4 Sprayer Information
16CHAPTER 4 – SPRAYER INFORMATION4 Sprayer Information4.1 Solutions for Safer SprayingHandling and applying pesticides is risky business. Devicesknown as engineering controls can be used to keeppesticide exposure to a minimum. This section describeshow to prevent pesticide exposure at five key areas ofpotential contamination.4.1.1 Loading the SprayerClosed Transfer Systems allow concentrated pesticide tobe moved from the original shipping container to thesprayer mix tank with minimal or no applicator contact.Many systems provide a method to measure theconcentrated pesticide. Some systems also include acontainer rinsing system that pipes rinse water into thespray tank.Induction Bowls are metal, plastic or fiberglass hoppersattached to the side of the sprayer or nurse tank that allowpesticides to be added to the mix tank without the applicatorclimbing onto the spray rig. Pesticides are poured into thebowl and water is added to flush out the bowl and carry thepesticide to the spray tank. Often a rinse nozzle is mountedinside the bowl for rinsing out empty pesticide containers.Typically, induction bowls are raised out of the way duringspraying and lowered to about 3 feet above ground whenloading the sprayer.Direct Pesticide Injection Systems allow pesticides to bemixed directly with water in the sprayer plumbing systemrather than in the main spray tank. The pesticide is pumpedfrom its container and mixed with the water either in amanifold or at the main water pump. Only clean water isheld in the main tank of the sprayer. An electroniccontroller and pumps adjust the amount of concentratedpesticide that is injected into the water stream, allowing forvariable application rates.Container Rinse Systems consist of a rinse nozzle and acatch bowl that traps the container washings (rinsate). Theempty container is placed over the rinse nozzle and a jet ofwater cleans the inside of the container. The rinsate caughtin the bowl is pumped into the spray tank to be used alongwith the spray mixture. Rinse nozzles are often installed inchemical induction bowls.4.1.2 Contamination at the BoomBoom Folding/Extending - Manually folding booms canbe a major source of operator contamination because theboom can be covered with pesticide from drift or drippingnozzles. Consider the use of hydraulic or mechanicalfolding methods.Diaphragm Check Valves - Typically, when a sprayer isshut off and as the system pressure drops, any liquidremaining in the boom piping drips from the nozzles,possibly dripping onto the boom or even the operator.Diaphragm check valves installed at each nozzle preventthis by using a spring-loaded rubber diaphragm to close offthe flow of liquid once the system pressure drops belowabout 10 pounds per square inch. When the sprayer isswitched on and system pressure builds up, the valve opensand allows the liquid to flow through the nozzles.Multiple Nozzle Bodies - Contamination can occur whenoperators change or unclog nozzles during an application.Multiple nozzle bodies (or turret nozzles) allow operators toswitch between nozzles with a turn of the nozzle bodyrather than having to unscrew or undo a threaded or abayonet fitting.Hand Wash Water Supply - Providing adequate washwater is essential (and often required). A simple containerwith a hand-operated valve can be mounted on the side ofthe sprayer to provide clean water for hand washing andpersonal hygiene.4.1.3 Sprayer Cab ContaminationCab Filtration Using Carbon Filters - Carbon filtrationsystems are used to remove pesticide odor and pesticideladen mist from fresh air used in a tractor or self-propelledsprayer cab. Carbon filtration systems are often a standardfeature on self-propelled sprayers. Many factory installedtractor cabs offer optional filtration systems. Cabs certifiedunder the ASAE standard meet the requirements forenclosed cabs contained in the Worker Protection Standard.Protective Clothing Lockers - Some sprayermanufacturers offer a simple compartment (orlocker)mounted to the side or front of the sprayer where protectiveclothing can be stored to prevent contamination of thetractor or sprayer cab interior. Alternatively a locker can befitted to the nurse tank.4.1.4 DriftLow-Drift Nozzles - Low-drift nozzles create larger-sizedroplets than conventional nozzles. The larger droplet sizesare less prone to drift, reducing environmental and operatorcontamination.Air Induction (Twin Fluid) Nozzles - These nozzles allowair to mix with the spray liquid, creating large, air-filleddroplets that have virtually no fine, drift-prone droplets.The droplets explode when they contact their target andoffer similar coverage to droplets from conventional, finerspray nozzles.Use of alternate row spraying with drift controlling nozzlesis likely to create poor coverage because the inherentproperty of these nozzles is to restrict spray depositionwithin a short distance of the sprayer.2012 NEW ENGLAND TREE FRUIT MANAGEMENT GUIDE
CHAPTER 4 – SPRAYER INFORMATION174.1.5 Cleaning the Sprayer4.2.1 Droplet SizeTank Rinse Systems - Tank rinse systems consist of aclean water supply tank mounted to the sprayer and one ormore rotating discs or nozzles mounted inside the mainsprayer tank. Water is pumped from the clean water tank tothe rinse nozzles, which spray water around the inside ofthe spray tank. These systems are designed for in-fieldrinsing of the sprayer so that the tank washings can beapplied to the field at label rates.Switching to lower spray volumes may result in smallerdroplet size. Within an effective range, smaller droplets canprovide more uniform coverage. There is a lower limit todroplet size because of concerns about drift. Droplets under150 microns diameter generally pose the greatest hazard. A100-micron droplet takes 11 seconds approximately to fallten feet in still air. With a 5mph wind it will drift about 75feet before hitting the ground. Droplets less than 50 micronshave insufficient momentum for impaction and can remainsuspended in the air indefinitely until they evaporate.4.2 Minimizing Pesticide DriftSpray drift of pesticides is an important and costly problemfacing pesticide applicators. Drift results in damage tosusceptible off-target crops, environmental contaminationto waterways, and a lower than intended rate to the targetcrop thus reducing efficacy. Drift onto neighboringproperties can lead to legal disputes. Applying the correctproduct to the correct target at the correct time with thecorrect equipment is the key to good spraying.The higher the operating pressure, the smaller the droplet;conversely, low pressure produces large droplets that maybounce off the target. Traditional air blast sprayers give thegreatest cause for concern as they produce many smalldroplets, which are often off-target. Certain spraysurfactants can change the droplet spectrum, reducing thenumber of driftable droplets.There are two types of drift. Vapor drift is usually invisible.The amount of vapor drift depends upon atmosphericconditions such as humidity, temperature and the productbeing applied, and can occur days after an application ismade. The second type, airborne drift, is often verynoticeable. The amount of airborne drift is influenced bymany interrelated factors including droplet size, nozzle typeand size, sprayer design, weather conditions and, last butnot least, the operator.4.2.2 Nozzle Type and SizeModern nozzle technology such as air inclusion nozzlesproduce larger droplets than conventional cone nozzles.Large droplets normally roll off the leaf, but air inclusionnozzles create air bubbles within the larger droplets, whichthen collapse on contact with the leaf, dissipating theenergy and dispersing the liquid. Research has shownpromising results using air inclusion nozzles with air blastsprayers, although further trials are necessary in appleorchards.2012 NEW ENGLAND TREE FRUIT MANAGEMENT GUIDE
18CHAPTER 4 – SPRAYER INFORMATIONRotary atomizers create smaller, more uniform droplets,which would normally drift. When used in conjunction witha tower and cross-flow fan design, the smaller droplets aredirected into the canopy. This type of sprayer, sometimescalled controlled droplet application, produces 95–98% ofits droplets all of the same size. The size produced dependson the speed of the spinning cage. Advantages include lesswater, resulting in better timeliness and a more targetedspray. Research shows that controlled droplet applicationcan effectively control orchard diseases and insects.4.2.3 Sprayer DesignTower sprayers and tunnel sprayers are better at targetingthe spray into the canopy, reducing drift and increasingdeposition. The conventional air blast sprayer sends dropletsin an air blast from a central fan upwards into the canopy.The tower sprayer, using an air curtain and rotary atomizerhas shown excellent results at disease and insect control.Horizontal penetration into the canopy is preferential tovertical penetration from an air blast sprayer. Tunnelsprayers, developed many years ago in Europe and the US,have tremendous advantages in managed orchards usingtrellis designs and dwarf trees. The use of a spray collectiondevice at the base of the tunnel canopy results in the abilityto recirculate spray with subsequent savings in pesticide anda reduction in drift. Many growers believe that tunnelsprayers are only suitable for level land, but an increasingnumber are to be found in orchards on undulating land.Drift problems increase when a space occurs within the row.Air blast sprayers, with or without a tower, can be fittedwith ultrasonic or laser canopy sensors. The sensors alsodetect the shape of a tree and adjust the spray patternaccordingly. The advantages include reduced drift andground deposition, reduced pesticide use, and more efficientuse of spray water allowing and more acres per tankload.Correct calibration will ensure that all the nozzles aredischarging the correct amount of liquid at the correctdistance and angle to the target and at the correct forwardspeed. Operators must set the air deflectors correctly toconfine airflow, spray pattern and disturbance to the treecanopy.German Drift Reduction Methods – Adapted from: Registration of BBA – approved plant protection equipment fororchards in the list of loss reducing equipment.Key: ID Lechler Air Induction; AD Lechler Drift Reducing; TD Agrotop by GreenLeaf; DG Drift Guard by TeeJet;AVI Albuz Air Induction; Website: www.bba.deDrift Reduction Class50%SprayerNozzle TypesRegulations of UseAll air assisted sprayersID, TD, AVI, DG, ADVarious SizesAll TypesID Various Sizes, TD80-02 Keramik, AVI80-03All TypesID, TD, AVI, DG, ADVarious SizesID, TD, AVI, VariousSizesFirst 5 rows without air towards fieldedge.Foliage DetectorAir assisted sprayers withaxial fan.75%All air assisted sprayersAll air assisted sprayersSprayers with axial fan withmax 30,000 m3/h, at leastwith first gear.Tower SprayerSprayers with cross flow fan90%Sprayers with cross flowfan.Tower sprayers with fan99%Lipco Tunnel sprayersLipco Tunnel sprayersID, TD, AVI, DG, ADVarious SizesID, TD, AVI, DG, ADVarious SizesID, TD, AVI, DG, ADVarious SizesID, TD, AVI, DG, ADVarious sizesSpray pressure max 58-73 PSI. First 5rows with reduced air (max30,000m3/hHail nets above orchards.Hail nets above orchards.Spray pressure max 58-73 PSI. First 5rows with reduced air (max20,000m3/h). AVI 80-015 max 44 PSI,ID 90-015 max 44 PSIFirst 3 rows spraying without airtowards field edge.First 3 rows spraying without airtowards field edge.First 5 rows spraying withreduced/sealing #4 towards filed edge;sealing #8 inwards.First 5 rows spraying without airtowards field edge. Partly withreduced spray pressure.ID, TD, AVI, DG, ADVarious Sizes2012 NEW ENGLAND TREE FRUIT MANAGEMENT GUIDE
CHAPTER 4 – SPRAYER INFORMATIONHerbicide drift from weed control practices is alsoimportant. Shielded herbicide sprayers prevent drift fromcontaminating fruit and damaging leaves and trunks. Shieldscan vary from the simple to the complex. Shielded sprayersallow growers to apply herbicides in variable weatherconditions. Different nozzle types such as hydraulic flat fannozzles and controlled droplet applicators using reducedherbicide rates.9.Calibrate the sprayer with water to ensure thateverything is working correctly.10. Start planting windbreaks!During Spraying1.2.4.2.4 WeatherWind speed and direction, relative humidity, temperatureand atmospheric stability all affect drift. Research inEngland and New Zealand has measured the effectivenessof shelterbelts (windbreaks). Shelter belt height and densityaffect drift, and may, in certain conditions, create additionalair currents and eddies. There are so many variables such astopography and wind direction that it is difficult to concludethat research at one site is transferable to another.193.4.Stay alert: ensure the spray is not allowed to drift on tonon-target areas and watch for changes in wind speedand direction.Use the appropriate pressure for your equipment andnozzles to generate droplet sizes in the 150 – 250micron range. Regularly check the accuracy of thepressure gauge.Maintain a constant speed and pressure. Smallincreases in speed can result in large changes in spraypenetration, coverage, and amount per acre.Avoid spraying near sensitive crops or waterways; usea 50–100-ft buffer zone. Spray inwards, with one sideof the sprayer, for at least 50 feet from the boundary tocreate a “headland”.4.2.5 Forward PlanningForward planning is the key to good management. Choosethe correct size sprayer with good back-up support to ensurethat spraying can be done in a timely manner. Racingaround in an attempt to apply pesticides after a problemdisease or insect attack has occurred increases chance oferrors. The use of orchard field cards to record sprayersettings, pesticide dosage and application rates, quantityrequired per tank fill, etc. will reduce the chance of errorsand stress levels, and will improve efficiency and safety.Use of pest monitoring and forecasts provides warning ofneeded applications, allowing more preparation time versusdiscovering problems at the last minute or after they havealready occurred.Tools and OptionsBefore Spraying3.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.Train the operator to use the sprayer correctly on yourfarm under your conditions.Plan the spraying operation; consider the use of orchardfield cards as a good management tool.Always read and follow pesticide label instructions.Select the correct nozzle for the target. Adjust the sizeand position of the nozzles to achieve correctdistribution within the canopy, particularly as thegrowing season progresses.Consider the use of sprayers that direct the spray to thetarget, such as towers and tunnels. Check that airdeflectors are set properly to confine disturbance to thetarget area.Consider use of spray additives to reduce drift.Improve spraying logistics to ensure adequate time tospray within “ideal” conditions.Only spray when weather conditions are ideal; avoidspraying when conditions are favorable foratmospheric inversion or wind drift. Generally windspeed between 2 and 7 mph is best.1.2.4.5.6.7.Monitoring equipment. Purchase and use good qualityinstruments for wind speed, temperature, and humidity.Monitor spray pattern to see where the spray is actuallygoing, One method is to use a patternator. Anothermethod is to use a 16-foot high pole (two 8 foot 2x4inch boards end to end) with a paper tape stapled alongthe leading edge. Place the pole between two treeswithin the row and spray a mixture of clean water andfood coloring. Travel between the rows, spraying outthe mixture. The spray will stain the paper where ithits. By looking at the colored spray droplets on thepaper, you can alter the orientation of the nozzles ordeflectors until the spray is only hitting the portion ofthe vertical pole/trees that is desirable.Air Induction Nozzles (AI): These nozzles, when usedproperly, can reduce drift by at least 50 percent. Thesenozzles create a larger droplet that will not drift as farbut still maintains good leaf and fruit coverage. Not allAI nozzles are the same.End Plates and One-sided spraying: A shroud can beused to block any air on the opposite side of thesprayer. On the outer rows you can only spray inwards.This can reduce drift by 50 percent.Foliage Sensors: These sensors tell whether or not thesprayer is next to a tree, automatically shutting thespray off if no tree is present. There are ultrasonic orinfrared sensor types that if used properly reduceoverspray and drift by 50 percent.Hail Nets can reduce drift up to 75 percent.Tower sprayers are better at targeting the spray into thecanopy than a conventional air blast. The conventionalair blast sprayer sends droplets in an air blast from acentral fan upwards into the canopy, whereas the towersprayer uses a horizontal air curtain.2012 NEW ENGLAND TREE FRUIT MANAGEMENT GUIDE
208.9.10.11.12.13.14.CHAPTER 4 – SPRAYER INFORMATIONTunnel Sprayers: Tunnel sprayers are the best way toreduce drift. Very little spray gets out of the tunnelspraying system, allowing for a 90 percent reduction indrift. If AI nozzles are used with the tunnel sprayer, 99percent of drift can be reduced.Axial fan size and speed: Using an axial fan producing30,000 cu. meters/hr in conjunction with AI nozzleswill result in a 75 percent reduction of drift.PTO speed: Regulating the PTO speed of the tractor isan inexpensive way to reduce drift. Lowering the PTOspeed reduces fan speed, preventing excessive amountsof air from blowing pesticides through the target andallowing good deposition to occur. On an airshear typesprayer, reducing PTO speed by 25% reduced drift by75%. The reduced speed also increased droplet size,further reducing the effects of drift (see NY FruitQuarterly, Vol. 12 #3, Autumn 2004).Hydraulic Drive: Using a hydraulic motor to drive thesprayer fan will allow you to regulate airspeed velocityseparately from tractor speed.Cornell Doughnuts: These attachments restrict airintake to reduce air flow through the sprayer. For earlyseason, the 1/2 air intake doughnut can be used to onlyallow enough air to penetrate just the target row. A2/3rd air intake hole can be used for early/mid-seasonto allow more air. Finally, in full canopy, no doughnutis required.Drift-reducing additives usually work by increasingdroplet size. Beware, not all of them can withstand thehigher pressures associated with fruit sprayers and needindependent verification.Calibrate and check that the sprayer is functioningcorrectly.ConclusionDrift is impossible to eliminate but can be minimized.Implementing just one of these methods will greatly reducethe effects of drift and improve your efficiency of sprayapplication, saving you time, money, and future problems.4.3 Preparing an Air Blast Sprayer4.3.1 Checking the SprayerSprayers must be regularly checked over to ensure thatproper maintenance has been carried out and that nooutstanding repairs need to be done. Faulty sprayerscontribute to increased drift levels and waste moneythrough inefficiency and overuse of chemicals.new set of nozzles will be recovered in less than one ofspraying.Caution – Take great care when adjusting a sprayer while thetractor engine is running.Always ensure that the fan is stationary beforeapproaching the rear of the sprayer.Engage the handbrake when leaving tractor seat.4.3.2 Fitting the Sprayer to the TractorThe selected tractor must always be powerful enough tooperate the sprayer efficiently under the working conditionsthat will be encountered. All its external services –hydraulic, electrical and pneumatic – must be clean and inworking order. Tractors fitted with cabs must have efficientair filtration systems. All protective guards must be inplace. Trailed sprayers are often close-coupled to thetractor, so it is essential that the drawbar and the PTO shaftare correctly adjusted for turning. PTO shafts must bedisengaged when making very tight turns.4.3.3 Checking the Operation of the SprayerPart fill the tank with clean water and move the sprayer touncropped waste ground. Remove the nozzles. Althoughnot using any chemical at this point, get into the habit ofwearing a coverall, gloves and a face visor when workingwith the sprayer. Engage the PTO and gently turn the shaft,increasing speed slowly to operating revs. Test the on/offand pressure relief valves, and check the agitation system.Flush through the spray lines, then switch off the tractor.Refit the nozzles and check the liquid system again forleaks.4.3.4 Pre-Season Maintenance ChecklistsHoses for splits and cracks connections to ensure they are water-tight for hose chafe, particularly in routing clipsFiltersfor missing filter elements and sealsfor leakagefor blocked or damaged filters Tankfor fractures and any other damagethe tank sits firmly in its mountthe securing straps are correctly adjustedthe agitation is workingthe tank is cleanBefore attempting any work on a machine make sure that itis fully supported on stands and that all necessary protectiveclothing is on hand. Maintenance measures such as fitting a new set of nozzlesat the beginning of each season also save money. Evenwhen there is overdosing by as little as 5%, the cost of aControls the control circuitry (electrical, hydraulic or air) forcorrect operation valves for both internal and external leaks2012 NEW ENGLAND TREE FRUIT MANAGEMENT GUIDE
CHAPTER 4 – SPRAYER INFORMATIONPump lubrication levels for leaks the air pressure in the pulsation chamber (if fitted) is atthe recommended level the pump rotates freely without friction or noise. Do soby rotating manually or starting at low speed (corrosionmay cause seizing up)Pressure GaugeThe pressure gauge is vital for indicating whether thenozzles are delivering the correct amount of chemical perunit time while spraying. If you have any doubts about thepressure gauge, replace it or refer the problem to themanufacturer or supplier. The cost of replacing a faultypressure gauge which has been indicating at 15% belowthe actual pressure is recouped in around two hoursoperation.Nozzles the correct nozzles are at each location all nozzles are in good condition, with no leaks aroundthe body all nozzles are clean and free from obstruction (note:clean with a soft brush or airline – don’t damagenozzles by using wires or pins) all nozzles deliver to within or - 5% of themanufacturer’s chart valueUsing water only, run the sprayer at the specified pressureand collect the output from each nozzle in turn for a periodof 60 seconds. Record each output and replace those outsidethe 5% tolerance stated in the manufacturer’s chart.ControllersWhere your sprayer has automatic controllers to monitorthe speed of the sprayer and the flow, pressure and areasprayed, check that: 214.4 Sprayer CalibrationAccurate calibration of orchard spray equipment is essentialfor efficient and effective use of pesticides and other spraymaterials. Calibration starts with having a sprayer withadequate capacity to distribute the spray evenly throughoutthe trees. Sprayer performance is limited by pump output,maximum pressure, fan capacity, and travel speed. The bestspray coverage and deposit are obtained within themanufacturer’s recommended operating range.4.4.1 Travel SpeedTravel speed is a critical factor in maintaining accurateapplication rates and will influence spray deposition withinthe canopy. The higher the travel speed, the greater thevariability in spray deposit. Speed over 4 mph greatlyincreases risk of poor coverage.Factors that will affect travel speed include: Weight of sprayer being pulled Slope of terrain Ground conditions and traction (wheel slippage!)The best way to measure travel speed is to pull a sprayerwith tank half filled with water on the same type of terrainthat the sprayer will be operated on. Set up test course atleast 100 feet long, measure the course with a tape measure.Do not pace the distance. The longer the course the smallerthe margin of error. Run the course in both directions.Use an accurate stop watch to check the time required totravel the course in each direction. Average the two runsand use the following formula to calculate the speed inMPH.Formula:MPH feet traveled Xseconds6088they are in good condition and properly maintained .they are frequently calibrated for accuracy, leaks,blockages, variations in pressure or any minor damageduring spraying.Routine MaintenanceThe following checks should be carried out routinely: All hoses are tightly connected and free from sharpbends; cracked or damaged hoses must be replaced. All controls move freely and are fully adjustable. Air pressure in pump accumulator (if fitted) is correctlyadjusted. Drain plugs and clean filters are in position.Pressure gauge reads zero.Pump can be turned over by hand.Fan turns freely and is not obstructed; bearings aresound and lubricated.Tires on trailed machines are sound and correctlyinflated; wheel nuts are tight.Your numbers:Tractor gear Engine RPMMPH feet traveledsecondsX6088NOTE: You can also use a hand-held GPS receiver tomeasure forward speed.4.4.2 Dilute Gallons per AcreFor trees on standard rootstock and row spacing, a diluteapplication to the point where additional spray would justrun-off the leaves requires about 400 gallons water per acre(GPA). Trees in modern orchards on semi-dwarf or dwarfrootstocks require much less water per acre for a diluteapplication.The amount of dilute spray required to adequately covertrees also varies with grpwth stage and canopy density.Unless adjustments are made in the spray delivery, spray2012 NEW ENGLAND TREE FRUIT MANAGEMENT GUIDE
22CHAPTER 4 – SPRAYER INFORMATIONpattern, and fan output required by differences in tree sizeand canopy density, difficulties such as inadequate pestcontrol or excessive application of material will result.Use the Tree Row Volume (TRV) formula to calculate thecanopy volume and dilute gallons per acre for your blocks.Canopy width is the average width of the trees lookingalong the row.Row length per acre is 43,560 square feet per acre dividedby the distance between rows.Step 1: Canopy Volume per AcreTRV Canopy width x Tree height x Row lengthper acreTree rowvolume(cu ft/acre)Canopywidth(feet) Treeheight(feet)x43,560 sq. ft./acrex Distance betweenrows (feet)Example 1a:Trees are 12 feet wide and 11 feet tall in rows 20 feet apart43,560 sq. ft./acre 12 ft. x 11 ft. x20132 x 2178 287,496 cu. ft./acre0Step 2: Dilute Gallons per AcreIt takes about 0.5 gallon to cover 1,000 cubic feet of treecanopy volume early in the spring, about 0.7 gallon at PetalFall, and about 1.0 gallon in late summer. If you want touse a single value for the whole season, assume 0.7 gallonper 1,000 cu. ft. of canopy volume for reasonably wellpruned trees. For large poorly pruned trees, 1.0 gallon per1,000 cu. ft. is a safer estimate to insure good coverage.Example 1b: Dilute gallons per acre for pruned orchard.Dilute gallonsTree row0.7 galper acre volumex1,000 cu. ft.(DGA)(cu. ft./acre)DGA 287,496 cu. ft. x0.7 gal.1,000 cu. ft. 201 gallonsExample 1c: Dilute gallons per acre for thick canopies(either poorly pruned or near end of summer at maximumfoliage density)Dilutegallons peracre (DGA)DGA Tree rowvolume(cu. ft./acre) 287,496 cu. ft. xx1.0 gal1,000 cu. ft.1.0 gal 287 gallons1,000 cu. ft.For very small trees, the TRV formula yields dilute gallonsper acre estimates of less than 100 gallons per acre. Spraytrials on the efficacy of adjusting spray volume andpesticide dosage according to TRV calculation areinconclusive, but suggest that below a certain minimumgallons per acre, the inefficiency of spray capture by verysmall trees prevents further reduction in spray volume.The exact value for this basement level is unclear, but issomewhere between 100 and 200 gallons per acre. Forexample, assuming a 200 gallon per acre minimum meansthat even if the TRV calculation generates a lower value,you would estimate spray concentration and pesticidedosage on the assumption that the block need 200 gallonsper acre for a dilute application.To check the accuracy of your calcuations, a rough estimateof dilute gallons per acre can be made by using Table 4.4.1.Table 4.4.1 Dilute gallons per acre for mature treesof different sizes and row spacings.DistanceCanopyTreeDiluteBetween RowsWidthHeightGallons(feet)(feet)(feet)per 039824.4.3 Concentrate SpraysConcentrate spraying is reducing the gallons of watersprayed per acre below the dilute rate. This can reduce oreliminate run-off, and increases the speed and efficiency ofspraying by getting more acres covered per tankload andreduce the number of tank refills needed.However, as the gallons of water per acre used to applyspray materials is reduced, errors become more critical andrisk of poor coverage increases. The upper limit onacceptable spray concentration depends on several factorsincluding: the pest being controlled, canopy density,weather conditions, and the types materials being applied.Sprays at 1X (dilute) to 3X concentration are generallymore effective and are preferred for applying growthregulators, chemical thinners, drop inhibitors, nutrientsprays. Miticides, and insecticides for control of pests suchas scales and woolly aphid are also generally more effectiveat higher spray volumes as are bactericide, and fungicidesapplied for postinfection activity against apple scab.2012 NEW ENGLAND TREE FRUIT MANAGEMENT GUIDE
CHAPTER 4 – SPRAYER INFORMATIONFor most other insecticide and fungicide applications,concentrate sprays in the range of 6X to 8X usually providesatisfactory results. Above 8X, the additional savings inrefill time, speed and cost of application are minimal, andfrequency of poor spray performance increases.Concentration Dilute gallons per acreActual gallons per acre sprayedExample 1: If the dilute gallons per acre is 200 and thesprayer is applying at 66 gallo
Tank Rinse Systems - Tank rinse systems consist of a clean water supply tank mounted to the sprayer and one or more rotating discs or nozzles mounted inside the main sprayer tank. Water is pumped from the clean water tank to the rinse nozzles, which spray water around the inside of the spray tank. These systems are designed for in-field
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Basic Mechanical 1. Pump frozen or hardened paint Thaw sprayer if water or water-based paint has frozen in sprayer. Place sprayer in warm area to thaw. Do not start sprayer until thawed com-pletely. If paint hardened (dried) in sprayer, replace pump packings. See page 11, Dis-placement Pump Replacement. 2. Displacement pump connecting rod pin.
1. Pump (13) for frozen or hardened paint. 1. Thaw sprayer if water or water-based paint has frozen in sprayer. Place sprayer in warm area to thaw. Do not start sprayer until thawed completely. If paint hardened (dried) in sprayer, replace pump packings. See page 21 (Displacement Pump Replace-ment). 2. Displacement pump connecting rod pin (9a).
Store the sprayer away from human and livestock activity Do not permit children to play on or around sprayer Your QT Series 3 Point sprayer is designed to allow for a Category I 3 Point hitch. The hitch design will fit most brands of 3 Point Quick Tach. The unit comes standard with Category I
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