Biology THE SCIENCE OF LIFE BIOLOGY: The Scientific Study .
BiologyUnit 1THE SCIENCE OF LIFE1:1 What is Biology?BIOLOGY: the scientific study of living organismsORGANISM: a complete and entire living thingWHY STUDY BIOLOGY?
1:2 What is Life?Organisms (living things) must possess ALL theseCHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE.CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE1. Living things are ORGANIZED and are made of at leastONE CELL.ORGANIZATION: orderly structureCELLS: smallest unit that can perform all of life’sprocesses2. Living things MAKE MORE livingthings, transmit hereditaryinformationREPRODUCTION: the productionof offspringIs reproduction essential to thesurvival of an individual? Species?
3. HomeostasisHOMEOSTASIS: the ability of organisms to maintainconditions suitable for life Keeping internal conditions the same,even when external conditions change Regulation of temperature, watercontent, uptake of nutrientsWhat do you think the body consistently maintains?4. Metabolism/EnergyMETABOLISM: sum of all chemical reactions that take inand transform energy and materials from the environmentENERGY: the ability to do work or cause changes Energy powers live processes Organisms obtain energy from food.Why have you eaten in the last 12 hours?5. Growth and Development.GROWTH: an increase in theamount of living material and theformation of new structuresDEVELOPMENT: the physicalchanges that take place duringthe life of an organism6. EvolutionEVOLUTION: the gradual change in characteristics ofspecies overtime
7. Response to StimuliENVIRONMENT: surroundings or external conditionsSTIMULUS: any condition in theenvironment that requires anorganism to adjustRESPONSE: reaction to astimulus1:3 Themes in BiologyThese themes in Biology link isolated facts and ideas in thescience.THEMES IN BIOLOGY1. Diversity and Unity of Life Life is extremely diverse, yetliving things all have similarcharacteristics Three domains of life2. Interdependence of Organisms Organisms interact with each other and need eachother to survive SYSTEM: separate partsinteracting to function as awhole INTERACTION: the action orinfluence of people, groups,or things on one another
3. Homeostasis Maintain conditions suitable for life Homeo (Homo): similar, sameness Static (stasis): unchanging condition4. Evolution of Life EVOLUTION: the gradual change in characteristics ofspecies over time ADAPTATION: any characteristic that allows anorganisms to better survive in an environmento Better ability to adjusto Structural, behavioral, or internal process1:4 Problem Solving Methods in BiologyScientists discover problems byobserving the world around them.Scientists solve problems using thesteps of the scientific method.SCIENTIFIC METHOD: a logical, orderly way to solve aproblem or answer a question
Steps of the Scientific Method1. State the problem. Example: Why doesn’t the car start?2. Form a hypothesis. Example: Maybe the battery is dead.3. Perform an experiment to test the hypothesis. Example: Turn the lights on to test the battery.4. Observe, measure, and record data from the experiment. Example: The lights go on.5. Form a conclusion based on observations from theexperiment. Refine question and problem if necessary. Therefore the battery is not dead. Are the ignitionwires loose or wet?HYPOTHESIS: a possible explanation of events based onobservationsEXPERIMENT: a scientific test that will yield observationsproving or disproving the predicted hypothesisOBSERVATION: something seen or sensed, noted, and/ormeasuredDATA: information or measurements obtained fromobservationsCONCLUSION: explanation or answer to a problem basedon data gathered in an experiment
1:5 Experimenting in BiologyTHEORY: an explanation that is based on a large body ofscientific evidence obtained from many differentobservations and experimentsLAW: fact in natureCONTROLLED EXPERIMENT: test done in duplicate, sothat all variables are the same except the one being testedParts of a Controlled Experiment1. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: the factor being tested in acontrolled experiment, the factor presumed to be thecause of the effectaccording to thehypothesis2. EXPERIMENTAL GROUP:group used to test thehypothesis, group in whichthe independent variable ismanipulated3. CONTROL GROUP:comparison group in acontrolled experiment, allvariables remain constant,used to compare results from the experimental group4. DEPENDENT VARIABLE: difference in results betweenexperimental group and control group, change thatresults from the manipulation of the independent variable The DEPENDENT VARIABLE is caused by theINDEPENDENT VARIABLE.
The difference in results between the CONTROL GROUPand the EXPERIMENTAL GROUP depends on the singlefactor that is different in the CONTROLLEDEXPERIMENT.All data gathered from controlled experiments MUST berecorded accurately. Experiments must be repeated and theresults MUST be the same to form conclusions.1:6 Measurement in BiologyINTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT (SI):universal system of measurement andsymbols used by scientists worldwideSI (metric system) is based on the number 10and multiples of 10 and has very few basicunits.SI UNITabbreviationMetermGramgLiterLCubic centimeter cm3SecondSecCelsius degree CMEASURESlengthmassliquid volumesolid volumetimetemperatureSI tionmck
EXAMPLES One milliliter (mL) equals 1/1000 of a liter. One centimeter (cm) equals 1/100 of a meter. One kilogram (kg) equals 1000 grams.
1:3 Themes in Biology These themes in Biology link isolated facts and ideas in the science. THEMES IN BIOLOGY 1. Diversity and Unity of Life Life is extremely diverse, yet living things all have similar characteristics Three domains of life 2. Interdependence of Organisms Organisms interact with each other and need each
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Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
