MECHANICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS - GBV

MECHANICS OFCOMPOSITE MATERIALSSECOND EDITIONROBERT M. JONESProfessor Emeritus of Engineering Science and MechanicsVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburg, Virginia, USA,24061-0219Taylor &. FrancisTaylor & Francis GroupNew York LondonTaylor & Francis is an imprint of theTaylor & Francis Croup, an informa business

CONTENTSPREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION xiiiPREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xv1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPOSITE MATERIALS11.1 INTRODUCTION11.2 THE WHAT — WHAT IS A COMPOSITE MATERIAL?1.2.1 Classification and Characteristics of Composite Materials1.2.1.1 Fibrous Composite Materials 31.2.1.2 Laminated Composite Materials 61.2.1.3 Particulate Composite Materials 81.2.1.4 Combinations of Composite Materials 101.2.2 Mechanical Behavior of Composite Materials 111.2.3 Basic Terminology ofLaminated Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials 151.2.3.1 Laminae 151.2.3.2 Laminates 171.2.4 Manufacture ofLaminated Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials 181.2.4.1 Initial Form of Constituent Materials 181.2.4.2 Layup 191.2.4.3 Curing 231.3 THE WHY — CURRENT AND POTENTIAL ADVANTAGESOF FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS1.3.1 Strength and Stiffness Advantages 271.3.2 Cost Advantages 311.3.3 Weight Advantages 361.4 THE HOW — APPLICATIONS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS1.4.1 Introduction 371.4.2 Military Aircraft 381.4.2.1 General Dynamics F-111 Wing-Pivot Fitting 381.4.2.2 Vought A-7 Speedbrake 401.4.2.3 VoughtS-3A Spoiler 421.4.2.4 Boeing F-18 431.4.2.5 Boeing AV-8B Harrier 441.4.2.6 Grumman X-29A 451.4.2.7 Northrop Grumman B-2 451.4.2.8 Lockheed Martin F-22 461.4.3 Civil Aircraft 471.4.3.1 Lockheed L-1011 Vertical Fin 471.4.3.2 Rutan Voyager 481.4.3.3 Boeing 777 491.4.3.4 High-Speed Civil Transport 491.4.4 Space Applications 501.4.5 Automotive Applications 50222637

viContents1.4.6 Commercial Applications521.5 SUMMARY52Problem Set 1 53REFERENCES532 MACROMECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF A LAMINA2.1 INTRODUCTION55552.2 STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS FOR ANISOTROPIC MATERIALS. 562.3 STIFFNESSES, COMPLIANCES, ANDENGINEERING CONSTANTS FOR ORTHOTROPIC MATERIALS. 632.4 RESTRICTIONS ON ENGINEERING CONSTANTS672.4.1 Isotropic Materials 672.4.2 Orthotropic Materials 68Problem Set 2.4 702.5 STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS FOR PLANE STRESSIN AN ORTHOTROPIC MATERIAL2.6 STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS FORA LAMINA OF ARBITRARY ORIENTATIONProblem Set 2.6 842.7 INVARIANT PROPERTIES OF AN ORTHOTROPIC LAMINAProblem Set 2.7 872.8 STRENGTHS OF AN ORTHOTROPIC LAMINA2.8.1 Strength Concepts 882.8.2 Experimental Determination of Strength and Stiffness2.8.3 Summary of Mechanical Properties 100Problem Set 2.8 10270748588912.9 BIAXIAL STRENGTH CRITERIA FOR AN ORTHOTROPIC LAMINA 1022.9.1 Maximum Stress Failure Criterion 1062.9.2 Maximum Strain Failure Criterion 1072.9.3 Tsai-Hill Failure Criterion 1092.9.4 Hoffman Failure Criterion 1122.9.5 Tsai-Wu Tensor Failure Criterion 1142.9.6 Summary of Failure Criteria 118Problem Set 2.9 1182.10 SUMMARYREFERENCES1181193 MICROMECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF A LAMINA1213.1 INTRODUCTION1213.2 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS APPROACH TO STIFFNESS1263.2.13.2.23.2.33.2.43.2.5Determination of E 1 127Determination of E 2 129Determination of v 1 2 132Determination of G 1 2 133Summary Remarks 135

Contents viiProblem Set 3.21353.3 ELASTICITY APPROACH TO STIFFNESS3.3.1 Introduction 1373.3.2 Bounding Techniques of Elasticity 1373.3.3 Exact Solutions 1453.3.4 Elasticity Solutions with Contiguity 1473.3.5 The Halpin-Tsai Equations 1513.3.6 Summary Remarks 157Problem Set 3.3 1581373.4 COMPARISON OF APPROACHES TO STIFFNESS3.4.1 Particulate Composite Materials 1583.4.2 Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials 1603.4.3 Summary Remarks 1631583.5 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS APPROACH TO STRENGTH3.5.1 Introduction 1633.5.2 Tensile Strength in the Fiber Direction 1643.5.3 Compressive Strength in the Fiber Direction 171Problem Set 3.5 1843.6 SUMMARY REMARKS ON MICROMECHANICSREFERENCES 1851634 MACROMECHANICA

COMPOSITE MATERIALS SECOND EDITION ROBERT M. JONES . 3.5 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS APPROACH TO STRENGTH 163 3.5.1 Introduction 163 3.5.2 Tensile Strength in the Fiber Direction 164 . 6.5.2 Application of Fracture Mechanics to Composite Materials 343 6.6 TRANSVERSE SHEAR EFFECTS 345