Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)
Female Genital Mutilation(FGM)Celia JeffreysHead of National FGM Centre
What is FGM?“all procedures that involve partial or totalremoval of the external female genitalia, orother injury to the female genital organs fornon-medical reasons”(World Health Organisation)
4 Types of FGM
Why is FGM Practised? Social norm/ to be accepted as part ofcommunity Traditional right of passage Family honour Marriage Believe it is a religious obligation Control female sexuality/ maintain virginity
Health Implications DeathBroken/fractured bonesSevere Pain and shockInfections (e.g. HIV or Hep C)Injury to adjacent tissueLong Term Short TermRecurring UTI and difficulty urinating.Psycho-sexual problemsPTSD (especially during labour) and flashbacksInfertilityDifficulty in birth (particularly with type 3)Cysts
Practising PakistanIndonesiaSri LankaIndiaSierra LeoneColombiaSudanOmanand more
Risks and Indicators“specialceremony”Long/delayedperiod ofabsenceChange indress/behaviourPractisingcountryFemale onlyholiday, evasiveabout plans
FGM Legislation
Serious Crime Act 2015 Extends reach of 2003 Act to habitual as well as permanentresident in the UK Person with parental responsibility for the girl e.g. mothers,fathers married to the mothers at the time of birth, guardians,adult looking after child during summer holidaysLifelonganonymity forsurvivors FGM ProtectionOrders
Mandatory Reporting DutyThe Serious Crime Act 2015 introduced the duty to reportfemale genital mutilationThe duty is personal; i.e. the professional who identifies FGM/receives the disclosure must make the reportAll regulated health and social care professionals andteachers are now required to report known cases of FGM in girlsunder 18 identified as part of their work to the police within 1month
Who does the duty apply to?Health and social care professionals regulated by a body which is overseen by theProfessional Standards Authority for Health and Social Care including:General Chiropractic CouncilGeneral Dental CouncilGeneral Medical CouncilGeneral Optical Council o General Osteopathic CouncilGeneral Pharmaceutical CouncilHealth and Care Professions Council (whose role includes the regulation of socialworkers in England) Nursing and Midwifery Council Teachers - this includes qualified teachers or persons who are employed or engagedto carry out teaching work in schools and other institutions and, in Wales, educationpractitioners regulated by the Education Workforce Council
What is a ‘known’ case of FGM?1)Verbally disclosed i.e. a girl under 18 discloses that she has undergoneFGM using all accepted terminology (i.e. cut, gudni, sunna, tahor,circumcision)2)Visually identified i.e. when you see signs/symptoms appearing to showshe has had FGM and have no reason to believe it was for the girl’sphysical or mental health or for purposes connected with labour or birth.This includes genital piercings and tattoos for non-medical reasonsYOU DON’T NEED TO BE 100% CERTAIN FGMHAS BEEN CARRIED OUT
The duty does not apply: Adult woman (18 and over) has had FGM Parent/guardian discloses that child has had FGM You believe a girl is at risk of FGM You think a girl might have had FGM but she has notdisclosed, and you have not seen any signs/symptomsIN THESE CASES YOU NEED TO FOLLOW LOCAL SAFEGUARDINGPROCEDURES
Follow normalsafeguardingprocedureMake a recordof yourdecisions/actionsDiscuss withlocalsafeguardingleadTelephone 101(make a noteof the policereferencenumber)Update yoursafeguardingleadWhat doI do?Prepare todiscuss withpolice leadinvestigator
What do I need to tell 101?Explain that you are making a report under the FGM mandatory reporting duty Give your details:– name and contact details (work telephone number and e-mail address)– times when you will be available to be called back– Your role– Your place of workDetails of your organisation’s designated safeguarding lead:– name and contact details (work telephone number and e-mail address)– place of workThe girl’s details:– name– age/DOB– address– if applicable, confirm that you have undertaken, or will undertake, safeguarding actions.
When should I report?Call 101 as soon as possible You should report ASAP with the same urgency as for all othersafeguarding cases You should report by the close of the next working day If you believe reporting would lead to risk of serious harm to thechild or anyone else, contact your designated safeguarding leadfor advice. In exceptional circumstances, you may need a longer timeframe totake action. The safety of the girl or others at risk of harm is the priority
Should I tell the girl’s parents?YES: In line with safeguarding best practice, you should contactthe girl and/or her parents or guardians as appropriate to explainthe report, why it is being made, and what it means. Whereverpossible, you should have this discussion in advance of/in parallelto the report being made.NO: If you believe that telling the child/parents about the reportmay result in a risk of serious harm to the child or anyone else, orof the family fleeing the country, you should not discuss it. If youare unsure or have concerns, speak to your designatedsafeguarding lead.
What else should I do?Follow standard safeguardingproceduresFollow other professional responsibilities e.g. in ahealthcare setting, you would need to respond to thephysical and psychological needs of the girl.
Failure to Report Failure to comply may be considered through existing Fitness to Practiseproceedings with your regulatorRegulators will, as with all other matters, consider professionals abilitycurrently to practise safely and take into account the circumstances of thecase.The safety of the girl or other individuals at risk of harm isparamount.
Contact details Celia Jeffreys, Head of National FGMCentre Celia.jeffreys@barnardos.org.uk Nationalfgmcentre.barnardos.org.uk Mobile - 07885249430 Office - 02084987137
female genital mutilation All regulated health and social care professionals and teachers are now required to report known cases of FGM in girls under 18 identified as part of their work to the police within 1 . This includes genital piercings and tattoos for non-medical reasons
Ritual female genital mutilation: management of women during the reproductive years Introduction The term female genital mutilation (FGM), also called female genital cutting or female circumcision, includes all procedures . modifications were incorporated in order to avoid ambiguities
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) also known as Female Genital Cutting (FGC) is a severe violation of girl‟s and women‟s human rights. Waris Dirie –Desert Flower –“Female Mutilation has no cultural, no traditional and no religious aspect. It is a crime which seeks justice.” FGM is p
Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is an umbrella term for any procedure of modification, partial or total removal or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons [1]. In 1990 the Inter-African Com-mittee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children adopted the term 'female genital mutilation'.
Female Genital Mutilation in gypt: ecent trends and projections 03 Female genital mutilation in the global development agenda FGM is a violation of human rights. Every girl and woman has the right to be protected from this harmful practice, a manifestation of entrenched gender inequality with devastating consequences. FGM is now firmly on the .
20 ‘‘(41) FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION.—The 21 terms ‘female genital mutilation’, ‘female genital 22 cutting’, ‘FGM/C’, or ‘female circumcision’ mean the 23 intentional removal or infibulation (or both) of either 24 the whole or part of the external female genitalia for 25 non-medical reasons. External female
Female genital mutilation is a violation of human rights 8 Female genital mutilation has harmful consequences 11 . modifications to accommodate concerns and shortcomings, while maintaining the .
girls and women have undergone FGM/C and more than three million girls and women are currently at risk of FGM/C. With the global population expected to rise in countries where FGM/C is concentrated, the number of women and girls at risk of FGM/C annually is expected to increase to about four million by 2050 (Shell-Duncan et al., 2016; UNICEF .
the welfarist objective assumed in modern Mirrleesian theory. In normative terms, the shift from the classical bene–t-based view to the dominant modern approach, which pursues so-called "endowment taxation," is quite substantial. Under the modern approach, an individual s income-earning ability is taken as a given, and as ability makes it .
