A Study Of Transference Phenomena In The Light Of Jung’s .
A Study of Transference Phenomena in the Light of Jung’s PsychoidConceptAnn AddisonA thesis submitted for the degree ofDoctor of PhilosophyCentre for Psychoanalytic StudiesUniversity of EssexJanuary 2016
Copyright 2016 by Ann AddisonAll rights reserved
AcknowledgementsI should like to thank all those who have helped to make this project possible, andwho have supported me in the process of conceiving it, shaping it, implementing it,writing it up, and living through it.In particular, I am grateful to my primary supervisor, Karl Figlio, who hasencouraged me throughout and who always helped me to see something more, evenwhen I thought that I had covered every angle, and to the other two members of mysupervisory board, Roderick Main and Bob Hinshelwood, who have been unstintinglyavailable to provide guidance and direction. The staff and students in the Centre forPsychanalytic Studies at Essex University have proved a stimulating and livelyenvironment for this project, often fuelling new ideas and grounding existing oneswith their input and discussion.Very special thanks go to all those who have made the empirical strand of myresearch possible, by agreeing to take part in my interviews and small groupdiscussion. For reasons of confidentiality their names are omitted here, but thisproject could not have been completed without them. Without exception everyonehas given most generously of their time and thought, offering serious and thoughtfulobservations, original viewpoints and an enlivening attitude to the questions posed.Their input has not only supported and enriched my research; it has also significantlygrounded and deepened my own clinical work and understanding. For this, I bring avery personal note of gratitude.Next, Sonu Shamdasani is to be thanked for his scholarly teaching in his Red Bookseminars, as also are the participants of his seminars for conferring a lively andstimulating learning environment, during the last 4 years, all of this contributing tothe content of one of my chapters at least. Likewise, my thanks to Susanna Wrightfor sharing relevant historical background enjoyably with me during months andyears of regular joint reading and debate in our reading group. I also wish to thankNick Midgley for input on methodology before and at a very early stage of theresearch.Further, during the period of my research, clinical consultation has been offered byJames Astor, David Black and Barbara Wharton, and two peer discussion groups,
including George Bright, Frances Bower, Francois Martin-Vallas, and HesterSolomon. All of these have provided useful clinical input and understanding, andhave helped me to refine my clinical ideas generally.And, finally, my thanks go to my family, including David, Clare, John, Michael andHannah, for being there, for taking an interest, and for supporting me throughout thistime.
AbstractThis research constitutes an investigation of unconscious interaction between patientand analyst in situations where psyche and soma are in relation. The literature isextensive, but not coherent, and there exists a need for an overall mapping of thefield. The project aims to establish a conceptual topography, grounded in Jung’spsychoid concept, since this applies to a deeply unconscious realm that is neitherphysiological nor psychological but that partakes of both.A methodology based on the conceptual research of Dreher (2000) is employed,including: a historical study tracing the evolution of Jung’s ideas, from theirbiological origins in the work of Driesch (1903) and Bleuler (1929), through Jung’sown self-investigation in his Red Book work, to his subsequent theoreticalconceptualisations, to establish a public definition for the psychoid concept; and anempirical study, based on expert interviews, to interrogate this definition.Theempirical study employs a methodological instrument, developed for this research, foridentifying clinicians’ private theories relating to psycho-physical experience. Suchinstrument comprises the process notes for a single session, in which the psychic factand the physical fact are combined, and a set of discussion vertices, derived fromSandler (1983), Canestri (2006) and Tuckett (2008), for guiding the interview. Theempirical data, constituting the transcripts of the interviews, not the process notes, isanalysed using grounded theory.Comparisons from psychoanalysis are employed at all stages of both studies.The results demonstrate that the psychoid concept is valid and clinically useful. Theempirical study establishes that clinicians support contrasting views of thetransference, namely a symmetrical and mutual transference and an asymmetrical andhierarchical transference, the former being consistent with Jung’s psychoid concept.Unexpectedly, not only Jungians but also some psychoanalysts conceptualised asymmetrical transference, albeit employing different terminology.Popperian weight to the research results.This adds
Table of ContentsChapter 1Introduction . 1Setting the scene . 1Bifurcations . 6Chapters . 13Summary . 18Chapter 2Methodology . 19Introduction . 19Hampstead Index Project . 21Trauma Project . 23Some conceptual reflections . 26Present research . 281. Historical study . 292. Empirical study . 31a. Methodological instrument . 32i.Canestri . 32ii. Tuckett . 35iii. Comment . 38b. Interviews . 39c. Data analysis . 433. Evaluation . 46Chapter 3Literature review . 48Introduction . 48History of the soma in psychoanalysis . 501. Freud and Jung . 502. Post-Freudians and post-Jungians . 51a. Winnicott . 53b. Klein . 54c. Infant development . 55d. Autism . 56e. Bion . 57f.Post-Kleinians . 58g. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder . 60h. Paris School of Psychosomatics . 60i.Post-Jungians and psychosomatics . 613. Clinical examples . 62
4. Summary . 67History of the psychoid concept . 681. Biological strand . 69a. Progoff . 69b. Gray . 70c. Stevens . 71d. Merchant . 712. Dissociation . 723. Development . 734. Archetypal imagery . 755. Embodied countertransference . 756. Active imagination . 787. Summary. 80Conclusion . 80Chapter 4Jung, vitalism and ‘the Psychoid’: An historical reconstruction . 81Introduction . 81Etymology . 85Driesch’s concept of Das Psychoid . 86Jung and vitalism . 88Jung’s dissertation . 89A case of hysteria . 92Freud and Jung and their meeting . 94Bleuler’s concept of Die Psychoide . 95Jung’s concept of ‘the Psychoid’ . 99Discussion . 103Conclusion . 107Chapter 5The psychoid in research contexts . 109Introduction . 109Jung’s studies . 1111. Early work . 1112. The Red Book . 1143. Active imagination . 116a. The seven sermons . 118b. The collective experiment . 1254. Summary . 126Post-Jungians . 128
1. Berlin Research Group . 1282. Samuels . 135Discussion . 137Chapter 6Further contexts: Jung and Bion compared . 140Introduction . 140Origins . 140Definitions . 142Historical reconstruction . 1431. WWI . 1432. The Tavistock Clinic . 1443. Jung’s Tavistock Lectures . 146Bion’s group work . 151Proto-mental definition . 161Comparison of Jung and Bion . 1621. First thoughts . 1622. A vitalist viewpoint . 163Conclusion . 169Chapter 7The empirical work . 171Introduction . 171Background . 1721. Pre-conscious v. dynamic unconscious . 1732. Repression v. emergence . 1763. Between theory and technique . 1784. Discussion . 181Example . 1841. 1st interview . 1842. Immersion and initial extraction . 1853. Shaping and further extraction . 1884. Uncovering confusions . 1905. 2nd interview . 1906. Clusters . 192a. Words as actions, sensory images, levels of functioning . 192b. Regression, levels of functioning . 194c. Emergence, regression, turning points . 194d. Transference field, resonance, projective identification, fusion,merging, symmetry . 195
e. Psychoanalysis as a joint experience, interpretation, relationship . 1977. The private theory of S11(PA) . 198Discussion . 1991. Symmetrical transference field . 1992. Bodymind monism . 200Conclusion . 201Chapter 8Analytic method: dialectic between undifferentiation anddifferentiation . 202Introduction . 202Overview . 205Session . 206Results . 2071. The session . 2072. Unconscious dynamics . 210a. Regression and development . 210b. Unconscious interaction (self-other) . 212c. Unconscious interaction (body-mind) . 2153. Conscious dynamics . 219a. Enactment . 219b. Symbolic capacity . 222c. The selection of clinical facts for interpretation . 224i.Emergence . 224ii.Here and now . 227iii.Relationship . 228Conclusion . 229Chapter 9The transference field . 232Introduction . 232Unconscious interaction . 233Session . 235Psychoid congruent results . 2361. Symmetrical model . 2362. Psychoid theory . 2423. Summary . 246Psychoid contrasting results . 2481. Asymmetric model . 2482. Theory . 253
3. Summary . 256Discussion . 257Chapter 10Comparison of historical and empirical results . 263Introduction . 263The transference . 264Comparisons . 2681. Historical research and empirical results relating to a symmetrical field . 268a. General comparison . 268b. Historical psychoid concept and views of S3(AP) . 271c. Summary . 2732. Historical research and empirical results relating to an asymmetrical field . 274a. General comparison . 274b. Historical proto-mental concept and views of S10(PA) . 275c. Summary . 277Discussion . 278Conclusion . 281Chapter 11Conclusion . 283Introduction . 283Research significance . 285Research limitations . 290Future directions . 294Endnotes . 296Reference List . 298Appendices . 312
1Chapter 1IntroductionSetting the sceneThe present project is a clinical one, in that it constitutes an investigation ofunconscious interactions between patient and analyst involving psyche and soma inrelation.It addresses a very particular aspect of the body-mind problem, asexperienced in the analytic consulting room, and hence embraces not merely aphilosophical or theoretical position but also most especially an empirical one.The project is based in clinical experience: not merely in a single analytic case; andnot just in personal analytic practice, although the project stems from personalclinical work as a starting point.Such clinical origin drew attention to certainembodied phenomena, taken by the analyst to reflect the state of the analytic process,and has guided but is not the focus of the project, generating at the outset of theresearch the hypothesis that phenomena, combining experiences of body and mind insensation at a psychic level, arise and are communicated to the analyst during periodsof regression by the patient to states where issues concerning separation and bodilyintegrity are at the forefront.A literature study has highlighted a Babel of theories, as well as a lack of clinicaldescription, language and elaboration, and has thus shown firstly that the area is notwell delineated and secondly that it is difficult to establish a conceptual terrain. Atthe same time, there has been increasing interest in psychoanalytic circles, in recentyears, on the role played by the body in psychoanalysis, whether in terms of the
2physical presence of the analyst and their embodied response to the patient or in termsof the ways in which the patient perceives and employs their own body incommunications with the analyst, as evidenced by a proliferation of publications andconferences addressing this topic from a wide variety of angles. In all of theseinstances, a common issue is the question, how are we to think about and understandembodiment in psychoanalysis, the talking cure? There is, therefore, a manifest needfor a mapping of the area and for specifying a conceptual terrain, and this is what thepresent thesis aims to do. To achieve this, a methodological instrument suited to theresearch has had to be devised.There is a long history to the issue of the relationship of mind and body, reaching inthe clinical arena back to the beginnings of psychoanalysis and beyond, and thepresent project selects and tracks a single conceptual strand in the clinical debate,employing primarily a form of conceptual research as proposed by Dreher (2000),having a historical aspect and an empirical aspect.Jung’s psychoid concept isselected as the focus, as a theoretical position relating to an ultimately unknowablearea that is neither psychological nor physiological but that entrains aspects of both.Accordingly, the historical conceptual research is grounded in Jung’s psychoidconcept, and traces the origination and evolution of the concept to show how apresent day understanding has developed. The research locates the origins of theconcept in the work on Das Psychoid of the biologist and neo-vitalist Hans Driesch(1903) around the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and follows thedevelopment of this early thinking into Die Psychoide of Eugen Bleuler (1925),director of the Burghölzli from 1898 to 1927. Jung’s adoption and extension of theideas of both thinkers are set in the context of his own oeuvre and his relationshipwith the psychoanalytic movement. Trends in his own professional development, and
3comparisons from the work of other psychoanalytic sources, serve to clarify andrefine a resultant definition for the psychoid concept, according to Jung. Elaborationand refinement of this definition is achieved by reviewing subsequent developmentsby the post-Jungians having a bearing on the psychoid concept, and by comparisonwith a parallel development by Bion of his proto-mental concept, in order to arrive ata contemporary definition. In this way, the thesis attempts to establish what was inJung’s mind when he conceived and formulated his psychoid concept, and to arrive ata set of characteristics to be anticipated in clinical manifestations of psychoidprocesses.This historical work does not confine itself, as Dreher would, to a narrow tracing ofvariations in the meaning of the psychoid concept, but also acknowledges influenceson the thinking of Jung and his followers from other sources, and employs acomparative approach based on ideas from other psychoanalysts, most notably Freudand Bion. Comparisons are made continually. Thus, the project may be seen notmerely as conceptual research but also as comparative contextual research.Apart from the inherent historical interest of such approach, the advantages of acomparative contextual model are the ensuing tightening of definitions, somethingthat is especially pertinent given the allusive style of writing adopted by Jungincreasingly, following his Red Book work, in direct contrast to his scientific style inhis early work on the Word Association Tests. Rowland (2005, ix) observes that allof Jung’s works after World War II “are devoted to finding a form of psychic healingthat would avert the acting out of the apocalyptic myth”, and so he experimented with“kinds of writing in which the word has the power to heal through appeal to morethan rational understanding”. Thus, he came to a style combining aesthetic andscientific forms in a manner, described by Rowland (ibid., 2-3) as a “literary playing
4with metaphors”, that seeks not merely to describe the psyche but also to “enact andperform it”. Jung’s terminology is also constantly in flux, as can be seen from thefact that, whilst he employs the word ‘psychoid’ in 28 passages in the CollectedWorks, he refers inter alia to a psychoid r
including: a historical study tracing the evolution of Jung’s ideas, from their biological origins in the work of Driesch (1903) and Bleuler (1929), through Jung’s own self-investigation in his Red Book work, to his subsequent theoretical conceptualisations, to estab
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