Mission Aircrew Reference Text - Civil Air Patrol
CIVIL AIR PATROLU.S. Air Force AuxiliaryMission AircrewReference TextVolume IIMission Observer andSAR/DR Mission PilotRevision December 2017
This text is designed to provide: 1) the minimum academic knowledge requiredby the Civil Air Patrol (CAP) Mission Observer and SAR/DR Mission Pilot taskguides and 2) knowledge beyond that required by the aircrew task guides that willserve as a reference and assist those who wish to learn more about the varioussubjects.The Mission Observer (MO) is a scanner with expanded duties who usually sitsin the right front seat. In addition to the primary duty of scanning while in the searcharea, the observer assists the pilot with planning, navigation, and communication.The observer may also serve as mission commander, ensuring that all missionobjectives are met.The SAR/DR Mission Pilot (MP) is the aircraft commander and is responsiblefor the safety of the crew and the aircraft. The MP must fly the aircraft precisely inorder to execute mission procedures and search patterns so that the scanners havethe best possible chance to achieve mission objectives. Naturally, as Pilot-inCommand the pilot must satisfy all pertinent FAA and CAP regulations pertainingto certification, currency and the operation of the aircraft; this text concentrates onmission-specific duties and responsibilities.The importance of safety is emphasized throughout the text. Lessons learnedin this text will enable aircrew members to operate in a safe and efficient manner,thus reducing accidents and incidents.Before beginning training in any of the aircrew ratings you should review andunderstand the current CAP 60-series regulations, which provide current operationsand training guidance and requirements. Trainee prerequisites for each rating areprovided in CAPR 60-3 Chapter 2 and in the Specialty Qualification Training Record(SQTR) for Mission Observer and Mission Pilot.NOTE: This text contains links to web sites, and web addresses often change. Ifselecting the link does not take you to the desired site, either try copying and pastingthe url into your browser’s address bar or search for the particular site or documentwith your favorite search engine.i
AcknowledgementsMany dedicated persons have contributed to the development of the text,slides, and attachments that make up the CAP mission aircrew reference texts.Material was taken from CAP sources all over the country. There are too many tothank, but we will mention several important contributors.The core of this text was developed from the Southwest RegionScanner/Observer Course. Developed, maintained and taught by several ReserveOfficers in the CAP/RAP program that serves Texas Wing and Southwest Region,the course has been in existence for several years. Lt. Col. Robert H. Castle,USAFR led this effort.The text was then modified and expanded to serve as the classroom materialfor the National Emergency Services Academy (NESA) Mission Aircrew School,which was begun in 2000. One of the school co-founders, Lt. Col. Rich Simerson,developed this text and the associated slides; he now maintains and updates thematerials. The other co-founder, Col Mike DuBois, provided invaluable input andwas indispensable in shaping the course. Several instructors and students of thefirst two schools also contributed greatly, particularly Major Arden Heffernan, MajorEarl Burress, Captain Galen Hall, and Major Scott Lanis. The NESA Director, Lt ColJohn Desmarais, provided unstinting support and assistance.This text and associated training materials were developed under the auspicesof the National Emergency Services Curriculum Project. Valuable input wasprovided by one of the Middle East Region representatives, Lt Col Robert Ayres.This is a 'living' document that is being tested and improved through its use at theNESA Mission Aircrew School and through field-testing by units throughout thecountry as part of the Emergency Services Curriculum Project.Please direct comments (via e-mail) to the text administrator, Lt Col RichSimerson, at rsim@suddenlink.net. Please be specific and provide justification foryour comments. If you refer to specific text or figures, please identify them clearly.If you have better pictures or slides than the ones appearing in the text or slides, orhave others that you feel will improve the text and/or slides, please send themelectronically and include explanatory notes or annotation.ii
Organization & GuidanceThe knowledge gained in the Mission Scanner course is a prerequisite for boththe Mission Observer and Pilot courses. This is consistent with the fact that MissionScanner qualification is a prerequisite on both the MO and MP SpecialtyQualification Training Records (SQTRs). Task Guides and other aircrew trainingand reference material are available electronically on the SWR ES Education andTraining webpage (http://est.swrcap.com).This text is augmented by two sets of Microsoft PowerPoint slides: Observerand Pilot. Using this text and the appropriate slide set(s), either of these two missionspecialties can be taught separately or in any combination.Each chapter has a list of objectives to assist students, school directors, projectleaders and instructors. Each objective is tied to one and/or the other of thesemission specialties (i.e., O Observer and P Pilot). The associated slides alsoreference applicable objectives.The table lists the objectives that each mission specialty has in a particularchapter of the text (if any). Some chapters have objectives for more than onespecialty; the associated slides recognize this and only contain material thataddresses that specialty's objectives (and subsequent depth of knowledge). Theshaded cells indicate that all or the great majority of the chapter is not applicable.ChapterObserver (Objectives)Pilot (Objectives)1121 - 3, 531-941-4Optional 1ALLALLTo further help both student and instructor, MP and MO tasks (from the TaskGuides) are linked to the objectives that support them. For example, Objective 2 ofChapter 2 (Communications) says to describe how to recognize a stuck mike, andcorrective actions. Following the Objective is {MO O-2002}, which means that thisis an Observer task. If an objective applies to more than one specialty, this will alsobe identified. For example, Objective 2 is followed by {MO O-2002; MP O-2001},which means that both observers and pilots need to know how to use the audioiii
panel and FM radio. The remainders of the objectives are designed to providesupporting and/or more detailed information to aid in your training.Suppose you want to conduct a Mission Observer course. From the Table,above, you know that you will be instructing from Chapters 1 - 8, 10 and 11. Youmay also notice that there is considerable overlap between the Observer and Pilotobjectives from Chapter 6 onward; you may elect to take advantage of this andcombine the two groups at this point (it allows the pilots to help the non-pilots).[Note: because of this overlap, many of the Observer and Pilot slides are identical.]Example Classroom SchedulesTo further aid course directors and instructors, the following two pages containexample course schedules. Each table lists the: Subject (chapter number and title) Time (hours and minutes format; minimum required for a knowledgeableinstructor to cover the subject, based on experience from the NationalMission Aircrew School) Objectives (chapter)Sections (header numbers of the chapter sections that support theassociated chapter objectives) Slides (that support the associated chapter objectives; from applicable slideset -- Observer or Pilot)The schedules are constructed as if each course (Observer or Pilot) will betaught separately. If directors or instructors wish to combine Observer and Pilotstudents when covering those subjects applicable to both, the schedules indicate(with an asterisk) the objectives that are shared by both the Observer and Pilot.Although not covered in the text, both the Observer and Pilot course schedulesadd time for tabletop exercises to give students practice planning the various visualsearch patterns.[NOTE: Attachment 2, the Flight Guide, is provided separately. Attachment 2 of thistext provides a Table of Contents for the guide.]iv
Observer Course Classroom Schedule n / Welcome / Overview *0.30CAPR 60-series review slides *0.30Chapter 1Observer Duties & Responsibilities0:3011.14 - 17Chapter 2Communications0:451 *, 2, 3 *, 52.1.2 - 2.1.3 *2.1.4 - 2.1.52.318 – 37Chapter 3Weather2:001-93.1.3 & 3.1.53.2.1 - 3.2.33.3 - 3.43.6 - 3.738 – 62Chapter 4High Altitude & TerrainConsiderations0:301-44.1 - 4.24.463 - 78Chapter 5Navigation & PositionDetermination2:001 - 5, 6 *, 7 *5.3 - 5.55.8.15.10.1 *5.10.2, Attch. 1 *79 - 100Chapter 6Search Planning & Coverage0:301-3*6.2.1 - 6.2.4 *101 - 120Chapter 7Electronic Search Patterns1:451-7*Chapter 8Visual Search Patterns1:351-5*8.2 – 8.7 *252 – 274Chapter 10Step Through a Typical Mission2:001 - 11 *All *275 – 329Chapter 11Crew Resource Management0.501-6*11.2 - 11.6 *11.8 *330 - 354Flight Planning for a Route search0:25Tabletop exercise *Flight Planning for a Grid search0:25Tabletop exercise *Flight Planning for a Creeping Linesearch0:25Tabletop exercise *Flight Planning for a Point-Basedsearch0:25Tabletop exercise *Observer Course Review0:30Observer Exam1:00Exam Review0:30TOTAL17:10* Objectives are the same for both Observer and Mission Pilotv7.1.1 & 7.2 *7.3.1 – 7.3.2 *7.4 – 7.7 *7.9 – 7.10 *121 - 251
Mission Pilot Course Classroom Schedule n / Welcome / Overview *0.30CAPR 60-series review slides *0.30Introduction (Chapter 9)Pilot Duties & Responsibilities0:1519.14 – 12Chapter 2Communications0:3012.1.2 - 2.1.3 *2.1.5 *13 – 22Chapter 3Weather0:15Optional (review)23 – 24Chapter 4High Altitude & TerrainConsiderations0:15Optional (review)25 – 43Chapter 5Navigation & PositionDetermination0:506&7*5.10.1 *5.10.2, Attch. 1 *44 - 48Chapter 6Search Planning & Coverage0:301-3*6.2.1 - 6.2.4 *49 – 69Chapter 7Electronic Search Patterns1:451-7*Chapter 8Visual Search Patterns1:351-5*8.2 – 8.7 *201 – 223Chapter 9Mission Pilot2:302 - 219.2 – 9.7224 – 292Chapter 10Step Through a Typical Mission1:001 - 11 *All *293 – 345Chapter 11Crew Resource Management0.501-6*11.2 - 11.6 *11.8 *346 - 368 ***Flight Planning for a Route search0:25Tabletop exercise *Flight Planning for a Grid search0:25Tabletop exercise *Flight Planning for a Creeping Linesearch0:25Tabletop exercise *Flight Planning for a Point-Basedsearch0:25Tabletop exercise *Pilot Course Review0:30Pilot Exam1:00Exam Review0:30TOTAL7.1.1 & 7.2 *7.3.1 – 7.3.2 *7.4 – 7.7 *7.9 – 7.10 *70 – 20015:05* Objectives are the same for both Observer and Pilot** Extra slides (370 - 388) cover Pilot Records and a CAPF 91 Reviewvi
Task GuidesMission Observer (MO) 2109O-2110O-2112O-2115Operate the Aircraft RadiosUse In-flight ServicesOperate the VOR and DMEOperate the GPSPlot a Route on a Sectional ChartPrepare for a Trip to a Remote Mission BaseAssist in ELT SearchesAssist in Planning and Performing a Route SearchAssist in Planning and Performing a Parallel SearchAssist in Planning and Performing Point Based SearchesAssist in Planning and Performing a Creeping Line SearchP-2007P-2008P-2009P-2010P-2011P-2012Discuss Mission Observer Duties and ResponsibilitiesDiscuss the Dangers of IcingDiscuss the Dangers of Reduced Visibility ConditionsDiscuss the Dangers of Wind and ThunderstormsDiscuss the Effects of Density Altitude on Aircraft PerformanceIdentify Controlled and Special Use Airspaces on a SectionalSAR/DR Mission Pilot (MP) ate the Aircraft Audio PanelGrid Sectional ChartsUse a POD TableOperate the Aircraft DFPerform ELT SearchesLocate and Silence an ELT on the GroundComplete a Mission SortieDemonstrate Air/Ground Team CoordinationDescribe how ELTs are DetectedDemonstrate Planning and Flying a Route SearchDemonstrate Planning and Flying a Parallel Track SearchDemonstrate Planning and Flying a Creeping Line SearchDemonstrate Planning and Flying Point Based SearchesPlan and Command a CAP FlightPrepare for a Trip to a Remote Mission uss Mission Pilot Duties and ResponsibilitiesDiscuss General CAP-related Safety Requirements and IssuesDiscuss Types of Flights Performed by CAP AircrewsDiscuss Security Concerns and ProceduresDiscuss Mission Pilot Responsibilities during a MissionDiscuss Crew Resource ManagementDemonstrate How to Complete an Aircraft InspectionReferencesvii
.21.The following CAP Regulations (CAPR):a. 70-1, CAP Flight Managementb. 60-3, CAP Emergency Services Training and Operational Missionsc. 60-5, Critical Incident Stress Managementd. 62-1, CAP Safety Responsibilities and Procedurese. 62-2, Mishap Reporting and Investigationf. 66-1, CAP Aircraft Maintenance Managementg. 100-1, Communications - Electronicsh. 173-3, Payment for Civil Air Patrol Supporti. 900-5, CAP Insurance/Benefits ProgramCAPP-2, ELT/EPRIB SearchSouthwest Region Scanner/Observer Course, Version 3.0Mountain Fury, First EditionUnited States National Search and Rescue Supplement to the International Aeronauticaland Maritime SAR Manual, May 2000.AC 00-6A, Aviation Weather, 1/1/1975.AC 00-45F, Aviation Weather Services, Chg. 2, 3/12/09.FAA-H-8083-3, Airplane Flying HandbookFAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical KnowledgeFederal Aviation Regulations.FAA NOTAM SearchAeronautical Information Manual.Aeronautical Chart User’s Guide, 12th EditionAOPA/ASA Safety Advisories.Cessna Pilot Operating Handbooks.Cessna Pilot Safety and Warning Supplements.Pocket Guide to USAF Operational Risk Management, John D. Phillips, Air Force SafetyCenter.CAP Operational Mission In-Flight Guide and Aircrew Aid, Scott E. Lanis, MAJ, CAPCessna Nav III G1000 Search Pattern Procedures, V2.0Garmin G1000 Integrated Flight Deck Pilot’s GuideSWR ES Education and Training webpage (http://est.swrcap.com).viii
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Table of ContentsList of Acronyms 11.Mission Observer Duties 3OBJECTIVES: 32.1.1Mission Observer duties and responsibilities 41.2The Observer Log 51.3Forms 5Communications 7OBJECTIVES: 73.2.1Electronic Communications 82.2Non-verbal communication 162.3In-flight services 22Weather 27OBJECTIVES: 274.3.1Basic weather 283.2Icing 323.3Frontal activity 353.4Reduced Visibility 403.5Turbulence 413.6Wind shear 423.7Thunderstorms 43High Altitude and Terrain Considerations 45OBJECTIVES: 454.1Atmospheric pressure 464.2Aircraft performance limitations 474.3Effects on crewmember performance 494.4Mountainous terrain 52x
5.Navigation and Position Determination 53OBJECTIVES: 536.5.1Navigation Terms 545.2Latitude and longitude 555.3Magnetic variation 565.4Airspace 575.5Electronic Aids to Navigation (Navaids) 615.6Sectional Charts 695.7Chart Interpretation 705.8Chart Preparation 745.9Tracking and Recording Position 785.10Standardized Grid Systems 79Search Planning and Coverage 85OBJECTIVES: 857.6.1Search Terms 866.2Search Planning 876.3Probability of Detection example 946.4Disaster Assessment 956.5Missing Person Search 99Electronic Search Patterns 101OBJECTIVES: 101xi7.1ELTs and SARSAT 1037.2Locating the ELT Signal 1057.3Aircraft Direction Finder (DF) 1067.4Homing Method 1107.5Wing shadow method (signal null) 1117.6Aural (or hearing) search 1147.7Metered search 1157.8Night and IFR electronic search 1167.9Signal Reflection and Interference 1177.10Silencing an ELT 119
8.Visual Search Patterns 124OBJECTIVES: 1249.8.1Planning Search Patterns 1258.2Track line (route) search 1268.3Parallel track or parallel sweep 1268.4Creeping line search 1298.5Expanding Square search (a point-based search) 1338.6Sector search (a point-based search) 1368.7Contour search 1378.8Other SAR-related GPS Features 138Mission Pilot 140OBJECTIVES: 14010.9.1Mission Pilot duties and responsibilities 1419.2Safety 1429.3Types of Flights 1469.4Security Concerns and Airspace Restrictions 1529.5Phases of Flight 1569.6The Mission Pilot and POD 1659.7Flying the Mission 165Step Through a Typical Mission 170OBJECTIVES: 17010.1Leaving Home Base for Mission Base 17210.2Arrival at Mission Base 17610.3Operational Risk Management Review 17710.4General Briefing 17910.5Aircrew Briefing 18010.6Mission Flight Planning and Briefing 18010.7Preparing to Leave on a Sortie 18510.8During the Sortie 18510.9Return from the Sortie 18610.10Debriefing Information 18710.11Aircrew Debriefing 18910.12End of the Mission and the Return Home 19010.13Conduct Local Drills and Exercises 191xii
11.Crew Resource Management 194OBJECTIVES: 19411.1Statistics 19511.2Failures and the Error Chain 19611.3Situational Awareness 19711.4Overcoming Loss of SA 19811.5Barriers to Communication 19911.6Task Saturation 19911.7Identification of Resources 20011.8Assignment and Coordination of Duties 200Attachment 1 IGRIDDING IAttachment 2 IIIFLIGHT GUIDE IIIxiii
Summary of ChangesFollowing are the significant changes and updates in the December 2017revision. Some of the more significant changes are highlighted.1. Updated to latest CAPR 70-1 requirementsxiv
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List of SICUTIMCIFRLat/LongMEF1Air Force Assigned MissionAir Force Rescue Coordination CenterAbove Ground LevelAircraft Information FileAirman's Information ManualAirborne PhotographerAir Route Traffic Control CenterAutomated Surface Observing SystemActual Time of ArrivalAir Traffic ControlActual Time of DepartureAutomatic Terminal Information ServiceAutomated Weather Observing SystemCAP FormCAP RegulationCounterdrugCommunicationCosmicheskaya Sistyema Poiska Avariynich Sudov(Space System for the Search of Vessels in Distress)Common Traffic Advisory FrequencyCrew Resource ManagementDirection FinderDisaster ReliefDirect User Access TerminalElectronic Chart DisplayElectronic Flight BagEmergency Locator TransmitterMarine Emergency Position Indicating Radio BeaconEmergency ServicesEstimated Time of ArrivalEstimated Time of DepartureEstimated Time EnrouteFederal Aviation AdministrationFederal Aviation RegulationFixed Base OperatorFederal Communications CommissionFederal Emergency Management AgencyFlight Release OfficerFlight Service StationGlobal Positioning SystemHomeland SecurityHazardous In-Flight Weather Advisory ServiceIntroductory Communications User TrainingInstrument Meteorological ConditionsInstrument Flight RulesLatitude/LongitudeMaximum Elevation Figure
USAFUTCUHFVFRVHFVMCWMIRSZULU2MegahertzMission ObserverMilitary Operations AreaMemorandum of UnderstandingMission SAR/DR PilotMission ScannerMean Sea LevelMilitary Training RouteNational Emergency Services AcademyNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationNotice to AirmenNational Transportation Safety BoardNational Weather ServiceOperational SecurityOperational Risk ManagementProhibited AreaPilot-in-CommandPilot Weather ReportPersonal Locator BeaconPush-to-Talk (radio switch)Restricted AreaRadio Operator AuthorizationSituational AwarenessSearch and RescueSearch and Rescue Satellite-Aided TrackingSpecialty Qualification Training RecordSafety OfficerSpecial Use AirspaceTraffic Pattern AltitudeTemporary Flight RestrictionTranscribed Weather BroadcastUnited States Air ForceCoordinated Universal TimeUltra High FrequencyVisual Flight RulesVery High FrequencyVisual Meteorological ConditionsWeb Mission Information Reporting SystemCoordinated Universal Time
Chapter1. Mission Observer Duties1OBJECTIVES:1.2.State mission observer duties and responsibilities. {MO P-2007}Discuss entering data into forms, including via WMIRS.* Throughout this text, each objective is followed by:a. The mission specialty rating to which the objective applies (MO Observer; MP SAR/DR Pilot)b. The associated task (from the MO or MP Task Guides)3
1.1 Mission Observer duties and responsibilitiesThe mission observer has a key role in CAP missions, and has expanded dutiesthat mainly pertain to assisting the mission pilot. This assistance may be in theplanning phase, handling radio communications, assisting in navigation, and crewmanagement (i.e., mission commander). The proficient observer makes it possiblefor the pilot to perform his duties with a greater degree of accuracy and safety byassuming these aspects of the workload.In addition to the scanner duties, observers must also: Depending on conditions, you may report with the mission pilot for briefing Assist in planning the mission, and assist in completing the Planning andBriefing sections of a sortie in WMIRS. The observer may act as missioncommander for the sortie. Ensure that the aircrew obtains sufficient rest during crew rest periods,including approval of extensions to the maximum air crew duty period Assist in avoiding collisions and obstacles during taxiing Assist in setting up and operating aircraft and CAP radiosAssist in setting up and operating aircraft navigational equipment (e.g.,VORs and GPS)Assist enforcing the sterile cockpit rulesMaintain situational awareness at all timesAssist in monitoring fuel statusMonitor the electronic search devices aboard the aircraft and advise thepilot when making course corrections in response to ELT signalsKeep mission base and/or high bird appraised of statusCoordinate scanner assignments and ensure proper breaks for thescanners (including you). Monitor crew for fatigue and dehydration (ensurethe crew drinks plenty of fluids).Maintain a chronological flight log of all observations of note, includingprecise locations, sketches and any other noteworthy informationAssist in completing the Debriefing section of a sortie in WMIRSDepending on conditions, attend the debriefing with the mission pilot Keep track of assigned supplies and equipmentOnce team members have been briefed on the mission and accomplished thenecessary planning, observers determine that all necessary equipment is aboardthe airplane. Checklists help ensure that all essential equipment is included, andvary according to geographic location, climate, and terrain of the search area. Itemson the observer's checklist should include CAP membership and specialtyqualification cards, current charts and maps of the search area, flashlights,notebook and pencils, binoculars, and survival gear (prohibited items, such asfirearms, should be listed too, to ensure none is included). A camera may beincluded to assist in describing the location and condition of the search objective orsurvivors. Unnecessary items or personal belongings should be left behind. Themission observer also assists the pilot in ensuring that all equipment aboard thesearch aircraft is properly stowed. An unsecured item can injure the crew ordamage the aircraft in turbulence.4
Once airborne, the observer provides navigation and communicationassistance, allowing the pilot to precisely fly the aircraft with a greater degree ofsafety. The observer also assists in enforcing "sterile cockpit" rules whennecessary. In flight, particularly the transit phase, the observer maintains situationalawareness in order to help ensure crew safety.The mission observer divides and assigns scanning responsibilities during hermission observer briefing, and ensures each scanner performs their assigned dutyduring flight. She monitors the duration of scanner activity, and enables thescanners to rest in order to minimize fatigue.NOTE: Mission Observers are required to complete the CAP Aircraft GroundHandling Training as part of their Advanced Training. The link is located in the CAPUtilities column in eServices. Observers also must complete the IntroductoryCommunications User Training (ICUT; in the Learning Management System).NOTE: Mission Observers should have completed the Basic Risk Managementcourse during Mission Scanner qualification; in eServices, select the SafetyManagement System page, then select the "Online Safety Education" link and lookfor the Risk Management Courses.1.2 The Observer LogThe observer must become proficient in using an in-flight navigational log. Acomplete chronological log should be maintained from take-off until landing, andshould include all events and sightings. Skill in maintaining the log requires trainingand experience. Remember, proficiency and confidence is gained through practiceand application.It is important to log the geographical location of the search aircraft at the timeof all events and sightings (as a habit, always log the Hobbs time each time youmake a report or record an event or sighting). This information is used in the sortiedebriefing, the results of which are passed back to the incident commander andgeneral staff after the debriefing and becomes a part of the total information that isthe basis for his subsequent actions and reports. Good logs give the staff a betterpicture of how the mission is progressing.If sketches or maps are made to compliment a sighting, note this and attachthem to the log. Maps and sketches may be uploaded into WMIRS.A sample Observer Log (and instructions) and Search Area Work Sheets areincluded in Attachment 2, Flight Guide.1.3 FormsSome of the forms used by mission aircrew:CAPF 101 (E), the Specialty Qualification Card, is used to identify missionqualified personnel. This form is obtained through eServices. Each member isrequired to have a valid 101 card to participate in missions.SQTR, Specialty Qualification Training Records, are available in eServices orcan be issued by the unit commander to define and document training towardqualification in an
by the Civil Air Patrol (CAP) Mission Observer and SAR/DR Mission Pilot task . This text is augmented by two sets of Microsoft PowerPoint slides: Observer and Pilot. Using this text and the appropriate slide set(s), either of these two mission . 5 1 & 3 3 1 - 9 4 1 - 4 Optional review 5 ALL 6 & 7 6 ALL ALL 7 ALL ALL 8 ALL ALL 9 ALL
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The Aircrew Quick Reference Guide to the METAR and TAF Codes is designed to help aircrews quickly and clearly translate METAR and TAF codes into plain language. See references in Attachment 1 for a listing of source documents. METAR codes report observed weather conditions by airfield; TAF codes report forecasted weather conditions by airfield.
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2 ABORIGINAL USE OF LEGAL AID CIVIL AND FAMILY LAW SERVICES 41 2.1 Legal Aid for Civil Law Matters 2.1.1 Applications for Civil Aid 2.1.2 Applications for Civil Aid by Gender 2.1.3 Successful Grants of Legal Aid for Civil Law Matters 2.1.4 Grants of Civil Aid by Gender 2.2 The Provision of Minor Assistance for Civil Law Matters
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