A COMPANION TO THE REFORMATION WORLD

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A Companion to the Reformation World

BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO EUROPEAN HISTORYThis series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of the scholarship that has shaped ourcurrent understanding of the past. Defined by theme, period, and/or region, each volume comprises upto forty concise essays written by individual scholars within their area of specialization. The aim of eachcontribution is to synthesize the current state of scholarship from a variety of historical perspectives andto provide a statement on where the field is heading. The essays are written in a clear, provocative, andlively manner, designed for an international audience of scholars, students, and general readers.The Blackwell Companions to European History is a cornerstone of Blackwell’s overarching Companionsto History series, covering European, American, and World History.PublishedA Companion to the Worlds of the RenaissanceEdited by Guido RuggieroA Companion to the Reformation WorldEdited by R. Po-chia HsiaIn preparationA Companion to Europe since 1945Edited by Klaus LarresA Companion to Europe 1900–1945Edited by Gordon MartelBLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO HISTORYPublishedA Companion to Western Historical ThoughtEdited by Lloyd Kramer and Sarah MazaA Companion to Gender HistoryEdited by Teresa A. Meade and MerryE. Wiesner-HanksBLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO BRITISH HISTORYPublishedA Companion to Roman BritainEdited by Malcolm ToddA Companion to Eighteenth-Century BritainEdited by H. T. DickinsonA Companion to Britain in the Later Middle AgesEdited by S. H. RigbyA Companion to Early Twentieth-Century BritainEdited by Chris WrigleyA Companion to Stuart BritainEdited by Barry CowardIn preparationA Companion to Britain in the Early Middle AgesEdited by Pauline StaffordA Companion to Nineteenth-Century BritainEdited by Chris WilliamsA Companion to Tudor BritainEdited by Robert Tittler and Norman JonesA Companion to Contemporary BritainEdited by Paul Addison and Harriet JonesBLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO AMERICAN HISTORYPublishedA Companion to the American RevolutionEdited by Jack P. Greene and J. R. PoleA Companion to the Vietnam WarEdited by Marilyn B. Young and Robert BuzzancoA Companion to 19th-Century AmericaEdited by William L. BarneyA Companion to Colonial AmericaEdited by Daniel VickersA Companion to the American SouthEdited by John B. BolesA Companion to American Foreign RelationsEdited by Robert D. SchulzingerA Companion to American Indian HistoryEdited by Philip J. Deloria and Neal SalisburyA Companion to 20th-Century AmericaEdited by Stephen J. WhitfieldA Companion to American Women’s HistoryEdited by Nancy A. HewittA Companion to the American WestEdited by William DeverellA Companion to Post-1945 AmericaEdited by Jean-Christophe Agnew andRoy RosenzweigBLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO WORLD HISTORYIn preparationA Companion to the History of the Middle EastEdited by Youssef M. Choueiri

A COMPANION TO THEREFORMATION WORLDEdited byR. Po-chia Hsia

2004 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, AustraliaThe right of R. Po-chia Hsia to be identified as the Author of the Editorial Material in this Work hasbeen asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording orotherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the priorpermission of the publisher.First published 2004 by Blackwell Publishing LtdLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataA companion to the reformation world / edited by R. Po-chia Hsia.p. cm. – (Blackwell companions to European history)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-631-22017-8 (alk. paper)1. Reformation. I. Hsia, R. Po-chia, 1953– II. Series.BR309.C62 2003270.6–dc212002156493A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library.Set in 10 on 12 pt Galliardby SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong KongPrinted and bound in the United Kingdomby TJ International, Padstow, CornwallFor further information onBlackwell Publishing, visit our website:http://www.blackwellpublishing.com

ContentsList of ContributorsviiiIntroduction: The Reformation and its WorldsR. Po-chia Hsiaxiiart I Onn the Evve of the ReeformationPa1 Dissent and HeresyEuan Cameron2 Society and PietyLarissa Taylor322art II Thhe Reeformation in the Hooly Rooman EmmpirePa3 Martin Luther and the German NationRobert Kolb394 The Peasants’ WarTom Scott565 Radical Religiosity in the German ReformationHans-Jürgen Goertz706 The Reformation in German-Speaking SwitzerlandKaspar von Greyerz86art III Thhe Euuropean ReeformationPa7 Calvin and GenevaRobert M. Kingdon1058 Reform in the Low CountriesJoke Spaans118

vicontents9 The Reformation in England to 1603Christopher Haigh13510 The Religious Wars in FranceBarbara B. Diefendorf15011 The Italian ReformationMassimo Firpo16912 The Reformation in Bohemia and PolandJames R. Palmitessa18513 Old and New Faith in Hungary, Turkish Hungary, and TransylvaniaIstván György Tóth205art IV Caatholic Reenewal and Coonfessional SttrugglesPa14 The Society of JesusJohn O’Malley22315 Female Religious OrdersAmy E. Leonard23716 The InquisitionWilliam Monter25517 The Thirty Years’ WarJohannes Burkhardt27218 Spain and PortugalJosé Pedro Paiva29119 Parish Communities, Civil War, and Religious Conflict in EnglandDan Beaver311art V Chhristian Euurope and the WoorldPa20 Religion and the Church in Early Latin AmericaKevin Terraciano33521 Compromise: IndiaInes G. Županov35322 Promise: ChinaR. Po-chia Hsia37523 A Mission Interrupted: JapanMichael Cooper393art VI Sttructures of the Reeformation WoorldPa24 The New ParishBruce Gordon411

contentsvii25 Making PeaceOlivier Christin42626 Magic and WitchcraftJames A. Sharpe44027 Martyrs and SaintsBrad S. Gregory45528 Jews in a Divided ChristendomMiriam Bodian47129 Coexistence, Conflict, and the Practice of TolerationBenjamin J. Kaplan486Bibliography506Index553

List of ContributorsDan Beaver is Associate Professor of Historyat the Pennsylvania State University. Heis the author of Parish Communities andReligious Conflict in the Vale of Gloucester,1590–1690, and is currently working onhunting and the cultural history of violencein early modern England.Miriam Bodian is Associate Professor ofHistory and Jewish Studies at PennsylvaniaState University. Her work has dealt withearly modern Sephardic Jewry and, moregenerally, the history of Jewish–Christianrelations. Her publications include Hebrewsof the Portuguese Nation: Conversos andCommunity in Early Modern Amsterdam(1997) and “In the Cross-Currents of theReformation: Crypto-Jewish Martyrs of theInquisition, 1570–1670,” Past and Present,176 (November, 2002).Johannes Burkhardt is Professor of Historyat the University of Augsburg, Germany,and Director of the Fugger-Archiv. Hehas published on diplomatic, economic,and political history. Recent books includeDer Dreißigjährige Krieg (1992) andDas Reformationsjahrhundert: DeutscheGeschichte zwischen Medienrevolution undInstitutionenbildung 1517–1617 (2002).Euan Cameron is the Henry Luce III Professor of Reformation Church History atUnion Theological Seminary in New YorkCity, and is also a Professor in the Department of Religion at Columbia University.He is the author of The European Reformation (1991). He has also writtenWaldenses: Rejections of Holy Church inMedieval Europe (2000) and both editedand contributed to Early Modern Europe:An Oxford History (1999; paperbackedition 2001).Olivier Christin is Professor of ModernHistory at the University of Lyon-2 andmember of the Institut Universitaire deFrance. He has published several studies onart and the Reformation (Une révolutionsymbolique: L’iconoclasme huguenot et lareconstruction catholique, 1991; Les Yeuxpour le croire: Les Dix commandements enimages (XVe–XVIIe siècles), 2003; and,with François Boespflug, Johannes Molanustraité des saintes images, 1996) and on thesearch for compromise and secular peacebetween denominations in sixteenthcentury France and Germany (La Paix dereligion: L’autonomisation de la raison politique au XVIe siècle, 1997).After entering the Society of Jesus in London,Michael Cooper worked at Sophia University, Tokyo, where he edited the academic quarterly Monumenta Nipponica for26 years. In 1999 he retired to Honolulu,where he continues research on Jesuit activity in sixteenth-century Japan. He obtainedhis doctorate at Oxford University with athesis on João Rodrigues (d. 1633), aPortuguese Jesuit who worked in both

list of contributorsJapan and China. Among Cooper’s published works are They Came to Japan (1965,1995), Rodrigues the Interpreter (1974),and João Rodrigues’s Account of SixteenthCentury Japan (2001). He is at presentwriting a book on the Japanese mission toEurope in the 1580s.Barbara B. Diefendorf is Professor ofHistory at Boston University. She is theauthor of Paris City Councillors in the Sixteenth Century: The Politics of Patrimony(1983) and Beneath the Cross: Catholicsand Huguenots in Sixteenth-Century Paris(1991). Her recently completed study ofpious women and the Catholic Reformation in France will be published by Oxford.Massimo Firpo is Professor of ModernHistory at the University of Turin. Hismost recent books concerning the religiouscrisis in sixteenth-century Italy are Riformaprotestante ed eresie nell’Italia del Cinquecento: Un profilo storico (1993), Gli affreschi di Pontormo a San Lorenzo: Eresia,politica e cultura nella Firenze di Cosimo I(1997), Dal sacco di Roma all’Inquisizione:Studi su Juan de Valdés e la Riforma italiana (1998), Artisti, gioiellieri, eretici: Ilmondo di Lorenzo Lotto tra Riforma eControriforma (2001), and Studi sulla vitareligiosa nel Cinquecento italiano (2003).Hans-Jürgen Goertz is Professor of Socialand Economic History at the Universityof Hamburg. He is the author of manystudies on the radical Reformation inGermany. Recent books include ThomasMüntzer: Apocalyptic Mystic and Visionary(1993), Antiklerikalismus und Reformation: Sozialgeschichtliche Untersuchungen (1995), and Anabaptists (1996).Bruce Gordon is Reader in Modern Historyand Deputy Director of the ReformationStudies Institute at the University of St.Andrews. He has recently published (withPeter Marshall) The Place of the Dead:Death and Remembrance in Late Medievaland Early Modern Europe (2000) and atranslation of Hans Guggisberg, SebastianCastellio, Humanist and Defender ofReligious Toleration in a Confessional Age(2003). His most recent book is The SwissReformation (2002).ixBrad S. Gregory is Associate Professor ofHistory at Stanford University. His firstbook, Salvation at Stake: Christian Martyrdom in Early Modern Europe, was published in 1999 and received six bookawards. He is also the editor of The Forgotten Writings of the Mennonite Martyrs,published in 2002.Kaspar von Greyerz is Professor of Historyat the University of Basel. His books include Late City Reformation in Germany:The Case of Colmar, 1522–1628 (1980),England im Jahrhundert der Revolutionen1603–1714 (1994), and Religion undKultur: Europa 1500–1800 (2000).Christopher Haigh teaches history at theUniversity of Oxford. His major publications include The Reign of Elizabeth I(1984), The English Reformation Revised(1987), Elizabeth I (1988, 2nd ed. 1998),and English Reformations: Religion, Politicsand Society under the Tudors (1993). He isnow writing on the official church and itsparishioners in post-Reformation England.R. Po-chia Hsia is Edwin Erle Sparks Professor of History at Pennsylvania State University. He has published several bookson Reformation Germany and the historyof anti-Semitism. Recent books includeThe World of Catholic Renewal 1540–1770 (1998), translated into German andItalian. He is now working on the relationsbetween Catholic Europe and Chinabetween the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. He is an elected member of theAcademia Sinica, Taiwan.Benjamin J. Kaplan is Professor of DutchHistory at University College London, andhe holds an appointment in early modernreligious history at the University ofAmsterdam. His publications includeCalvinists and Libertines: Confession andCommunity in Utrecht, 1578–1620, whichreceived the Philip Schaff Prize and theRoland Bainton Prize in History andTheology. Kaplan’s current book project,titled Divided by Faith, is a social history ofreligious toleration in early modern Europe.Robert M. Kingdon is Professor Emeritusof History at the University of WisconsinMadison. He has been involved in a

xlist of contributorsnumber of editions of documents of theReformation period, most recently of theRegistres du Consistoire de Genève au tempsde Calvin, vols. 1 and 2 (1996, 2001), withT. A. Lambert, I. M. Watt, and M. W.McDonald. He has also written a numberof books and articles on aspects of thehistory of the Calvinist Reformation, including Myths about the St. Bartholomew’sDay Massacres, 1572–1576 (1988) andAdultery and Divorce in Calvin’s Geneva(1995).Robert Kolb is Missions Professor of Systematic Theology, Concordia Seminary,Saint Louis, Missouri, and was associateeditor and editor of The Sixteenth CenturyJournal (1973–94, 1994–7). He is theauthor of Martin Luther as Prophet,Teacher, and Hero: Images of the Reformer,1520–1620 (1999), Luther’s Heirs DefineHis Legacy: Studies on Lutheran Confessionalization (1996), and co-editor, withTimothy J. Wengert, of The Book ofConcord: The Confessions of the EvangelicalLutheran Church (2000).Amy E. Leonard received her PhD in historyfrom the University of California atBerkeley in 1999. She is Assistant Professorof History at Georgetown University,Washington, DC, and President of theSociety for Early Modern Catholic Studies.She has just completed a manuscript onDominican nuns in Strasbourg, titled“Nails in the Wall: Catholic Nuns inReformation Strasbourg.”William Monter is Professor Emeritus ofHistory at Northwestern. Among recentpublications are “The Fate of the Frenchand English Reformations, 1555–1563,”Bibliothèque d’Humanisme et Renaissance,64 (2002), 7–19; “The Roman Inquisitionand Protestant Heresy Executions in16th-Century Europe,” in Atti del Simposio internazionale sull’Inquisizione (29–31ottobre 1998), ed. Agostino Borromeo(2003), pp. 535–44; and “Witch-Trials inContinental Europe, 1560–1660,” in S.Clark and B. Ankarloo, eds., The AthloneHistory of Witchcraft, vol. 5 (2002), pp.1–79.John W. O’Malley is Professor of ChurchHistory, Weston Jesuit School of Theology,Cambridge, MA. He is a Fellow of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciencesand member of the American PhilosophicalSociety; past president of the AmericanCatholic Historical Association and of theRenaissance Society of America; author ofPraise and Blame in Renaissance Rome, TheFirst Jesuits, Trent and All That; and coeditor of The Jesuits: Cultures, Sciences, andthe Arts, 1540–1773.José Pedro Paiva studied for his PhD at theEuropean University Institute (Florence)and is Professor Auxiliar at the Faculty ofArts of the University of Coimbra. Hismain research fields are popular culture andreligious and ecclesiastical history duringthe modern age. His publications includeBruxaria e superstição num país sem caça àsbruxas: 1600–1774 (1997) and five chaptersin the more recent religious history ofPortugal, História Religiosa de Portuga,ed. Carlos Moreira Azevedo (2000), vol. 2.He also edited Religious Ceremonialsand Images: Power and Social Meaning(1400–1750) (2002).James R. Palmitessa is Associate Professorat Western Michigan State University. Heis the author of Material Culture and DailyLife in the New City of Prague in the Age ofRudolf II (1997) and “The Prague Uprising of 1611: Property, Politics and CatholicRenewal in the Early Years of HabsburgRule,” Central European History, 31/4(1998). He is working on a book onPrague on the eve of the Thirty Years’ War.Tom Scott is Reader in History at the University of Liverpool and received his LittDfrom the University of Cambridge (2002).Relevant publications include Freiburg andthe Breisgau: Town–Country Relations inthe Age of Reformation and Peasants’ War(1986); Thomas Muentzer: Theology andRevolution in the German Reformation(1989); (ed. with Bob Scribner), TheGerman Peasants’ War: A History inDocuments (1991); Regional Identity andEconomic Change: The Upper Rhine,1450–1600 (1997); (ed.), The Peasantries

list of contributorsof Europe from the Fourteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries (1998); and Society andEconomy in Germany, 1300–1600 (2002).James A. Sharpe is a Professor at the University of York, England. His early researches were into the field of crime inearly modern England, a subject on whichhe published extensively. More recently hehas turned his attention to witchcraft, andhas a number of publications on thesubject, notably Instruments of Darkness:Witchcraft in England 1550–1750 (1996).Current research interests include the history of violence in England and the legalsystem of the early modern Isle of Man.Joke Spaans teaches the history of Christianity at the University of Amsterdam. She isthe author and editor of the followingbooks: Een golf van beroering: De omstredenopwekking in de Republiek in het middenvan de achttiende eeuw (2001); Armenzorgin Friesland, 1500–1800. Publieke zorg enparticuliere liefdadigheid in zes Friesesteden: Leeuwarden, Bolsward, Franeker,Sneek, Dokkum en Harlingen (1998);and Haarlem na de Reformatie: Stedelijkecultuur en kerkelijk leven 1577–1620(1989).Larissa Taylor is Associate Professor ofHistory at Colby College. She is the authorof Soldiers of Christ: Preaching in LateMedieval and Reformation France (1992;paperback edition 2003), winner of the JohnNicholas Brown Prize of the MediaevalAcademy of America, as well as Heresy andOrthodoxy in Sixteenth-Century Paris(1999) and Preachers and People in theReformations and Early Modern Period(2001). A specialist in late medieval preaching, her current research focuses on pilgrimage and sacred space.Kevin Terraciano is an Associate Professor ofLatin American History at the University ofCalifornia, Los Angeles. His recent book,xiThe Mixtecs of Colonial Oaxaca, was published in 2001. Other recent publicationsinclude “Crime and Culture in ColonialMexico: The Case of the Mixtec MurderNote,” Ethnohistory, 45/4 (1998) and“The Colonial Mixtec Community,” Hispanic American Historical Review, 80/1(2000). In 2001, he won the UCLA Distinguished Teaching Award.István György Tóth is Professor of History at the Central European University,Budapest, and Head of the Early ModernHistory Department at the Institute ofHistory of the Hungarian Academy. Hismain interests are the social and culturalhistory of early modern central Europe.Recent publications include Literacyand Written Culture in Early ModernCentral Europe (1999), “Hungarian Cultural History in the Early Modern Age,” inLaszlo Kosa, ed., A Cultural History ofHungary (1999), Litterae missionariorumde Hungaria et Transylvania 1572–1717(2002, Latin texts with English introduction). He is editor-in-chief of the Millennium History of Hungary (2001, inHungarian; English edition in preparation).Ines G. Županov is a Research Fellow at theCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique in Paris. She has taught earlymodern history at the University ofCalifornia at Berkeley, at Jawaharlal NehruUniversity in New Delhi, and at the Écoledes Hautes Études en Sciences Socialesin Paris. She is author of Disputed Mission:Jesuit Experiments and BrahmanicalKnowledge in Seventeenth-Century India(1999). Her articles in English, French,Portuguese, Italian, and Croatian arepublished in edited books and journals(Annales, Representations, Etnosistemi,Studies in History, Indian Economic andSocial History Journal, Archives de sciencessociales des religions, etc.).

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The Blackwell Companions to European Historyis a cornerstone of Blackwell’s . A Companion to the Worlds of the Renaissance A Companion to the Reformation World Edited by Guido Ruggiero Edited by R. Po-chia Hsia In preparation A Companion to Europe since 1945 A Companion to Europe 1900–1945 . Hans-Jürgen Goertzis Professor of Social and .

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