Personal Travel In Oregon
PERSONAL TRAVEL IN OREGON:A SNAPSHOT OF DAILYHOUSEHOLD TRAVEL PATTERNSFINAL REPORTPREPARED FOROregon Department of TransportationPREPARED BYStacey G. Bricka, Ph.D.August 2019
TABLE OF CONTENTSContentsIntroduction 1Key terms and Report Structure 2Survey Cavets and Looking Ahead 3Daily Weekday Travel in Oregon 4Who is traveling 4Why we travel 7How we travel 8When we travel 8Where we travel 8General Conclusions 10Who is traveling? 11Households 12Household Members 15Why do we travel? 19How do we travel? 24When do we travel? 32Time of Day 32Day of Week 36How does built form influence travel? 37Travel Metrics by Place Type 40Demographic Characteristics by Place Type 41Travel Profiles by Place Type 48Travel Mode 53Travel Flows 55OD Flow Summary 60Summary 61Travel Profiles 64Statewide Travel Profile 65ODOT Region 2 Travel Profile 71ODOT Region 3 Travel Profile 76ODOT Region 4 Travel Profile 81ODOT Region 5 Travel Profile 86
TABLE OF CONTENTSODOT Region 1/METRO Travel Profile 91Central Lane Travel Profile 97Salem/Keizer (SKATS) Travel Profile 103Medford/Rogue Valley Travel Profile 109Bend Travel Profile 115Looking Ahead 121
INTRODUCTIONIntroductionThe Oregon Household Activity Survey (OHAS) is a comprehensive study of the demographic andtravel behavior characteristics of Oregon residents. The survey results document demographic andtravel behavior characteristics associated with typical weekday personal travel across the state. Theresulting data has supported the update and development of several regional and statewide traveldemand models as well as informed policy-related questions.The survey was conducted from 2009-2011. Operationally, the state was divided into ten surveyregions that were surveyed on a rolling basis (determined by funding availability). Households withineach region were randomly sampled and invited to participate in the study through a combination ofmail and telephone. Households that agreed to participate were asked to have all household memberskeep a diary of all travel-related activities for an assigned 24-hour period. Travel periods were evenlydistributed throughout the weeks when school was in session for that region. Completed logs werecollected by mail and telephone and results were compiled into a statewide database.The survey documented daily weekday household travel patterns of 17,941 households randomlysampled from among the 1.5 million Oregon households. Table I-1 lists sample size and when thesurvey was conducted by region. Figure I-1 shows the survey regions in a map format.Table I-1: Survey RegionsSurvey RegionSurveysODOT Region 2*3,577ODOT Region 3**1,951SurveySeasonsSpring and Fall2009Spring 2009ODOT Region 41,210Spring 2009ODOT Region 5ODOT Region 1/Portland Metro***Central Lane1,2201,786Spring 2010Spring and Fall2011Fall 2009Salem/KeizerMedford/RogueValleyBend1,821Spring 20101,061Fall 2011799Spring 20114,516Statewide Total17,941*Includes Albany and Corvallis metropolitan areas;**Includes Grants Pass; ***Defined as Clackamas,Multnomah, and Washington counties.Introduction - Page 1Figure I-1: Survey Regions
INTRODUCTIONKEY TERMS AND REPORT STRUCTUREThe purpose of this report is to tell the story of “typical” daily weekday travel by Oregon residentsthrough the lens of the OHAS data. This includes a summary of daily weekday travel patterns bydifferent demographic and geographic characteristics and an exploration of the demand fortransportation based on activities reported by participating households. The goal is to provide asnapshot of who travels when, where, why, and how, beyond what can be gleaned through annualtraffic volume counts or reports on vehicle miles traveled. In order to tell that story, the report willuse specific terms as defined in Table I-2.Table I-2: Key TermsTermSurvey DefinitionHouseholdPersons living at the same residential address who share meals and have sometype of relationship.TripTravel between two addresses for the purposes of carrying out one or moreactivities (e.g., a trip from home to work or family trip from home to the beach).TourA series of trips that are combined. A tour ends when the traveler(s) return home(e.g., a trip from home to the beach and then from the beach to home with a stopon the way home for ice cream).ActivityReason for travel.WorkerWorker status is as self-reported by each respondent age 16 . Full-timeemployment is considered as 35 hours per week, while part-time employmentis considered as less than 35 hours a week. The survey included questions todistinguish between those who reported they work for pay vs. those whovolunteer.Travel ModeThe vehicle(s) (or by foot) that a person uses to travel from one place to another.Trip LengthThe length of the trip in miles between the reported trip origin and destination.For vehicle trips, this is an approximate route distance (e.g., the most likely routea respondent may have taken to get to the beach). Due to survey limitations,walk and bike trip lengths reflect a straight-line or "crow flies" distance.Trip DurationPlace TypeThe length of the trip in minutes, as reported by the respondent.A derived variable used to convey the population density, built form, and numberof amenity options available at a specific destination or home location.Following this introduction, daily travel in Oregon is explored across eight chapters. Chapter 1 presents a summary of general travel trends for a typical weekday – the overallnumber of trips, miles traveled, and reported travel times.Chapter 2 explores who is traveling through a presentation of travel at the person level, focusingon specific demographic groups.Chapter 3 looks at the reasons for travel by summarizing how daily activities shape the systemusage.Chapter 4 answers the question of “how we travel” through an exploration of the survey resultsby travel mode.Introduction - Page 2
INTRODUCTION Chapter 5 introduces the concept of when travel takes place (time of day and day of week).Chapter 6 provides insights into how travel varies based on characteristics of the builtenvironment in which it takes place.Chapter 7 summarizes these different aspects of travel in profiles statewide and for each SurveyRegion.Chapter 8 concludes the report by evaluating the results of the OHAS effort in light of emergingsurvey methods and technologies.SURVEY CAVETS AND LOOKING AHEADThe 2009-2011 OHAS was a comprehensive effort that provided significant details about how Oregon’stransportation infrastructure is used. The survey methods, sampling, and post-processing of the dataconformed to industry standards. These included the use of state-of-the-practice methods andtechnologies as well as stringent quality control checklists. While these all help to ensure that thesurvey results as discussed in this report are an accurate portrayal of daily travel, there are certainlimitations that should be noted:1. Participating households were randomly sampled from a list of residential addresses andcontacted by mail and phone (where a phone number was available). As a result, daily travel bythose Oregon residents living in group quarters (such as military personnel living on a base,students living in dormitories, and those in assisted living homes) is not captured in this survey.2. The sample design focused on achieving specific goals with respect to geography, householdsize, and the number of household workers. Census data was used to create statistical weightsto balance on other important demographic characteristics but lower participation rates byminorities and young adults, as well as small geographic areas, limit the extent to which theirtravel can be discussed in this report.3. By design, the survey focused on documenting typical weekday travel when school is insession. This means that weekend, summer, and holiday travel details are missing from thisreport. In addition, since each survey region was studied for a specific time period and thehouseholds were assigned to specific days of week to record travel, it is not possible tounderstand seasonal or daily (weekday) differences in travel.4. While the bulk of the travel patterns in this report remain stable today, smaller pockets of travelhave emerged since the survey was conducted in 2009-2011 such as ride-hailing and bike- andcar-sharing services.More sophisticated survey technologies and methods are now available to help remedy theseshortcomings. In particular, agencies today are migrating to a continuous survey design that canprovide seasonal and weekend data (if desired) as well as collect data in “real time” as travel trends areemerging. These and other considerations for future surveys are described in more detail in Chapter 8of this report.Introduction - Page 3
CHAPTER 1Daily Weekday Travel in OregonAs the ninth largest state in the U.S. by area, Oregon’s 98 million square miles of land area aresupported by a transportation network comprised of 74 thousand roadway miles. When the surveyresults are weighted and expanded to represent the population, Oregonians are reported to makealmost 14 million trips along those roadways, spending 4 million hours traveling 86 million miles to fulfilldaily activities such as work, school, shopping, and recreational activities on a typical weekday in 2011.These trips vary based on demographic characteristics, the reasons for travel, and travel modes used.This chapter explores the general travel trends and variation in average daily weekday household travelin Oregon.WHO IS TRAVELINGIn 2011, Oregon’s population was comprised of 1.5 million households and 3.7 million people. Whencombined across all household members, households reported making 8.9 daily weekday trips onaverage, spending a combined 3 hours a day (or 12% of their day) traveling a total of 61 miles acrossall household members. On a per capita basis, this equates to 3.7 person trips on a typical weekday,with each person traveling an average of 75 minutes and 26 miles across the entire day. Travel at thehousehold level varies based on household size and the number of household workers, householdvehicles, and children in the household. In addition, travel patterns vary based on household income. Atthe person level, travel varies based on gender, age, and worker status.As to be expected, the average number of trips varies by household size, with persons living in 1person households comprising the smallest proportion of the population and generating the lowestproportion of travel. As shown in Figure 1-1, large households (4 or more members) comprise 43% ofthe Oregon population and generate 44% of trips on a typical average weekday. Along the same lines,households with more workers, more children and more income also generate more travel.Figure 1-1: Persons and Trips by Household Size% of All Persons50%43% 44%40%27% 26%30%20%19% 19%11% 12%10%0%123Household Size% PersonChapter 1 - Page 4% Person Trips4
CHAPTER 1The per capita differences in travel based on household income are illustrated in Figure 1-2. If allpersons, regardless of household income, travel the same then the proportions of persons, persontrips, miles and minutes traveled per capita would generally show the same proportions. While the fourmeasures show a similar pattern, the range is greater in the miles traveled. Specifically, persons livingin households reporting an income of less than 25,000 report shorter-than-expected trips while thosein households reporting incomes of 75,000 or greater reported traveling longer distances thanexpected.Percent of MetricFigure 1-2: Person Travel by Household Income45%40%35%30%25%20%15%10%5%0%39%33%31%24% 25%20%% Persons22%24%33%24%21%17%% Person Trips23% 25%20%% Miles Traveled20%% Minutes TraveledHousehold IncomeLess than 25k 25K- 50k 50k- 75k 75k A large part of the differences among the households with respect to travel patterns can be explainedby the gender, age and worker status of the household members. As illustrated in Figure 1-3, femalescomprise a slightly higher portion of the population and contribute more to overall number of trips andtime spent traveling. However, males reported traveling more miles on an average daily weekday.Figure 1-3: Person Travel by GenderPercent of % Persons% Person Trips% Miles TraveledGenderMaleChapter 1 - Page 5Female% Minutes Traveled
CHAPTER 1Oregonians ages 35 to 54 are the largest contributors to the volume of travel across the state,comprising 27% of the population but generating about one-third of the trips, miles and time spenttraveling.Figure 1-4: Person Travel by Age40%Percent of %15%14%12%13%13%32%17%12%14%12%10%5%0%% Persons% Person Trips% Miles Traveled% Minutes TraveledAge0-1718-3435-5455-6465 Full-time workers report the largest travel footprint among those ages 16 . Not only do workerscomprise the largest proportion of those ages 16 , full-time workers also report the most and longesttrips in terms of both miles and minutes traveled.Figure 1-5: Person Travel by Worker StatusPercent of Metric60%50%40%30%49%44%40%40%34%26%31% 29%26% 26%28% 28%20%10%0%% Persons% Person Trips% Miles TraveledWorker StatusEmployed FTChapter 1 - Page 6Employed PT or VolunteerNot Employed% Minutes Traveled
CHAPTER 1WHY WE TRAVELWork and recreational trips representa large number of the daily tripsmade, with work and work-relatedactivities comprising 22% of all tripsmade, as shown in Figure 1-6. Anadditional 10% of trips are for schoolor school-related activities. Theremaining trips are made for social/recreational activities (23%),personal errands (15%), transportothers to their activities (13%) andshopping (17%).Figure 1-6: Reasons Why We TravelShopping17%Work/Work Related22%Take Others to their Activities13%School/School Related10%Personal Errands15%Social/Recreation23%The length of trip, both in terms of distance and duration, varied based on the activity or reason fortravel. As shown in Figure 1-7, Oregonians travel further for work and recreational activities than theydo for all other purposes.Figure 1-7: Travel Metrics by ActivityPercent of %15%13%10% 11%6%15%10%10%13%5%0%% Person Trips% Miles Traveled% Minutes TraveledActivityChapter 1 - Page 7Work/Work RelatedSchool/School RelatedSocial/RecreationPersonal ErrandsTake Others to their ActivitiesShopping
CHAPTER 1HOW WE TRAVELRegardless of the reason for the travel, the majority of trips are made by auto. Of the 14 million tripsmade on a typical weekday in Oregon, 82% are auto trips. An additional 10% of trips are walk trips, 3%each are by bike and school bus and the remainder (2%) by transit. As to be expected, auto trips arethe longest, comprising 94% of the 86 million miles traveled daily and 78% of the reported 4 millionhours spent traveling.Travel ModeTable 1-1: Travel Details by Travel Mode% Person Trips% Miles Traveled% Minutes TravelAuto82%94%78%Walk10%1%7%Bike3% 1%3%Transit2%3%7%School Bus3%2%5%WHEN WE TRAVELAt any given hour on the Oregon transportation network, residents are traveling for a variety of reasons.As shown in Figure 1-8 (next page), work and school trips patterns are the most easily discernable –peaking at 7 am. Trips for personal errands and shopping begin late morning and continue throughearly evening with shopping trips taking place later in the day (reflecting stops on the way home fromwork). Trips for social/recreation activities exhibit a strong evening peak. Trips to take others to theiractivities show morning and evening peaks.WHERE WE TRAVEL“Place type” is a land-use descriptor developed by the Department of Land Use and Conservation(DLCD) and Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) to capture the neighborhoodcharacteristics that influence transportation choices. Defined by a combination of both area typeand development type, place types are data-driven descriptors of the travel environment,specifically residential and employment densities and transportation options (i.e., multi-modal andpedestrian-oriented facilities and transit service availability). 1This report uses nine place type categories, which are defined and explained in Chapter 6. Travelby place type varies significantly, with trip rates ranging from a low of 3.4 trips reported by thoseliving in rural areas near major activity centers to a high of 4.1 trips reported by residents of theMPO Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) place type. With respect to daily trip miles, the range isfrom a low of 17 miles reported by residents of the MPO TOD place type to a high of 44 milesreported by those living in the rural place type.For details regarding the construction of the place type variable used throughout this report, eType Flyer.pdf1Chapter 1 - Page 8
CHAPTER 1Figure 1-8: Time of Day of Travel by ActivityChapter 1 - Page 9
CHAPTER 1GENERAL CONCLUSIONSOn a typical weekday in 2010, Oregonians make almost 14 million trips, spending 4 millionhours traveling 86 million miles to participate in a variety of activities. The characteristics ofthese trips vary based on who is traveling (with workers contributing the most to the dailyweekday travel volumes). Work commute trips and trips for social/recreation activities tend to belonger than those all other purposes. The majority of trips are made by auto and vary by time ofday and trip
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