THE STATE OF GENDER EQUALITY IN RWANDA
THE STATE OF GENDEREQUALITY IN RWANDAFROM TRANSITIONTO TRANSFORMATIONGENDER MONITORING OFFICEMARCH 2019www.gmo.gov.rw
THE STATE OF GENDEREQUALITY IN RWANDAFROM TRANSITIONTO TRANSFORMATIONSupported byGENDER MONITORING OFFICEMARCH 2019
Women and men are equal in terms of abilityand dignity, and they should also be equal interms of opportunities. As Rwandans, as a globalcommunity, we need every member of our societyto use his or her talents to the fullest if we areever to reach our development goals.His Excellency Paul KAGAME,The President of the Republic of Rwanda.
THE STATE OF GENDER EQUALITY IN RWANDACONTENT1. ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS2. INTRODUCTION3. LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK79104. THE STATE OF GENDER EQUALITY IN THE NATIONALSTRATEGY FOR TRANSFORMATION (NST1) PILLARS 124.1. PILLAR ONE: GENDER EQUALITY IN ECONOMICTRANSFORMATION134.1.1. AGRICULTURE164.1.2. EMPLOYMENT, ENTREPRENEURSHIP ANDBUSINESS DEVELOPMENT214.1.3. ACCESS TO FINANCE254.1.4. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY (ICT)274.2. PILLAR TWO: GENDER EQUALITY IN SOCIALTRANSFORMATION314.2.1. EDUCATION344.2.2. HEALTH414.2.3. SOCIAL PROTECTION454.2.4. WATER AND SANITATION484.2.5. ENERGY505
THE STATE OF GENDER EQUALITY IN RWANDA4.3. PILLAR THREE: GENDER EQUALITY INTRANSFORMATIONAL GOVERNANCE534.3.1. REPRESENTATION OF MEN AND WOMEN IN PUBLIC DECISIONMAKING INSTITUTIONS564.3.2. MEN AND WOMEN REPRESENTATION IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR 624.3.3. MEN AND WOMEN REPRESENTATION IN MEDIA SECTOR654.3.4. GBV SERVICE DELIVERY665. STRATEGIC RECOMMENDATIONS686
THE STATE OF GENDER EQUALITY IN RWANDA1. ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSBNRNational Bank of RwandaEDPRSEconomic Development and Poverty Reduction StrategyEICVIntegrated Household Living Conditions SurveyFFSFarmer Field SchoolFHHsFemale Headed HouseholdsFSDPFinancial Sector Development ProgramGBSGender Budget StatementGBVGender Based ViolenceGMOGender Monitoring OfficeGoRGovernment of RwandaGRBGender Responsive BudgetingHECHigher Education CouncilHHsHouseholdsHMISHealth Management Information SystemICTInformation and Communications TechnologyIOSCsIsange One Stop CentresLFSLabour Force SurveyLPGLiquefied Petroleum GasLTSSLong Term Saving SchemeMHHsMale Headed HouseholdsMIFOTRAMinistry of Public Service and Labour7
THE STATE OF GENDER EQUALITY IN RWANDAMINAGRIMinistry of Agriculture and Animal ResourcesMINALOCMinistry of Local GovernmentMINIJUSTMinistry of JusticeNISRNational Institute of Statistics of RwandaNSTNational Strategy for TransformationPSFPrivate Sector FederationPSTAStrategic Plan for the Transformation of Agriculture inRwandaRABRwanda Agriculture BoardRDHSRwanda Demographic and Health SurveyRIBRwanda Investigation BureauRMCRwanda Media CommissionRSSBRwanda Social Security BoardTVETTechnical and Vocational Education and TrainingUNDPUnited Nations Development ProgrammeVUPVision 2020 Umurenge Program8
THE STATE OF GENDER EQUALITY IN RWANDA2. INTRODUCTIONThe Government of Rwanda (GoR) embarked on a development agendaaimed at “transforming Rwanda into a middle-income country, aneconomic trade and communications hub”. Rwanda’s Vision 2050 hasa target for Rwanda to become an upper middle-income country by2035 and a high-income country by 2050. Both the Vision 2020 and theforthcoming Vision 2050 highlight Gender and Family Promotion as oneof the crosscutting areas.Within these frameworks, a strong and solid stage for gender equality andwomen’s empowerment was set for women and men of Rwanda to realizetheir rights, potentials, aspirations and be full partners and beneficiariesin the Country’s development. From transition to transformation, it isvisible that Gender Equality and the empowerment of women in Rwandais not a myth but an achievable goal in the journey of transformation.The highlighted achievements within this booklet have been possiblethanks to the strong political will and commitment to promote genderequality and the empowerment of women by the country’s top leadership.To track and document progress made, a country report on the state ofgender equality in Rwanda covering both transitional and transformationalperiods have been developed. Key indicators were selected per NationalStrategy for Transformation (NST) pillars to inform the current summarizedand user-friendly version with registered achievements, gender gaps andstrategic recommendations to guide policy makers and all concernedactors to further position and promote gender accountability in all sectors.The Gender Monitoring Office (GMO) commits to continue tracking,documenting and updating gender data across NST pillars to furtherguide enhanced accountability to gender equality and empowerment ofwomen. GMO appreciates the contribution of key national stakeholdersand development partners who played a significant role in making thispublication possible.9
THE STATE OF GENDER EQUALITY IN RWANDA3. LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORKA legal and conducive policy environment in Rwanda has greatly contributed tothe realization of gender equality and empowerment of women across differentsectors. The following are among the selected ones: The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda of 2003 revised in 2015:Enshrines the principles of gender equality and women’s rights andprovides for the minimum 30% quota for women in all decision-makingorgans. Rwanda Vision 2020: Considers gender equality as a cross-cutting issueand commits to establish a gender friendly legal and policy framework.This further informed the cross cutting nature of gender equality andfamily promotion in EDPRS II and Seven-year Government Programme(2010-2017) and the current National Strategy for Transformation (20172024). National Gender Policy 2010: The policy envisages to set the Rwandansociety free from all forms of gender based discrimination and createan environment where both men and women equally contribute to andbenefit from the national development goals. Sector Gender Mainstreaming Strategies: In line with the aspirationsof the National Gender Policy, different sectors including but not limitedto Private Sector, Infrastructure, Agriculture, and Employment havedeveloped gender mainstreaming strategies to guide their strategicinterventions on the promotion of gender equality and empowerment ofwomen. Girls’ Education Policy 2008: The overall objective of the Girls’Education Policy is to guide and promote sustainable actions aimedat the progressive elimination of gender disparities in education andtraining as well as in management structures. National Policy against Gender Based Violence 2011: The overallobjective of the policy is to progressively eliminate gender-basedviolence through the development of a preventive, protective, supportiveand transformative environment.10
THE STATE OF GENDER EQUALITY IN RWANDA National Decentralization Policy 2012: The National Decentralizationpolicy underlines the commitment of the Rwandan government toempower its people to determine their destiny. It further considersgender equality and social inclusiveness among the policy fundamentalprinciples. The Health Sector Policy 2015: The policy envisages ‘people-centeredservices’ as one of its guiding principles and values, focusing on “thewell-being of individuals and communities”, with special attention towomen and children. Strategic Plan for Agriculture Transformation 2018 - 2024 (PSTAIV): The plan provides that intensification and commercialization ofRwandan agricultural sector will be essential to reduce poverty anddrive growth. Additionally, strategies to address key gender issues withinthe sector were outlined by the plan. Organic Law N 12/2013/OL of 12/09/2013 on State Finances andProperty: For gender commitments to be realized a gender responsiveplanning and budgeting programme (GRB) was adopted by theGovernment of Rwanda. The implementation of the programme wasfurther reinforced by a law that stepped up accountability on financingfor gender equality, providing mandatory gender responsive planningand reporting through Gender Budget Statements (GBS). Law N 43/2013 OF 16/06/2013 Governing Land in Rwanda: The sameas inheritance, Land reform in Rwanda supported women and men tohave equal rights and enjoyment over their land properties. From this,both men and women have land titles registered on their names andthis have facilitated especially women to access loans from financialinstitutions and engage in income generating activities. Law Nº27/2016 of 08/07/2016 Governing Matrimonial Regimes,Donations and Successions : In 1999, a gender revolution especiallyin terms of equal accessibility to and management of family patrimonywas realized through the law on matrimonial regimes, donations andsuccessions which was later revised in 2016. The law provides that bothboys and girls have the same rights to inherit properties from theirparents.11
THE STATE OF GENDER EQUALITY IN RWANDA4. THE STATE OF GENDER EQUALITYIN THE NATIONAL STRATEGY FORTRANSFORMATION (NST1) SFORMATIONTRANSFORMATIONALGOVERNANCE12
THE STATE OF GENDER EQUALITY IN RWANDAPILLAR ONEGENDER EQUALITYIN ECONOMICTRANSFORMATIONINTRODUCTIONRwanda has made great efforts to promote economic inclusivenesswith special focus on traditionally excluded groups including women.This section presents key selected indicators to highlight progress andprevailing gender gaps in Agriculture, Access to Finance, Employment,entrepreneurship and business plus Information and CommunicationsTechnology sectors that need attention to accelerate inclusive economicdevelopment.13
THE STATE OF GENDER EQUALITY IN RWANDA4INFORMATION ANDCOMMUNICATIONSTECHNOLOGY (ICT) ICT Financial Services Mobile Money Transfers doneby Men and Women Men and women Attendancein ICT and Related Courses Men and Women Graduated inICT and Related Courses Men and Women Using OpenDistance and E-LearningACCESSTO FINANCE14 Gender Equality and Access toFinance Percentage of Population whoSave, Disaggregated by Sex andType of SavingGENDEREQUALITYIN ECONOMICTRANSFORMATION3
THE STATE OF GENDER EQUALITY IN RWANDA1AGRICULTUREINDICATORS2 Men and Women Land Ownership Farmer Field School (FFS) MasterTrainers, Facilitators and TrainedFarmers Employment in Agriculture,Industry and Services Men and Women Access toAgricultural Loans Decision making in the use ofAgriculture Output and Participation in MarketsEMPLOYMENT,ENTREPRENEURSHIP ANDBUSINESS DEVELOPMENT Men and Women in Labour ForceParticipation Positions Occupied by Women andMen in Labour Market Percentage of Employed Persons byEconomic Activity15
THE STATE OF GENDER EQUALITY IN RWANDA4.1. GENDER EQUALITY IN ECONOMICTRANSFORMATION4.1.1. AGRICULTUREWomen are key players in the Rwandan agricultural economy, producingfood both for their families and the market. Therefore all interventionsshould be gender-responsive to tackle the gender issues in general andwomen farmers‘ issues in particular to reach sustainable results.4.1.1.1. Men and Women Land 3%14%20100Only byWomenOnly byMenMarriedCouplesSource: RNRA, Administrative Data, 2019Land is the main asset for production and investment. Land ownership hasbeen very instrumental in contributing to women's access to finance.Women’s access to land tremendously contributed to their control overproductive resources and access to loans using land titles as collaterals.For example, land contributed to 38% of women’s access to credit.16
THE STATE OF GENDER EQUALITY IN RWANDA4.1.1.2. Farmer Field School (FFS) Master Trainers,Facilitators and Trained FarmersNumberFarmer FieldSchool MasterTrainersFarmerField e: RAB Administrative data, 2014Participation of Women in Proximity Extension services has variousadvantages: Increased participation in various agriculture programs asbeneficiariesChange of mindset that men are the only decision-makers as toland use and farming systemsMore access to new knowledge, technologies, and agriculturalinformationIncreased productivity and yield for women owned farmsWith the highest percentage of women engaged in farming activities, thereis need to increase their engagement in extension services.17
THE STATE OF GENDER EQUALITY IN RWANDA4.1.1.3. Employment in Agriculture, Industry and ServicesAGRICULTURE (%)39.5INDUSTRY (%)18.8SERVICE (%)41.72018Source: Source: NISR, Labour Force Survey 2018Agriculture sector follows the services sector in providing most of theemployment opportunities for both men and women. However, there isa large gender gap in employment in the agriculture sector with womenoccupying mostly informal jobs. There are fewer women professionalsand other staff in agricultural institutions and this has implications for theoverall transformation of agriculture, especially the capacity to addressissues in a gender-responsive manner.18
THE STATE OF GENDER EQUALITY IN RWANDA4.1.1.4. Men and Women Access to Agricultural 4FemaleSource: BNR, Financial Stability Directorate, Administrative Data, 2016Agricultural credit facilitates an increase in resources available foragriculture along its value chains and improves or creates alternativeemployment opportunities for women and men along the production andsupply chains. However, Agriculture credit remains limited in general dueto the fact that the sector remains very dependent on weather patterns.Investing in climate change management and introducing gender-friendlymechanisms will help both men and women to sustain their incomesthrough agriculture. There is also need to devise special measures toencourage more women to apply for agricultural loans.19
THE STATE OF GENDER EQUALITY IN RWANDA4.1.1.5. Agriculture Cooperatives Membership 55.743.22011Male5844.32012422015FemaleSource: RCA, Administrative Data, 2016When it comes to membership in agriculture cooperatives, the number ofwomen is low compared to that of men. This is mainly attributed to thedistribution of family responsibilities which leave women with limited timeto participate in other development initiatives.20
THE STATE OF GENDER EQUALITY IN RWANDA4.1.2. EMPLOYMENT, ENTREPRENEURSHIP ANDBUSINESS DEVELOPMENTAccess to employment and especially to decent and productive jobs bymen and women in various sectors is critical for economic empowerment.The current Labour Force Survey (LFS) shows that the overall labour forceparticipation stands at 52.9 percent with women’s participation at 44.4%against 62.5% for men.4.1.2.1. Men and Women in Labour Force ParticipationLabour ForceParticipation rate44.4Employmentto population .028.213.5UnemploymentrateYouth unemploymentrate (16-30 0TotalSource: NISR, Labour Force Survey, 2018Males dominate the labour force due to having sufficient resourcesand relevant skills to engage in productive employment as opposed tofemales. There is thus need to devise special measures to promote jobcreation among youth, especially female entrepreneurs.21
THE STATE OF GENDER EQUALITY IN RWANDA4.1.2.2 Positions Occupied by Women and Men in LabourMarket34.133.534.5Male (%)0Female ief Executive, SeniorOfficers & LegislatorsAdministrative andCommercial ManagersSource: NISR, Labour Force Survey, 2018High positions are stereotypically considered by society to be moreappropriate for males. However, other factors that impede womenfrom occupying senior positions include limited mobility due to socialresponsibilities (unpaid care work), the educational level as well as accessto and control of productive resources.22
THE STATE OF GENDER EQUALITY IN RWANDA4.1.2.3 Employed men and women by economic activityMAINOCCUPATIONMaleFemaleAgriculture, forestryand fishing45.4%54.6%Mining uction85.4%14.6%Wholesale, retail trade,repair of motorvehicles, motorcylces58.3%41.7%Transportationand storage97.0%3.0%MaleFemaleSource: NISR, Labour Force Survey, 201823
THE STATE OF GENDER EQUALITY IN RWANDAPercentage of Employed Persons by Economic Activity (cont')MAINOCCUPATIONMaleFemaleAccommodation andfood service activities53.0%47.0%Information andcommunication74.5%25.5%Financial andInsurance activities50.1%49.9%Professional, scientific andtechnical activities68.9%31.1%Public administrationand defence74.2%25.8%Education54.3%45.7%Human healthand social work46.1%53.9%MaleFemaleSource: NISR, Labour Force Survey 2018Women have also been encouraged and supported to venture intosectors previously dominated by men, including the formal tradesector, construction, manufacturing and mining. However, more effortsare especially needed to increase women participation in Mining andquarrying as well as Transportation and storage sectors.24
THE STATE OF GENDER EQUALITY IN RWANDA4.1.3. ACCESS TO FINANCEThe target for the Financial Sector Development Programme (FSDP) wasto ensure that 80 percent of the Rwandan population has access to formalfinancial services by 2017. With respect to financial inclusion, the 2016FinScope report found that 87 percent of women are financially includedas well as 91 percent of men, with a relatively low overall gender gap of4 percent. This is a significant improvement from 2008 and 2012 whenwomen’s inclusion was at 26.8 percent and 39 percent, respectively.4.1.3.1. Gender Equality and Access to e24%17%9%Female2012Male13%Female2016Source: FinScope 2012 & 2016Financial inclusion looked at in terms of proximity and access to formalbanking products, services needs to be accelerated to meet femaleconsumers’ aspirations. With majority of women relying on borrowingfrom informal groups, more efforts are needed in addressing women fullinclusion.25
THE STATE OF GENDER EQUALITY IN RWANDA4.1.3.2. Percentage of Population who Save% of populationaged 18 years andabove who save(Formally &Informally)90807060% of populationaged 18 years andabove with formalsavings% of populationaged 18 years andabove withinformal emaleTOTALSource: NISR, Gender Statistics Report 2016Despite the increase in percentage of women having saving accounts, it isclear that a high percentage of female (57%) continue to save informallycompared to 54% male. Initiatives designed to make men and womensave in order to access different services and opportunities including loansoffered by financial institutions will be ideal.26
THE STATE OF GENDER EQUALITY IN RWANDA4.1.4. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONSTECHNOLOGY (ICT)ICT is a central engine for national economic transformation throughknowledge transfer, facilitating digital financing and contributing toimproved health-care services. ICT is one of global impact commitments ofwhich Rwanda has committed to bridge the gender digital divide and attainparity in ICT access, usage and innovation by 2020.4.1.4.1. ICT Financial ServicesICT has transformed the way people, women and men, boys and girls work,communicate, network, seek help and learn. The sector has dynamic effectson gender equality due to the increased transparency and quick informationdissemination that comes with it, e.g. digital financial services and greateraccess to information.ICT FinancialServicesMale (%)Female (%)Gender Gap (%)Access toMobile Phones88844Uptake of MobileMoney Services443311Mobile PhonesFinancialTransactions44359Mobile MoneyAccount da604020ACCESSTO ATMDEBITCARDSSource: Finscope, 2016.Significant gender gap is observed in rural area
the realization of gender equality and empowerment of women across different sectors. The following are among the selected ones: The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda of 2003 revised in 2015: Enshrines the principles of gender equality and women’s rights and provides for the minimum 30% quota for women in all decision-making organs.
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