fat induce hepaticinsulin resistance independently ofTLR-4 signaling and ceramidesynthesis in vivo. Proc Natl Acad SciUSA. 110 (31), 12780-12785 (2013).ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe author thanks the IRSC librarians, theIRSC faculty and IRSC faculty and the restof the staff of Indian River State College fortheir assistance in the writing of this paper.Their help has been invaluable.2020 VOLUME 3
REVIEW Trans Fats and Metabolic Syndrome Patrick Sundin 1 Two issues affecting health today are metabolic syndrome and trans fats. Metabolic syndrome is a common condition that has no single known cause. Trans fats are fatty acids that can be artificially made and added t
When you shop, try to stick to your budget so you keep food . Oily fish contain omega-3 fatty acids, which help your heart stay healthy. Choose fats wisely. Eat less of the bad fats (saturated and trans fats) and replace them with better fats (monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats).
A third type of stroke, known as metabolic stroke, begins with metabolic dys-function and leads to a rapid onset of lasting focal brain lesions in the absence of large vessel rupture or occlu-sion [3-5]. The mechanism by which global metabolic dysfunction leads to focal brain injury in metabolic stroke is not well understood. Pure metabolic .
Have the children cut out labels of foods and snacks they like or would like to try. Then have them identify and sort the labels into 2 piles: foods with "healthy fats" and foods with "unhealthy fats." Tell the children to look at the number of grams of trans fats as well as the ingredient list for partially hydrogenated oils.
relation between nut consumption and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Metabolic Syndrome is a group of cardio-metabolic risk factors, which comprise of type 2 diabetes, high fasting plasma glucose, hyperglycemia, hyper-triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol and abdominal obesity [21]. Metabolic syndrome raises the risk of diabetes by 5 times and that of
ment of the metabolic syndrome (Table 1) [10]. Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome and Risk for Cardiovascular Events It is estimated that approximately one fifth of the US population has the metabolic syndrome, and prevalence increases with age. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in a healthy American population is approxi-mately 24% [11].
4 Nutrition Fats: Gives energy and vitamins A, D, E and K Found in oils, solid fats, fatty meat, cream, cheese and nuts Animal fats and some vegetables oils contain saturated fat, which may raise blood cholesterol levels Vegetable fats such as sunflower and soya and those in oily fish are polyunsaturated and better for the heart Gives a rich source of energy that can be converted into fat in .
9 calories. Fats provide the most concentrated source of calories (and, therefore, energy) of all the food nutrients. Fats are found in both the animal and vegetable kingdoms. Fatty acids and glycerol are the end products of the digestion of fats. Many fats act as carriers for the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. They also act both as a
Secret Wall O2 Pit to Q2 X2 To Level 7 (X3) A1 Portal to L10 (A2) [] Button Q1 From Pit O1 X3 To Level 7 (X1) 0 Pressure Pad Q2 From Pit O2 X4 To Level 5 (X2) Y Nest In the place where you found a lot of Kenkus (bird creatures) is a place called "Nest." After killing both Kenkus, put all ten Kenku eggs on the floor. The wall will disappear, and .
