Design Of A Small Scale Solar Powered Water Pumping
Published by :http://www.ijert.orgInternational Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181Vol. 8 Issue 03, March-2019Design of A Small Scale Solar Powered WaterPumping SystemOdesola I.F11Reader, Mechanical Engineering Deparment,Faculty of Technology, University of Ibadan,Oyo, NigeriaAbstract - An intense irradiation by the sun on the earthcauses excessive evapotranspiration (loss of water), a factorthat is unpleasant to farmlands, livestock and remote areaswhere people reside. This unpleasant situation can be usedas an opportunity to provide enormous supply of water tothese areas.This work focuses on the design; fabrication and testing ofwater pump system powered by a solar photovoltaic (P.V)panel. Two 12V, 17AH battery was incorporated in thepump system to ensure storage and stability of powerdischarged. The system pumped water at an average of30L/min within the hours of 1pm to 4pm at an hourinterval. The pump was operated at different headsranging from 3m to 10m. The pump performed with anefficiency of 3.94% to 13.14%. The power consumptionwas fixed at 0.373kWh. The design and testing of the solarpump are presented in this work. The design can be usedin rural and semi-urban areas with a moderate populationand farms for irrigation practices where grid electricity isunavailable.Keywords: Photovoltaic panel, solar pump.1.INTRODUCTIONThe need and demand for energy in different parts of the worldis on the geometrical increase where different sources ofenergy are being harnessed to carry out work. Among all theenergy sources, solar energy is gaining popularity in differentparts of the world due to its daily availability and no pollutioneffects compared to fossil fuels. Solar energy is available inany part of the world, but the amount made available differswith respect to geographical locations, times and season [1].The solar energy available at any particular geographicallocation is a measure of the solar irradiance falling on thatlocation. Solar irradiance is the solar radiation intensity fallingon a surface and is measured in kW/m2 [2].Bright Samson22Mechanical Engineering Department,Faculty of Technology, University of IbadanOyo Nigeriatanks for storage or direct use on farmlands. Other methodsused in pumping water include the electrical pump and fuelpumps. They all have their merits and demerits compared tothe solar pump.Solar pumping system is an integration of differentcomponents which generates power from the sun and operateson direct current to drive water from a particular source over adistance to another location. Solar pumping system requiresthe use of a solar photovoltaic panel to generate electricityfrom the sun to drive a pump which sucks up water from aparticular source and discharges the water either to an overhead tank or piping within a long distance where water isneeded. This is carried out in locations where electricity isunavailable. There are other methods to pump water forconsumption and one of the best options is a photovoltaic (PV)pumping system. Solar water pumping provides a welcomealternative to fuel-burning generators for pumping water.Advantages of PV pumping systems include low operatingcost, unattended operation, low maintenance, easy installation,and long life [3]. Solar pumping systems require no fuel. Theyare quiet, pollution free, efficient, simple, reliable and requirelittle or no maintenance [4] [7]. Various facilities are availablefor automating the starting and stopping of water flow.Furthermore, solar pump can be available for small, mediumand large-scale water requirements. The small system can costlittle more than their fuel powered counterparts. Solarpumping is extremely efficient because maximum pumpingpower is available on intense sunny days when the water isneeded most [5].An intense irradiation by the sun on the earth causes excessiveevapotranspiration (loss of water), a factor that is unpleasant tofarmlands, livestock and remote areas where people reside.This intense irradiation being a menace can be used as anopportunity to provide large supply of water to the areas facingsuch crises. The use of a pump powered by a solarSolar energy is free, inexhaustible, yet harnessing it is a photovoltaic panel can be used to achieve this. This workrelatively new idea [1]. The sun is primary source of energy, focuses on the design, fabrication of a small- scale solar pump,and all form of energy on the earth is derived from it. Solar testing and comparison with the electrical and fuel pumps.energy has the greatest potential of all the sources of2.METHODOLOGYrenewable energy [7]. Many areas of design and inventionshave found the use of solar energy very efficient and The design of a small-scale solar pump begins with theenvironmentally friendly compared to other energy sources. knowledge of daily water required, the solar irradiation of theSolar energy, when converted into electrical energy, can be location, the pumping time, the total head and power requiredused to pump water from dug wells or streams to over-headIJERTV8IS030003www.ijert.org(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)471
Published by :http://www.ijert.orgInternational Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181Vol. 8 Issue 03, March-2019to drive the water by the pump from the source to its 5. Pump Selection and Associated Power Requirement.destination [9].6. Deciding pump power requirements.7. Selecting the piping system to suit the design [8].2.1 The design processes1. Calculating the water requirement.2.2 The design calculations2. Determining the solar irradiance.1.The chosen daily water required by an average3. Determining the flow rate for the pump.person: 250L – 500L per day.4. Calculating the Total Dynamic Head (TDH) for the Pump.MonthAirtemperature(0C)Table 1: The solar irradiance for Ibadan:RelativeDailysolar AtmosphericHumidityRadiationPressure retscreen.cgi?email rets%40nrcan.gc.ca&step 1&lat 7.23982&lon 3.59299&submit submit [10]2.DETERMINING THE FLOW RATE OF THEPUMP:4.PUMP SELECTION AND ASSOCIATEDPOWER REQUIREMENT:𝒍𝒕𝒓𝒔𝑸 (𝒅𝒂𝒚)Water requirement in liters per second 𝑻 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎Q A* V𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑠)𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑄(Water requirement in liters per second Q1 2504 3600 0.0174Ltrs/sQ2 Q3 3.𝑇 36004004 36005004 3600 0.0278Ltrs/s 0.0374Ltrs/sTOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD (TDH) FOR THEPUMP:The calculated TDH for the pump ranged from 10m to14m. Using the HT HS HDWhere: HS is the static head 10 -14m and 1m forHousehold usage and Irrigation respectively.HD is the dynamic head.HD from Darcy Weisbach equation:HD kV2/2g [9]Where:K – loss coefficientV – velocity of water in pipesg- acceleration due to gravity [9].IJERTV8IS030003Power required to pump the water for the flow rate andtotal head.𝑄𝜌𝑔𝐻Power P (watts) .𝑒𝑓𝑓After the power required by the pump was determined, theinput power from the motor was determined.Power of the D.C motor.P T𝜔 where T is the torque produced from the shaft of𝑟𝑎𝑑the motor. And 𝜔( ) is the angular velocity of the shaft𝑠rotation.2𝜋𝑁𝜔 where N is the shaft speed in rpm.60Static head chosen max of 30m.A power range of 15W – 80W to drive the water from thesource to the destination for an average of 4-hours of solarirradiation.Maximum output power 80W * 4hours 320Watthours.www.ijert.org(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)472
Published by :http://www.ijert.orgInternational Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181Vol. 8 Issue 03, March-2019H 5 – 30m, Vinput 220V, Iinput 2.5A, Frequency 50Hz, Shaft speed on no load 2850rpm. Input powerPinput IV 220 * 2.5 550W, Output power 0.5HP 373W.Hence pump efficiency 70%.2𝜋𝑁P T𝜔 , where 𝜔 where N is the shaft speed in rpm,60T is the shaft torque.373 60P 373W, N 2850, T 1.3. Shaft torque 2𝜋 28501.3.With an output pump power of 320W and efficiency of70%, input power for the pump 457W.2.3 DESIGN COMPONENTSFig 1: drawing of the solar pump system for domestic use.Fig 3 : The water pumpA D.C motor with a minimum output power of 457W isrequired.Fig 2: drawing of the solar pump system for irrigationTable 2 : Components of the solar pumpS/NO123456789IrrigationSolar P.V panelCharge controllerElectric motorMotor shaftCentrifugal pumpSuction pipe (P.V.C)Water source( a dam)Delivery pipe (rubber pipe)FarmlandD C MotorThe direct current (DC) motor is one of the first machinesdevised to convert electrical energy to mechanical power.A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machinesthat converts direct current electrical power intomechanical power. This DC or direct current motorworks on the principle that a current carrying conductor,placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a torque and has atendency to move.A D C motor of model, voltage- 12v, speed – 2500 rpm,current – 14 Amp and output – 250 wattDomestic supplySolar P.V panelCharge controllerElectric motorMotor shaftCentrifugal pumpSuction pipe (P.V.C)Water source( a well)Delivery pipe (P.V.C)Overhead tankFig 4: The d.c motorSolar P.V panel Charge controller D.C Motor PumpPUMP SPECIFICATIONSA pump is a machine for raising or transferring liquids orgases. A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids orgases), or sometimes slurries, by mechanical action. Thebasic purpose of the pump is to transfer fluid from a lowerlevel to a higher level.The pump model chosen for thiswork is: Italian Gold water pump QB60,Q 30 – 35ltr/minIJERTV8IS030003The Shaft CouplingThe shaft coupling is made up of steel discs of diameter80mm and thickness 10mm which transmit rotary motionand torque from the D.C motor to the pump.www.ijert.org(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)473
Published by :http://www.ijert.orgInternational Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181Vol. 8 Issue 03, March-2019The charge controller chosen for this work is a PWMcontroller.Fig 5: The shaft couplingThe BatteryElectrical storage batteries are often used in PV systems, asthe demand for energy does not always coincide with itsproduction. The electric current produced by PV panelsduring daylight hours charges the batteries, and thebatteries in turn supply power to the pump anytime water isneeded. The use of batteries spreads the pumping over alonger period of time by providing a steadyoperating voltage to the DC motor of the pump [6]. Theprimary functions of a storage battery in a PV systemincludes:energy storage capacity and autonomy, Voltage andCurrent Stabilization and Supply Surge Current.The battery used for this design based on availability is two12V 17AHour Chitex deep cycle battery to be connected inparallel.Fig 7: The PWM charge controller.The P.V PanelPhotovoltaic module: the power source for solar pumping,have no moving parts, requires no maintenance and can lastfor decades [7].The panels used for this design are two monocrystallinepanels rated at 12V, 30Watts. The panels connected inseries receive irradiation from the sun and releases voltageto the system. The panels charge the batteries.Fig 8: The Monocrystalline Solar P.V module.The CasingA steel casing with two handles made with dimension of340mm x 340mm x 460mm, houses the motor, shaft, pumpbatteries and electrical systems.Fig 6: The deep cycle batteryThe Charge controllerA solar charge controller or regulator is an essentialcomponent of every solar charging system. A chargecontroller may be used to power DC equipment with solarpanels. The charge controller provides a regulated DCoutput and stores excess energy in a battery as well arging. The main role of a controller is toprotect and automate the charging of the battery.IJERTV8IS030003Fig 9: The casing.The Electrical system.The electrical system of the design comprises the: The wirings The indicatorswww.ijert.org(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)474
Published by :http://www.ijert.orgInternational Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181Vol. 8 Issue 03, March-2019 Circuit breakers and on/off switch The terminalsFig 10: The electrical systemThe total Assembly.Fig 11: The total assembly2.4 TESTINGThe testing of the design was carried out at a well station at Fijabi Car-wash, along Ojoo/Iwo-road expressway in Ibadan withdifferent heads ranging from 3m to 10m from the depth of the well at the water level between the hours of 1pm to 4pm at anhour interval.IJERTV8IS030003www.ijert.org(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)475
Published by :http://www.ijert.orgInternational Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181Vol. 8 Issue 03, March-2019Fig 12: Testing of the design.3.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONA fixed amount of 25litres to 30litres of water were obtained per minute at all the heads and time intervals totaling about 1500Lto 1800L per hour. The output power of the system between 14Watts to 49Watts conformed to the power calculated during thedesign, a pump efficiency ranging from 4% to 13%. The solar pump consumed a constant power of 0.373kWh.The results of the amount of water pumped in liters per minute at different heads are shown in the table 3 below:Table 3: Flow rates, Output power, Efficiencies and Energy consumption of Solar org(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 6
Published by :http://www.ijert.orgInternational Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181Vol. 8 Issue 03, March-2019Power consumption of the pump was determined without the use of a panel tested at heads 3, 4 and 5m.Table 4: Output Power of pump without Panels.Head(m)Water 20.60The input power of the solar pump is 408W to drive a 373Wpowered by a 60W panel. Where:Q(m3/s) amount of water pumped.𝑄𝜌𝑔𝐻Output power P (watts) 𝑒𝑓𝑓The power consumed by the solar pump is 408W and cansuccessfully pump between 1500Ltrs to 1800Ltrsconveniently for an hour depending on the head and theirradiation from the sun.The result of the work parameters of four different fuel pump stations and three different electrical pump houses are givenbelow:Table 5: Results of work parameters of Fuel OutputEff 984200.0061478.716.040.995Table 6: Results of work parameters of electrical engines.EnginePumpingAverageOutputEff 40.435Aaron1630001119600.00083130.311.61.119A fixed amount of 25litres to 30litres of water wereobtained per minute at all the heads and time intervalstotaling to about 1500L to 1800L per hour for the solarpump. The output power of the system between 14Watts to49Watts conformed to the power calculated during theIJERTV8IS030003Energyconsumed(kWh)design, a pump efficiency ranging from 4% to 13%.Comparing the test results of the solar pump with theelectric and the diesel pump from different houses andpump stations respectively, the diesel pump gave thegreatest efficiency ranging from 6% to 17% while that ofwww.ijert.org(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)477
Published by :http://www.ijert.orgInternational Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181Vol. 8 Issue 03, March-2019electric has an efficiency ranging from 8% to 11%. Thediesel pump has the greatest energy consumption rangingfrom 0.222kWh to 3.67kWh, the electric pump consumed0.435kWh to 1.12kWh, the solar pump consumed aconstant power of 0.373kWh.Table 7: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SOLAR, ELECTRICAL AND FUEL PUMPS.SOLARELECTRICALFUELPower sourceThe all available sunGrid electricity whereLiquid fuel (diesel or petrolavailableMaintenanceLittle or no maintenanceHigh cost of maintenancedue to burnt coil fromirregularities in powersupply.Constant purchase of fueland high servicing cost.DurabilityHighly durable in yearsHighly durable in monthsEfficiencyModerately efficient between4 – 13%PerformanceAvailabilityInstallation andcostGoodNot easily availableNot easily installed, highinitial installation cost butmobile and immobileNo side defect onenvironment nor farmlandand livestock.The all available sun, highlyrenewable and inexhaustibleVery low consumption: aslow as 0.373kWhModerately durable inmonthsEfficient only with a goodpower supply between 8 –11%GoodReadily availableEasily installed, lowpurchase cost but immobile.Effect on theenvironmentRenewabilityPowerconsumption4.0 CONCLUSIONIt can be concluded that the amount of water pumped atdifferent time hours is not a function of the time nor thehead since at all heads, there is equal amount of 30L waterpumped except the 5m head with close amount of 25L.After a careful analysis of the results obtained from thetests of the solar pump, with close visual observation of theperformances of the diesel and electric pumps: the solar requires little or no maintenance whencompared with the fuel and electrical pumps. The fuel pumps have the highest efficiency andbest performance compared with the electrical and solarpumps. as its own advantage, the solar pump is thecleanest, environmentally friendly, has the least energyconsumption and has the cheapest source of energy (the all- available sun).A solar pump of equal power consumption with the dieseland electric pump will give a better output. Therefore, thesolar pump should be harnessed in farms and rural areashaving no access to national grid.IJERTV8IS030003Highly efficient between 6 –17%Non renewableVery goodNot easily availableNot easily installed, highinitial installation cost butmobile and immobile.Causes pollution both noiseand air pollution. Unpleasantfor farmlands and livestock.Non renewableHigh power consumptionranging between 0.435 –1.12kWhhighest power consumptionranging between 0.222 –3.67kWhNo side defect.REFERENCESPrudhvitej Immadi, Nidhi Desai and Akhil Manepalli, 2015, “Designing a Solar Water Pumping System”[2] Osueke C.O., Uzendu, P., Ogbonna, I.D. 2013. Study andEvaluation of Solar Energy Variation in Nigeria. InternationalJournal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering.Volume 3, Issue 6.[3] M.Abu-Aligah, 2011, “Design of Photovoltaic Water PumpingSystem and Compare it with Diesel Powered Pump”, JordanJournal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Volume 5,Number 3.[4] Balkeshwar Singh and Anil Kumar Mishra, 2015, “Utilization ofSolar Energy for Driving a Water Pumping System”. InternationalResearch Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)Volume: 02.[5] http://Savcosolarenergy.htm/water pumping system 2008.[6] B. Eker, 2005, “Solar powered water pumping systems”. Trakiajournal of sciences, vol. 3, no. 7.[7] Suhagiya Falcon, Dave Siddharth, Seju Nirav, Patel Vashishthaand Diptesh Patel, 2015, “Development of Solar Powered WaterPumping System”, International Journal for Innovative Researchin Science & Technology Volume 1.[8] Department of Agriculture, United States, 2010, “Design of SmallPhotovoltaic (PV) Solar-Powered Water Pump Systems”,Technical Note No. 28.[9] The Mathematics of Pumping Water. AECOM Design Build,Civil, Mechanical Engineering.[10] Orji, J.O., Idusuyi, N., Aliu, T.O., Petinrin, M.O., Odejobi, O.A.and Adetunji. A.R., 2008. Utilization of Solar Energy for Powergeneration in Nigeria. International Journal of EnergyEngineering. 2012, 2(2): 54-59[1]www.ijert.org(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)478
the solar pump. Solar pumping system is an integration of different components which generates power from the sun and operates on direct current to drive water from a particular source over a distance to another location. Solar pumping system requires the use of a
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