Accelerating C-V2X Commercialization - Qualcomm
Accelerating C-V2Xcommercialization
Shaping the futureof automotiveConnecting vehiclesto everythingTransforming thein-vehicle experiencePaving the road toautonomous driving2
Unified connectivitywith C-V2XPaving the roadto tomorrow’sautonomous vehiclesOffering essential technologiesfor the connected car platform3D mapping andprecise positioningAutonomous carPower optimized processingfor the vehicleFusion of information from multiplesensors/sourcesOn-boardintelligence3
5G unifiedconnectivityIntelligently connectingthe car to cloud andsurroundingsVehicle - to - pedestrianAR / VRVehicle-to-infrastructureTeleoperationHD video3D HD live map updatesVehicle-to-networkVehicle-to-vehicle4
Continuous V2X technology evolution requiredAnd careful spectrum planningto support this evolutionEvolution to 5G,while maintaining backward compatibilityEnhanced safetyC-V2X R14/15Basic safety802.11p or C-V2X R14Advanced safetyC-V2X R16 (building upon R14)Higher throughputHigher reliabilityWideband rangingand positioningLower latencyEnhanced range and reliabilityEstablished foundationfor V2X5
Evolving C-V2X towards 5G for autonomous ivingR12/13C-V2X R14 (Ph. I) C-V2X R15 (Ph. II)C-V2X R16 5G NR support (Ph. III)(Advanced safety applications)Established foundationfor basic D2D comm.Enhanced communication’s rangeand reliability for V2X safetyUltra-reliable, low latency, high throughputcommunication for autonomous drivingNetwork independentNoYesYesCommunications1Broadcast onlyBroadcast onlyBroadcast Unicast/MulticastHigh speed supportNoYesYesHigh density supportNoYesYesThroughputHigh throughput for enhanced safetyUltra-high throughputLatencyLow latency for enhanced safety applicationsUltra-low latencyReliabilityReliability for enhanced safety applicationUltra-high reliabilityShare positioning informationWideband ranging and positioningPositioningNo1. PHY/MAC communications; R16 is still under development6
C-V2X is a critical component for safer autonomous drivingCommunicating intent and sensor data even in challenging real world conditionsNon line-of-sight sensingConveying intentSituational awarenessProvides 360 NLOS awareness, works atnight and in bad weather conditionsShares intent, sensor data , and pathplanning info for higher level of predictabilityOffers increased electronic horizon to supportsoft safety alerts and graduated warningRoadhazardSuddenlane changeReducedspeed aheadQueue warning/shockwave dampingBlind intersection/vulnerableroad user (VRU) alerts7
High precision positioningis key for V2X operationPrecise positioningAccurate time infoUse GNSS along with precisepositioning services to get 1 meter accuracyUsing GNSS as a primarysource of time synchronizationVelocityHeadingVelocityAccurate speed deriveddirectly from GNSSpositioning calculationAccurate heading deriveddirectly from GNSSpositioning ingVelocity8
Enhancing positioning on multiple frontsMoreaccurateAnywhere,anytimeMore frequentlyupdatedSub-meter level accuracy (e.g. lanelevel accuracy) with high integrity forV2X and autonomous drivingapplicationsCombined precise GNSS positioning withsensor inputs to provide accurate positioningeverywhere, including dense urbanenvironments, parking garages andmulti-level interchangesUpdated very frequently to providefresh, accurate positioning information(e.g. vehicles send their most recentlocation at least every 100ms forV2X applications)9
Evolving positioning technologies for V2X and autonomyTo offer more precise positioning, anywhere, anytimePrecisepositioning 2mPositioningNavigation / emergencyservice / regulatoryV2X enhanced safetySatellite-basednavigationMore precise positioningat higher update ratesUltra-precisepositioning 1mAutonomous drivingUltra-precise positioning anywhere,anytime for autonomyMore satellites for improvedaccuracy and availabilityExtend accuracy and availabilityin more places w/ better sensors GPS 2D Dead Reckoning (DR)using single axis ation system (SBAS) 6DOF MEMS sensors 3D Dead Reckoning(3D DR) Higher frequency 10Hz L1 Correction services Camera VIO Multi-frequency GNSS RF and Baseband Software Correction Services 5G NR V2X10
On-board intelligence: C-V2X complements other sensorsProviding higher level of predictability and autonomyRadarBad weather conditionsLong rangeLow light situationsADASAdvanced DriverAssistance SystemsV2X wireless sensorSee-through, 360 non-line of sight sensing,extended range sensingCameraInterprets objects/signsPractical cost and FOV3D HD mapsHD live map updateSub-meter levelaccuracy of landmarksLidarDepth perceptionMedium rangeUltrasonicLow costShort rangeBrain of the car to help automatethe driving process by using:Immense compute resourcesSensor fusionMachine learningPath planningPrecise positioningGNSS positioningDead reckoningVIO11
C-V2X Release 14enhances rangeand reliabilityPaving the path to autonomous driving
C-V2X offers key advantages in multiple dimensionsEnhanced rangeand reliabilityReuse of DSRC/C-ITShigher layersHigh density supportHigh speed supportSelf managed for reducedcost and complexityLeverage of cellularecosystemSynergistic withtelematics platformStrong evolution pathtowards 5GC -V2XR-1413
C-V2X defines two complementary transmission modesNetwork communicationsDirect communicationsV2N on “Uu” interface operates in traditionalmobile broadband licensed spectrumV2V, V2I, and V2P on “PC5” interface1,operating in ITS bands (e.g. ITS 5.9 GHz)independent of cellular networkUu interfacePC5 interfacee.g. accident 2 kilometer aheade.g. location, speedV2I(PC5)V2I(PC5)RSUV2N(Uu)V2N(Uu)eNodeB1. PC5 operates on 5.9GHz; whereas, Uu operates on commercial cellular licensed spectrum 2. RSU stands for roadside unit.2V2V(PC5)V2P(PC5)V2P(PC5)14
Network communications for latency tolerant use casesSuitable for telematics, infotainment and informational safety use caseTraffic flow control/Queue warningDiscover parkingand chargingCloud-based sensor sharingRoad hazard warning 1 km ahead15
Direct communications for active safety use casesLow latency communication with enhanced range, reliability, and NLOS performance0mphDo not passwarning (DNPW)Intersection movement assist(IMA) at a blind intersectionBlind curve/Local hazard warningVulnerable road user (VRU)alerts at a blind intersectionRoad workswarningLeft turnassist (LTA)16
C-V2X can work without network assistance1V2V / V2I / V2P direct communications can be self managedUSIM-lessoperationC-V2X directcommunicationsdoesn’t require USIMAutonomousresource selectionDistributed scheduling, where thecar selects resources from resourcepools without network assistanceCommonITSfrequencyGNSS timesynchronizationBesides positioning2, C-V2X alsouses GNSS for time synchronizationwithout relying on cellular networksDirect communications1. 3GPP also defines a mode, where eNodeB helps coordinate C-V2X Direct Communication; 2. GNSS is required for V2X technologies, including 802.11p,for positioning. Timing is calculated as part of the position calculations and it requires smaller number of satellites than those needed for positioning(via PC5 interface on 5.9GHz)17
Advantages of self-managedover network-assistedReduced costDoesn’t use prime licensed spectrum forcontrol, no additional network investmentSelf-managed(no network assistance)Increased reliabilityDoesn’t rely on network coverage,doesn’t suffer from service interruptionduring handoverDirect communicationsand control on PC5Reduced complexityDoesn’t rely on coordination betweenoperators for resource assignment,doesn’t require subscriptionNetwork-assistedControlon UueNodeBControlon UuDirect Communicationson PC518
C-V2X is designed to work in ITS 5.9 GHz spectrumFor vehicles to talk to each other on harmonized, dedicated spectrum3GPP support ofITS 5.9 GHz bandC-V2X support in ITS band wasadded in 3GPP Release 14Harmonizedspectrum for safetyC-V2X uses harmonized/common,dedicated spectrum for vehicles totalk to each otherCoexistencewith 802.11pC-V2X and 802.11p can co-existby being placed on differentchannels in the ITS band5GHz support began in release 13 with LAA, and expanded with release 14 for ITSC-V2X directcommunicationsCommonITSfrequency19
Fully leveraging ITS 5.9 GHz band for 5G V2X servicesSupporting today’s basic safety, and tomorrow’s advanced use casesExample 5.9 GHzBasic safetyservices10MHzAdvanced safety / 5G V2X services(C-V2X Release 14, 15 )70 MHzC-V2X Rel-15 can operate in the same Rel-14 spectrum10MHzSupport today’s safety use cases on smallsubset of the band (using 802.11p or C-V2X)70MHzIn addition to basic safety, support advancedsafety services (e.g. higher bandwidth sensorsharing and wideband ranging/positioning)20
C-V2X reuses upper layers defined by automotive industryMessage / Facilities layerIEEE / ETSI /ISO SecurityServicesUDP / TCPIPv6IEEE / ETSI / ISOTransport/NetworkReuse and adaptother standardsApplicationsSafety and non-safety Defined by ISO, ETSI, and IEEE 1609 familyMAC3GPP scopePDCPRLC Already defined by automotive andstandards communities, e.g. ETSI, SAE Developing abstraction layer to interface with3GPP lower layers (in conjunction with 5GAA)Reuse of existing securityand transport layersNon-IPProSeSignalingReuse of DSRC/C-ITS establishedservice and app layersContinuous enhancementsto the radio/lower layers Supports the ever-evolving V2X use casesPHYNote: Also enhancements to the LTE Direct network architecture / system design to support V2X21
C-V2X reduces vehicle communications complexity and costMost optimalplatformTakes advantage of already plannedembedded modem installation invast majority of new vehiclesCost efficientsolutionLeverages mobile ecosystem andexisting engineering know-how,resources and solutionsStrongevolution pathKeeps technology relevant to newuse cases by avoiding one-offtechnology lifecycle obsolescence22
C-V2X reduces cost of infrastructure deploymentCombined RSUs and 4G / 5G small cell, benefiting from cellular network densification4G/5G small cells with Uu interfaceRSUs with direct link/PC5 interface23
C-V2X offers new business models and economic benefitsLeveraging existing, ubiquitous cellular networks and mobile ecosystem supportMore integratedsolutionReduceddeployment costMobile ecosystemexpertiseNew services andbusiness opportunitiesC-V2X functionality can be integratedin vehicle’s modem to enable mostoptimal platformCombined RSU and eNodeBinfrastructure synergies provideeconomic benefitsBenefits from cellular player’sextensive experience in deploying,managing, and maintaining complexcommunication systemsLeverages unified C-V2X /telematics offerings and addressesnew services for shared mobilityand autonomous driving24
C-V2X PerformanceAdvantage
C-V2X Rel-14 has significantly better link budget than 802.11p1Leading to longer range ( 2X range)—or more reliable performance at the same rangeTransmission timeLonger transmit time leads tobetter energy per bit WaveformSC-FDM has bettertransmission efficiency Channel codingGains from turbo coding andretransmission1. Link budget of C-V2X is around 8 dB better than 802.11pEnergy per bit isaccumulated over a longerperiod of time for C-V2XSC-FDM allows for moretransmit power than OFDMfor the same power amplifier 2XLonger rangeCoding gain from turbo codesand HARQ retransmissionlead to longer range26
Longer transmission time: leads to link budget gainUsage of FDM in C-V2X provides an advantage compared to TDM in 802.11pExample1C-V2X802.11pEnergy per packet 0.1 mWsEnergy per packet 0.033 mWs4.8dB (3X)Gain per packet for C-V2X10MHz3.3MHz20dBm(0.1w)20dBm (0.1w)TimeTime1ms0.333ms C-V2X has longer transmission time for the same number of transmitted bits, leading to better energy perbit (as energy is accumulated over a longer period of time) FDM transmission has been adopted as an efficient mode of packet transmission in 4G cellular systems1. Assumptions: 190 bytes packet size, ½ rate coding for 802.11p, 0.444 rate coding for C-V2X, QPSK modulation used for both 802.11p and C-V2X,27
SC-FDM Waveform: better transmission efficiencyProviding 2dB better transmission efficiency than OFDM, with the same PA1SC-FDMPowerOFDM(low PAR)PowerPpeakSC-FDM’s higheraverage power dueto its lower PAPR2(high PAR)PpeakPsatPav12dBPav2Time SC-FDM groups resource blocks together in a way that reduces peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR),hence support driving power amplifier closer to saturation, leading to better transmit power efficiency Used for LTE uplink and 5G macro deployments, where transmit power efficiency is particularly important1At 0.1% peak-to-average-ratio Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF) operating point; 2. Power graphs used to illustrate the point and are not based on real data nor drawn to scale28
Channel Coding: TC provides 2dB coding gain over CCProviding 2dB better transmission efficiency at the same PAconvolutionalcodes (CC)The required SNR forreceiving a specificpacket size with 1%block error rate is 2dBlower with TC than CC2dBSNR1SNR2Turbo codes(TC)CCTCCCTC C-V2X uses the more modern turbo codes (TC), while 802.11p uses K 7 convolutional codes (CC) TC used for Wi-Fi evolution (11.ac) and in 3G/4G to reduce bit error rate29
Freeway scenarios: Simulation assumptionsFreeway drop is used to simulate high speed performance24m(3 lanes in each direction)Simulation assumptions: 6 lanes for 4m each, 3 lanes in each direction Three speeds 250 km/hr, 140 km/hr, 70 km/hrAverage carspacing: 2.5s Cars dropped according to Poisson process, avg. car spacing is 2.5s69, 123, 246 cars2000m All cars are LOS Actual mobility simulated: correlated shadowing, independent fading Packet transmission periodicity:140, 250 km/hr 100ms; 70 km/hr 200ms30
Enhanced range and reliability in free way scenarios 100% gain in distance at 0.9 PRR; @400m PRR changed from 0.02 to 0.6Freeway 250 km/hr, 69 cars120%Freeway 140 km/hr, 123 cars85%31
Enhanced range and reliability: Free way 70 km/hr speed 60% gain in distance at 0.9 PRR; @400m PRR changed from 0.02 to 0.5832
Urban Scenarios: Simulation assumptionsUrban drop is used to simulate high density dropsSimulation assumptions:width:3.5m3.5mLane Lanewidth:Sidewalk width: 3m 4 lanes for 3.5m each, 2 lanes in each directionSidewalk width: 3m Speeds: 15km/hr, 60 m Cars dropped according to Poisson process, avg. carspacing is 2.5s590, 2360 cars Packet transmission periodicity:433m433m60 km/hr 250ms; 15 km/hr 1000ms LOS on same road, NLOS on cross roads250m250m Actual mobility simulated: Correlated shadowing, independent fading Turn left/right with probability 0.25 Other parameters same as freeway drop33
Enhanced range and reliability: Urban 60 km/hr, 15 km/hr 30% gains at 0.9 PRR; Gains muted due to challenging pathloss modelUrban 60 km/hr, 590 cars35%Urban 15 km/hr, 2360 cars30%34
C-V2X is designed for high density vehicle deploymentsGuaranteeing low latency access for safety critical messages even at high densityHigher layersSAE / ETSICongestion controlKnobs for configuration parametersConfigurationparametersLeveraging higher layers to tunecongestion control parametersMeasurementsLower layersPHY/MACAccess controlCongestion controlPHY measurement/SensingEnhanced performance withMAC/PHY congestion controlDeterministic access control andresource scheduling in PHY/MAC35
Deterministic access control and resource schedulingChooses blocks with lowest energy levels to meet latency requirements2HighestmeasuredenergyResource Pool . 3Choose one of thelowest measuredenergy resourcesChoose among the20% lowest energyresourcesResource Pool .RelativeEnergy .MeasuredEnergyChoose one of thelowest energy blocksfor transmission Frequency(Conceptual)Rank the resourcesaccording to themeasured energyFrequency1Measure relativeenergy of next “n”resources .TimeTime36
C-V2X access control advantages over 802.11pSystem keeps on scalingOptimized resourceschedulingDoes no getdenied accessDesigned to meetlatency requirementsBy choosing the lowestrelative energy blocksTwo cars far apart fromeach other can use sameresourcesBy scheduling and obtainingaccess to resources intimely manner37
Improved reliability at higher vehicle speedsDisabled vehicle after blind curve use case exampleIcy road condition0mphC-V2X38mphStopping distance estimation1(Driver reaction time braking distance)500802.11p28mph63 mphNormal road condition0mphC-V2X63mph802.11p46mphStopping distance (m)400Ice46 mph30038 mph28 ity (mph)1. “Consistent with CAMP Deceleration Model and AASHTO “green book;38
Improved reliability at higher speeds and longer rangesDo not pass warning (DNPW) use case exampleRequired passing alert distance (m)vs. speed (mph)1C-V2X43mph100043mph800443m43 mph600802.11pC-V2X(443m)28 mph40028mphDSRC28mph(240m)2000240m020Passing Alert Distance (m)1. Calculations based on AASHTO “green book”40DSRC range (m)6080C-V2X Range (m)39
Comparison: Technology operationTechnology operationSpecification completedSupport for low latencydirect communicationsSupport for networkcommunicationsCan operate withoutnetwork assistanceCan operate in ITS 5.9GHz spectrumSIM-less operationSecurity and privacy onV2V/V2I/V2PSecurity/Privacy on V2N802.11pCompletedC-V2X Rel-14/15Rel-14 completed in 2016.Rel-15 to be completed in2018C-V2X Rel-16 (expected design)2019(Rel-14 – 4ms)( 1ms)(as per IEEE WAVE and ETSIITS security services)N/A(as per IEEE WAVE and ETSIITS security services)(as per IEEE WAVE and ETSI-ITSsecurity services)(Adjacent channel with 3GPPtech)(Adjacent channel with 11p;co-channel coexistence fromR14 onwards)(Adjacent channel with 11p; cochannel coexistence from R14onwards & WiFi)Limited(via APs only)Coexistence in 5.9GHzEvolution pathCompatible with Rel-14/1540
Comparison: Radio designRadio designSynchronizationChannel sizeResource multiplexingacross vehiclesData channel codingHARQ RetransmissionWaveformResource SelectionMIMO supportModulation support802.11pAsynchronous10/20MhzTDM onlyConvolutionalNoOFDMCSMA-CAC-V2X Rel-14/15SynchronousRel-14 – 10/20MhzRel-15 – 10/20/Nx20 MHz1TDM and FDMC-V2X Rel-16(expected design)Synchronous10/20 MHz and wideband (e.g.40/60/80/100/ MHzTDM and FDM possibleTurboRel-14/15 – yesRel-15 – ultra-reliablecommunication possible2SC-FDMLDPCYes, along with ultra-reliablecommunicationNo support standardizedSemi-persistent transmissionwith frequency domain listenbefore-talkRx diversity for 2 antennasmandatoryTx diversity for 2 antennassupportedUp to 64QAMUp to 64 QAMLikely OFDMA but many optionsavailableMany options availableSupport up to 8 tx/rx antennasMandatory support for 2tx/rxantennasBoth diversity and spatialmultiplexing supportedUp to 256QAM41
Comparison: Use cases and performanceUse CasesTarget Use Cases802.11pDay 1 safety onlyC-V2X Rel-14/15Day 1 safety & enhanced safetyuse casesC-V2X Rel-16(expected design)Advanced use cases to assist inautonomous driving including,ranging assisted positioning,high throughput sensor sharing& local 3D HD map updatesPacket loss at high densitiesCan guarantee no packet loss athigh densitiesCan guarantee no packet loss athigh densitiesUp to relative speeds of 500km/hr with advancedreceiver implementationUp to 225mUp to relative speed of 500km/hr as a minimumrequirement.-Over 450m using direct mode-Very large via cellularinfrastructureUp to relative speed of 500km/hr as a minimumrequirement-Over 450m using direct mode-Very large via cellularinfrastructureOnce every 100msec (50msis also possible)Once every 100ms (20ms is alsopossible)Supports packet periodicities ofa few ms.PerformanceHigh density supportHigh mobilitysupportTransmission range@ 90% error, 280km/hr relative speedTypical transmissionfrequency forperiodic traffic42
C-V2X ecosystemand momentum
C-V2X gaining support from automotive and telecom leaders5GAA is a cross-industry consortia helps define 5G V2X communicationsAutomotive industryTelecommunicationsVehicle platform, hardware, and software solutionsConnectivity and networking systems, devices, and technologiesEnd-to-end solutions for intelligent transportation mobility systems and smart citiesAnalog DevicesDanlawIntelAT&TDensoInterdigitalNTT DoCoMoSK tBankT-MobileSource: http://5gaa.org/; accurate as of August 31st , 2017BMWFicosaBoschFordCAICTGemaltoKeysight TechnologiesQualcommTelefonicaKTRohde & SchwarzTelstraCETECOMChina MobileContinentalDaimlerHuaweiInfineonHirschmann Car CommunicationLairdLand RoverROHMRolls-RoyceTÜV RheinlandValeoVerizonLGMINISAIC MotorVLAVImuRataNokiaSamsungSavariVodafoneZFZTE44
Building a comprehensive ecosystem with diverse expertiseNecessary for C-V2X’s successful commercialization and deploymentTesting andcertificationsCertification and compliance organizationsTest equipment vendorsTraffic industry suppliersRoad operatorsTelecom suppliersMNOsAuto suppliersVehicle OEMsITS stack providersChipset manufacturersStandardsStandards developmentorganizationsTelecom and autoindustry organizationsITS organizationsRoad operatororganizations45
Qualcomm is driving C-V2Xtowards commercializationQualcomm 9150C-V2X Chipset Chipset anticipated to be available forcommercial sampling in the second half of 2018Qualcomm9150C-V2XQualcomm Technologies’ first-announced C-V2Xcommercial solution based on 3GPP R-14 forPC5-based direct communicationsQualcomm 9150 C-V2X Chipset is a product of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.46
Delivering complete C-V2Xsolution for automotive roadsafetyLeveraging Qualcomm’s unique capabilitiesin precise positioning, efficient processingand securityQualcomm C-V2XReference Design Qualcomm9150C-V2XC-V2XChipset withintegratedGNSSAP(running ITSstacks)HSM(HardwareSecurityModule)The Qualcomm 9150 C-V2X chipset will be featuredas a part of the Qualcomm C-V2X Reference DesignQualcomm C-V2X Reference Design is a product of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.47
Supported by global car OEMs – Europe examples““QualcommTechnologies’anticipated 9150 C-V2X chipsetserves as a major milestone inpaving the road for 5G andsafer autonomous driving,” saidDr. Thomas Müller, HeadElectrics/Electronics, Audi. “AsC-V2X continues to serve as anessentialingredientforenhanced safety for nextgeneration vehicles, QualcommTechnologies’ 9150 C-V2Xchipset will certainly helpaccelerate the adoption anddeploymentofC-V2Xtechnologies.”“We are pleased to see C‐V2X gainingmomentum and broad ecosystem support, andhow Qualcomm Technologies has helped theautomotive industry make great strides inbringing this to fruition, including theannouncement of the 9150 C-V2X chipset,”said Carla Gohin, Senior Vice President, Headof Innovation at Groupe PSA. “Groupe PSA isstrongly involved in the 5G standardization andtrials and has great expectations on 5G as anenabler for the connected and autonomousvehicles. C‐V2X and its strong evolution pathto 5G will serve as a key enabler for newmobility services. Groupe PSA will evaluatethis technology, with Qualcomm Technologies’support, to adopt for our cars.”—Audi—Groupe PSA48
Supported by global car OEMs - US and China examples“Ford is committed to V2Xcommunications and sees it asa critical technology to improvevehicle safety and efficiency,”said Don Butler, executivedirector, Connected Vehicleand Services at Ford tryandecosystem work towards CV2X implementation, and pavethe path to 5G broadband andfuture operating services.”“SAIC has always attached great importance to thedevelopment and application of new technologies. It isactively promoting the commercialization of new energyvehicles and internet-connected vehicles, and thedevelopment of autonomous vehicles. As vehicles becomeincreasingly intelligent, it’s critical that our vehicles areequipped with premium-tier technologies to provideseamless communication between the vehicle and theroadway and beyond,” said Dr. Liu Fen, Director ofIntelligent Driving, Research & Advanced TechnologyDepartment of SAIC. “We deem C-V2X technologies as thebest choice, and look forward to utilizing these technologiesin V2X. We admire the efforts Qualcomm Technologies hasmade and believe that the planned commercialization oftheir 9150 C-V2X chipset will accelerate the developmentof next-generation intelligent and connected vehicles.”— Ford Motor Co.— SAIC49
5G will bring newcapabilities forautonomous vehiclesWhile maintaining backward compatibility
5G is important for our automotive visionProviding a unifying connectivity fabric for the autonomous vehicle of the futureEnhanced mobilebroadbandMission-criticalservicesMassive Internetof ThingsUnifying connectivity platform for future innovationStarting today with Gigabit LTE, C-V2X Rel-14, and massive IoT deeper coverage51
5G NR brings new capabilities to V2X communicationsBringing complementary capabilitiesDirect communicationsV2V, V2I, and V2P on “PC5” Interface,operating in ITS bands (e.g. ITS 5.9GHz) independent of cellular networkScalable OFDM numerologyWideband transmissions for positioning Higher throughput URLLC capabilitiesAdvanced LDPC/polar channel codingSelf-contained sub-frameLow-latency slot structure designMassive MIMO5GNR Designed to work withoutnetwork assistance in ITS spectrumNetwork communicationsV2N on “Uu” interface operates intraditional mobile broadbandlicensed spectrum Higher throughput URLLC capabilities52
5G V2X brings new capabilities for the connected vehicleWhile maintaining backward compatibilityHigh throughputsensor sharingIntention/Trajectory sharingWideband rangingand positioningLocal high definitionmaps / “Bird’s eye view”High throughput and lowlatency to enable theexchange of raw orprocessed data gatheredHigh throughput and lowlatency to enable plannedtrajectory sharingWideband carrier supportto obtain accuratepositioning and ranging forcooperated and automateduse casesHigh throughput to buildlocal, dynamic maps basedon camera and sensordata; and distribute themat street intersections53
We are accelerating the future ofautonomous vehiclesV2X wireless sensor802.11p (DSRC/ITS-G5)C-V2XHeterogeneousconnectivity3D HD mapsCellular 3G / 4G / 5GWi-Fi / BTCAN / Ethernet / PowerlineSemantic lane informationLandmark and lanecoordinates for positioningOn-board intelligencePrecise positioningGNSS positioningDead reckoningVIOHeterogeneous computingOn-board machine learningComputer visionSensor fusionIntuitive securityAutonomousvehiclePower optimized processing for the vehicleFusion of information frommultiple sensors/sourcesPath prediction, route planning,control feedback54
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1. Assumptions: 190 bytes packet size, ½ rate coding for 802.11p, 0.444 rate coding for C-V2X, QPSK modulation used for both 802.11p and C-V2X, C-V2X 20dBm (0.1w) 1ms 3.3MHz Time Energy per packet 0.1 mWs 20 dBm (0.1w) 802.11p 0.333ms 10MHz Time Energy per packet 0.033 mWs Example1
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case in many advanced V2X applications [5], the two current V2X RATs fall short of providing the desired performance. In order to diminish the performance gap between DSRC and C-V2X and to support additional modes of operations and increase the offered throughput, a new Study Group called the IEEE 802.11 Next Generation V2X was formed in March .
References in this presentation to "Qualcomm" may mean Qualcomm Incorporated, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., and/or other subsidiaries or business units within the Qualcomm corporate structure, as applicable. Qualcomm Incorporated includes Qualcomm's licensing business, QTL, and the vast majority of its patent portfolio. Qualcomm
References in this presentation to "Qualcomm" may mean Qualcomm Incorporated, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., and/or other subsidiaries or business units within the Qualcomm corporate structure, as applicable. Qualcomm Incorporated includes Qualcomm's licensing business, QTL, and the vast majority of its patent portfolio.
The paper's first section describes the current status of V2X, with a focus on the Americas region. It also provides insights how emerging 5G technologies will accelerate the realization of advanced V2X into communication to improve transportation experience and quality of life. For example, 5G-based V2X is
Introduction to Cellular V2X 80-PE732-62 Rev A C-V2X designed for both In-coverage and Out-of-coverage. Transmission mode 3 is defined as when network does the scheduling of resources for vehicles to communicate on. Transmission mode 4 is defined as when vehicles autonomously does resource
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building an authentication system based on PHP and MySQL. I set up PHP environment (WINDOWS PHP Apache MySQL), and edited the user interface based on HTML. In the interface page, I added two functions, one to log in, another to create new users. All the data are stored in MySQL database. In order to preserve the information, I used MD5 to implement encryption. Thus, the personal data can be .
