Fractures Types Of Volcanic Reservoir And Its Significance .
Fractures Types of Volcanic Reservoir and its Significance to Reservoir in the Dixi Area of the Kelameili Gas Field,Junggar Basin, Northwestern China*Liu Xiaohong1, Feng Mingyou1, Xi Aihua1, and Liu Chang1Search and Discovery Article #20358 (2016)**Posted July 5, 2016*Adapted from oral presentation given at AAPG Asia Pacific Region, Geosciences Technology Workshop, Characterization of Asian Hydrocarbon Reservoirs, Bangkok,Thailand, March 31 - April 1, 2016**Datapages 2016 Serial rights given by author. For all other rights contact author directly.1College of Geoscience and Technology, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, China (liuxiaohong swpu@163.com)AbstractVolcanic rock reservoirs have been reported in many locations around the world. The lithologies range from basalt to andesite or rhyoliteformed in various geological ages. As a relatively new area in oil and gas exploration, volcanic reservoirs are attracting the attention andinterest of scholars in the oil industry. In particular, the discovery of volcanic hydrocarbon reservoirs in China presents a huge opportunity forthe development of igneous rock hydrocarbon reservoirs. Recent years have seen a breakthrough in Carboniferous volcanic rocks exploration inthe Junggar Basin: the Kelameili Gas Field was discovered, offering good prospects for exploration in the Kelameili area and even the whole ofnorthern Xinjiang provinceSelected ReferenceZhao, D., Y. Tian, J. Lei, L. Liu, and S. Zheng, 2009, Seismic image and origin of the Changbai intraplate volcano in East Asia: Role of bigmantle wedge above the stagnant Pacific slab: Phys. Earthy Planet Inter., v. 173, p. 197-206.
AAPG GTW “Characterization of Asian Hydrocarbon Reservoirs” Bangkok,Thailand, 31 March-1 April 2016Fractures Types of Volcanic Reservoir andits significance to reservoir in the Dixi Areaof the Kelameili Gas Field, Junggar Basin,Northwestern ChinaLIU Xiaohong, FENG Mingyou, XI Aihua, LIU ChangColledge of Geoscience and Technology, Southwest Petroleum University,Chengdu, China, liuxiaohong swpu@163.com
Volcanic reservoirs in globalGeological Background of the Study AreaTypes and Characteristics of FracturesSamples and Analytical MethodsDiscussionsSignificance to ReservoirConclusions
Volcanic Hydrocarbon ReservoirsThe previous opinions： It is difficult to form an effective reservoir space, have noeconomic value.There is almost no organic matter, volcanic rock can not generateoil and gas.Nowadays： A growing number of volcanic oil and gas reservoirs have beendiscovered.With the discovery of volcanic oil-gas pools, igneous rockhydrocarbon reservoirs, a special oil-gas reservoir type, are paidmore and more attention in these days.
Global production statistics for volcanic h CubaOilOil/(t·d–1)3425BrazilIgarape CuiaAmazonasOil68–3425DiabaseVietnamCuu LongOil1370Altered graniteNoroesteOil, gas550North 1296288224160NiigataGas49.5RhyoliteBrazil15-2-RD 1XYPF PalmarLargoSamgoriWest RozelTotumoVega GrandeKoraYoshiiKashiwazakiBarra BonitaParanaGas19.98Plateau basalt, diabaseAustraliaScotiaBowen-SuratGas17.8Crack ew ZealandJapan ReserveCountryGas4 3 –1/(10 m ·d )LithologyBasaltic tuff3.41.1Vesicle basaltTuffBasalt, agglomerateVolcanic rockFractured andesiteAndesitic tuffThe first successful exploration of volcanic reservoirs was in Lapasi Oilfield ofVenezuela in 1953, the highest production for a single well was up to 1828 m3/d.The exploration of volcanic rock reservoirs have been carried out worldwide sincethe 1970s, and the output increases rapidly.The lithologies range from basalt to rhyolite formed in various geological ages .
KelameiliOil equivalent/104t25000OilNatural 820002002200420062008YearHistory of reserve increasing and exploration for onshorevolcanic rock in China In China, it is first discovered in the northwest margin of the Junggar basin in 1957,and the exploration in this region have been witnessed for over 50 years.The discovering of Kelameili Gas Field in Junggar Basin offering good prospectsfor exploration natural gas in Carboniferous volcanic rock.The reservoir forming conditions are different from the Xushen-shengpingchangchi Gas Field of Songliao Basin which is located in eastern China.
chuanBasinDistributionof volcanicrocks inhydrocarbonbearingbasins ofChina(according toShangXiangru,2002)Near source type (in source, below source): Source rock is located at the top, bottom, andlateral part of the volcanic reservoirs, have much more favorable conditions, most favorablefor hydrocarbon enrichment.Distal play (source top): Can ' t meet industrial requirements.
eneP2tBohai BayBasinN1gZhao et al.，2009Limestone3qP1kE3dGypsum and salt rockVocannic rockPermianP1hCretaceousPermianP2xVolcanic conglomeratePaleogeneK1ycE12sGas reservoirOil reservoirC1jJurassicPaleozoicMuddy ndy conglomerateSandstoneP2fP1jK1dJ1hMesozoicSource rockE2kCenozoicSketch of volcanic hydrocarbon reservoir plays in the mainhydrocarbon bearing basins of China
30Bohai Bay Basin25SongliaoBasinJunggarBasinPhysical characteristicsof volcanic reservoirs inthe basins of China.Φ%20151050CenozoicMesozoic Paleozoic1000SongliaoBasinJunggarBasin100K 10-3μm2Songliao basin andJunggar basin representthe two different typicalvolcanic reservoir ofChina.Bohai Bay Basin1010.10.01CenozoicMesozoic Paleozoic
The comparison of volcanic reservoir between the east andthe west of chinaAccumulationcharacteristicsEastern ChinaWestern E/NENWWRock seriesCalc alkaline, alkaline rock emerged inlaterCalc alkalineTectonic settingTension at first, then compressionIsland arc or active edge orogenic beltLithologyIntermediate- acidic rocks, alkaline rocksintermediate-basic rocksVolcanic lithofaciesDominated by explosive facies, followed Dominated by effusive facies , followedby effusive faciesby explosive faciesEnvironmentContinental faciesMarine facies/marine and continentalfaciesVolcanic mechanismStratovolcanoStratovolcano, lava domeLate reformationWeakStrongReservoirPrimary reservoirReconstructive reservoirThe key factors of volcanic reconstructive reservoir include lithology, lithologyfacies, fracture, erosion zone and Leaching & corrosion mechanism.
Structurelocationmap of thestudy areaThe Dixi area lies in the central part of the Dinan sub-uplift ofLuliang Uplift, the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang province, China.
Pacific plateEast Asia continental marginSongliao rift basinextension(a)Songliao basin,J2-K1, intracontinental rift volcanic rocksJunggar plateSiberia plateremnant oceanbasin(b)Jungger basin,C, island-arc volcanic rockJunggar plateSiberia plateLu Liang uplift rift(c)Jungger basin,C2, post-collision rift volcanic rockComparisonof tectonicbackgroundpatterns ofvolcanicrocks in theeastern andwesternregions ofChina (Zhaoet al，2009)
The Carboniferous system is divided intothe Lower Carboniferous Tamugang, theDishuiquan and the Upper CarboniferousBatamayineishan Formation.Three eruptive- sedimentary cycles separatethe Bashan Formation. The volcanic energyin each cycle weakened gradually, formingseveral sets assemblages of lower volcanicrocks and upper sedimentary rocks .SourcerockTAS chemical classification of volcanic rocks
Relationship between volcanic lithology, facies and gasreservoirs of Dinan uplift, Kelameili Gas rmitysurfacecccSourcerockcStratigraphic ruptingfaciesEffusivefaciesVolcano SedimentarySedimentaryfaciesfaciesThe reservoirs are mainly located near the Carboniferous top unconformitybecause of the overall uplift at the end of the Carboniferous.
The distribution of volcanic lithofacies in the study areaNorthern Dishuiquan ear anic ventfaciesDistalvolcanicvent faciesFracture- pore reservoir is the main reservoir type of the Carboniferousvolcanic rocks. The filling process of fractures is an important indicatorused to evaluate whether reservoirs have developed.
Samples and analytical methods Casting thin section and dying Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Spectrumanalysis EPMA combined with XRD. Cathode Luminescence analysis Fluorescence analysis Fluid Inclusion Temperature and Component analysis Calcite Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes analysis Pyrites sulfur isotopic composition.
Based on their morphological and filling characteristics, thefractures could be classified as:Characteristics and tionmechanismExplosion fractureMultiple fracture directions, unevenfracture widths, possibly irregularradial patterns from centers, andmatching adjacent boundaries.Quartz (nonluminous), noalteration haloNear to theshattered zoneExplosion of waterand volatiles belowa crystalline rindContraction fractureExtremely irregular shapes, possiblyreticular, concentric, horsetail-shaped,broom-shaped or cracked.Calcite, orangelight, without Fe,no alteration haloWidely developed inits top, bottom andedge position.Contraction of thecrystallized magmaon coolingVertical tension (open)fractureA series of steeply dipping and nearvertical fractures of varying widthsand matchable serrated walls,bypassing phenocryst.Quartz, purplishred, contain Ti,Mn, alteration haloGreat thickness,near to magmachannelUpwelling forces ofmagma from thedepthNon-directional; horsetail-shaped,echelon, leaf vein type.Calcite, reddishorange light,associated withhematiteUpper part of rockmasses.Weathering.Nearly vertical, dip angle exceeding75 , uneven fracture surface, andcutting through rocks.Calcite, reddishorange light,without Fe,alteration haloLower part of rockmasses.Primary fracturesFracture TypeStructural fractureWeathered fractureOblique crossing fractureRegional stressShear fractureDissolution fractureTwo groups of conjugated fractures,one having a large dip angle and theother having a small one, superimposeon other fractures.Calcite, dark redlight, contain Fe,hydrocarbonsNear to faults.Non-directional, irregular fracturewalls, connected with dissolution poresand cavities.Quartz, calcite,hydrocarbonsAlong fractures andhigh parts ofstructures.Weathering,leaching,hydrothermal fluidsand organic acids
Weatheredfractures Explosion fracture9 Multiple directions, unevenwidths, irregular radial patternsfrom centers, and matchingadjacent boundaries.9 Near to the shattered zone Weathered fracture9 Non-directional, horsetailshaped, echelon, leaf vein type,geopetal structure.9 Upper part of rock masses.ExplosivefracturesExplosive QzfracturesCalFractures cuteach otherCalQzWeatheredfracturesCalQz
Contraction fracturesBasaltTuff Extremely irregularshapes, possiblyreticular, concentric,horsetail-shaped,broom-shaped orcracked. Widely developedin the top, bottomand edge positionof the volcanic rock.Volcanic brecciaTrachyte porphyry
Vertical Tension Fracture9 A series of steeply dippingand near-vertical fracturesof varying widths andmatchable serrated walls,bypassing phenocryst.9 Near to magma channel Shear fracture9 Two groups of conjugatedfractures, one having a largedip angle and the other havinga small one, superimpose onother fractures.9 Near to faultsFeldspar anium
Oblique crossing fracture9 Nearly vertical, dip angleexceeding 75 , uneven fracturesurface, and cutting through rocks.9 Lower part of rock masses.9 The channel of the upwellingdeep hydrothermal fluids.ChlSphPyCalApatite
How to determined the fluid properties and sources ？Trace elements and Stable Isotopic CompositionsElectron probe - spectroscopy data of secondary minerals ofCarboniferous volcanic FSP2O5CO2CTotalMineralnamequartzWell No.Depth 75.4735.3611.179 About 0.02% TiO2 and 0.02% MnO was detected in the quartz fillings in the verticaltension fracture.9 Fracture- filling calcite has almost pure end-member CaCO3 composition with smallamounts of Fe.9 The opaque minerals in the alteration halo on both sides of the quartz veins are magnetite,while the opaque minerals in calcite vein are pure pyrite.9 The apatite associated with calcite and pyrite is mainly carbonate fluorapatite.
How to determined the fluid properties and sources ？Trace elements and Stable Isotopic Compositions9 Isotope datas are far lowerthan sedimentary carbonate,and different frommagmatic minerals and theminerals effected byorganic matter.9 These isotopes originallycame from carbonaterelated to organic matter.9 The calcite was formedduring a relatively latediagenetic stage andsubject to relatively hightemperatures.Carbon and oxygen isotope distribution of calcite veins
How to determined the formation time of veins andhydrocarbon fluid flow？Laser Raman Spectrum Characteristics of Fluid Inclusions150012000-VThe range ofhomogenizationtemperature measuredfrom the salt waterinclusions of calciteveins is 99 to115 (av. 105.7 030004000-1Raman shift / cm5000H2 O-L0CO32CO2100020003000-1Raman shift / cm40005μm10μm10μm50005μmWe could not get the homogenization temperature from the fluid inclusions of quartzveins, which have the main components of SO2 and H2O with smaller individual size
How to determined the formation time of veins andhydrocarbon fluid flow？Burial History and Hydrocarbon Generation HistoryC0PTJ 1-2J3K1K2ENQ-Detection 7.812.591.9200060870sample numberDepth（m）Burial history50500068040T95100105110115120homogenization temperature（ ）CalculationTemperature ��)303000δ13C（ ）The formation time of inclusions is in the end of the MiddleJurassic (Late Indosinian) by the homogeneous temperaturepeak of calcite vein (100 to 115 ).(‰)Good matchbetween measuredand calculatedtemperature
How to determined the formation time of veins andhydrocarbon fluid flow？DiageneticstageWeathering stageCondensationstagePost magmatichydrothermal stageSymbiotic Combination SequenceBurial diagenesis stageEarlyMiddleLateABABFragmentationMechanical compactionAlterationChlorite fillingZeolite fillingSiliceous fillingCalcite fillingDissolutionFractures formationHydrocarbon fillingRelativeporosityFresh waterPrimary leaching Compaction/porefillingformationFillingPore evolutionTectonism andorganic aciddissolutionLaterfilling Based on the fact that theasphalt is mainlydistributed at the edges offractures, that calcitemainly fills the fracturesand that the contact areaof calcite particles andcleavage cracks emit bluefluorescence while beingnon-luminous inside. It is believed that this kindof calcite was formed laterthan the early-stage oiland gas filling and earlierthan the later-stage oil andgas filling.
Fractures filling processes and its significance to reservoirDepth(m)0-8 0GRSP15 02015 00. 1ACRT0LithologyCoringTimeSpecialFeaturesMeasured PropertiesCore PhotosSubfacies10 000Φ（%）20K（mD）0. 01Explanation& Oil Test10 003 63 enceGas layer3636.8m3 64 0Marginal zone15Oil 4.85t/dGas 8.55ٛ4310 m /d3 6503653.7m1636 603668.48mTransitional- Central zone1736 703 675.0 m1836 80193 687.5 m369 0Marginal zone203 699.0 m213 70 0Marginal zone22233705.0m3 71 0Transitionalzone243710.0mCompact volcanic rock formed a available reservoir with effective porosity and permeabilitybecause of fractures.
Fractures filling processes and its significance to reservoir Fillings of quartz and calcite closedpreviously open fractures, mainlydestructive to the physical propertiesof the reservoirs. Secondary pore developed anomaliesalong the weathered fractures at thetop of the rock. A large number of intergranularmicro-pores are formed by therecrystallization of the clay mineralmatrix and calcite in the alterationzone, which are conducive to the laterminerals issolutionpore
CONCLUSIONS Many kinds of fluids are coexist in the volcanic rocks, such as9 deep hydrothermal fluid9 hydrocarbon fluids9 meteoric fresh waterQuartz, calcite fillingsand alteration haloDecreasePorosityRock Strength The SiO2, a component of the quartz veins, mainly originated from deephydrothermal fluids；The CO2, a component of the calcite veins, derivedfrom sources characterized by mixing and alteration of deephydrothermal and hydrocarbon fluids. Under the dual driving force of pressure gradient and buoyancy, siliceoushydrothermal fluids rich in SO2 and other volatile components flowedupwards and sideways along the fractures, forming quartz veins thatretain both arched tention -high temperature characteristics andconcealed explosive - low temperature characteristics. As deep fluids turned from acidic to slightly alkaline and their pressure,CO2 content, temperature changes and salinity decreased, early calciteprecipitated in contraction fractures.
Magma contraction directionSteeply dipping cracks;dilational microfractureFormation mechanism of shrinkage fractures atthe top o f a sub-volcanic intrusion in Dixi area
CONCLUSIONS The rock surface long term exposed, when the fresh water mixthe partial alkaline fluid leaking out of the deep basin, formedcalcite cements retain characteristics of seepage environment inthe weathered fractures.Cryptoexplosive Breccia port ofexsolution gasCondensationcrustFormation mechanism of cryptoexplosive breccias
CONCLUSIONS Tectonic fractures occurred due to tectonization in a burial period. Filling and leakage of hydrocarbons caused pore acidic fluidsbecomes alkaline, precipitating late sparry calcite in dissolutionfractures.Hydrothermal fluids infillingMigration of elementTectonic fractures formation Hydrocarbon emplacementQuartz veins formationCalcite precipitation
For more information, contact:LIU XiaohongEmail:Liuxiaohong swpu@163.comSchool of Geoscience and Technology, SouthwestPetroleum UniversityXindu Road No.8Chengdu, Sichuan 610500Tel: 8613551053302 Fax: 86028-83037176http://www.swpu.edu.cn
Fractures Types of Volcanic Reservoir and its Significance to Reservoir in the Dixi Area of the Kelameili Gas Field, . TAS chemical classification of volcanic rocks. c c-3000-2000 c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c-2500-3500-4000-4500 c Fault Gas reservoir W Subvolcanic facies . The distribution of volcanic lithofacies in the study area. Samples .
modesto livermore FREEPORT REGIONAL WATER FACILITY S o u t h . Briones Reservoir Upper San Leandro Reservoir Chabot Reservoir San Antonio Reservoir Reservoir Calaveras Reservoir Crystal Springs Reservoir San Andreas Reservoir Bethany Reservoir . cooking, bathing, filling swimming pools
volcanic rocks can be recognized by different techniques. Identification Techniques The survey of this study covers Subei Basin in Jiangsu Province, China. All of the data come from this survey. There are three kinds of volcanic rocks in this area, namely volcanic craters, volcanic conduits and volcanic intrusion rocks. The following part will
tion protocol as in preceding studies [3, 5, 8, 9]. Hand fractures are categorized into three different groups: (i) phalangeal fractures, (ii) metacarpal fractures or carpal fractures, and (iii) scaphoid fractures. Multiple fractures in the phalangeal bones sustained during the same frac-tu
Reservoir characterization is a combined technology associated with geostatistics, geophsics, petrophysics, geology and reservoir engineering and the main goals of reservoir characterization research are to aid field de velopment and reservoir management teams in describing the reservoir in sufficient detail, developing 3D/4D data for reservoir
The OptiLock Periarticular Plating System is intended for fixation of fractures and osteotomies. The System is intended for buttressing multifragment distal femur fractures including: supracondylar, intra-articular and extra- articular condylar fractures, fractures in normal or osteopenic bone and nonunions and malunions.
1. Proximal fractures (proximal short and long nails only) 2. Diaphyseal fractures Proximal Long, (antegrade/retrograde nails) 3. Open and closed fractures 4. Comminuted fractures 5. Nonunions and malunions 6. Pathologic fractures CONTRAINDICATIONS 1. Distal fracture involving the olecranon fossa 2. Bone shaft having excessive bow or deformity 3.
environment. To optimize the effectiveness of each reservoir, we must be able to predict the rate of reservoir sedimentation processes, especially reservoir-sediment trap efficiency. Reservoir-sediment trap efficiency is the fraction of the sediment transported into a reservoir that is deposited in that reservoir, usually expressed as a percentage.
The Health Foundation regards quality as the degree of excellence in healthcare. This excellence is multi-dimensional. For example, it is widely accepted that healthcare should be safe, effective, person-centred, timely, efficient and equitable. Therefore, leaders need to actively consider these six dimensions when setting their priorities for improvement. Often the dimensions are .
