World E G A THteSis Eri - GOV.UK
Department for Culture, Media and SportBuildings, Monuments and Sites DivisionWorld Heritage SitesThe Tentative List of The United Kingdomof Great Britain and Northern Ireland
ContentsPrefaceby the Rt. Hon. Chris Smith MP,Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport4Part oneThe Preparation of the Tentative List6Part twoThe Tentative List17EnglandChatham Naval Dockyard18Cornish Mining Industry21Darwin’s Home and Workplace: Down House and Environs25Derwent Valley Mills28The Dorset and East Devon Coast32Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew37The Lake District41Liverpool Commercial Centre and Waterfront44Manchester and Salford (Ancoats, Castlefield and Worsley)46Monkwearmouth and Jarrow Monastic Sites50The New Forest54The Great Western Railway: Paddington-Bristol (selected parts)58Saltaire62Shakespeare’s Stratford65The Wash and North Norfolk Coast68Cover picture: Rain, Steam and Speed, J.M.W. Turner. Reproduced by kind permission of the National Gallery.2 Contents World Heritage Convention
ScotlandThe Cairngorm Mountains70The Flow Country72The Forth Rail Bridge74New Lanark77WalesBlaenavon Industrial Landscape83Pont-Cysyllte Aqueduct86Northern IrelandMount Stewart Gardens88Overseas TerritoriesFountain Cavern, Anguilla90The Historic Town of St. George and Related Fortifications92The Fortress of Gibraltar95Extracts from UNESCO’s operational guidelines for the implementationof the World Heritage Convention (March 1999)98World Heritage Convention Contents 3
Prefaceby the Rt. Hon. Chris Smith MP, Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport.It is well over a decade since the UnitedKingdom last submitted to the World HeritageCommittee a Tentative List, the essential firststep in the nomination of World Heritage Sites.Many things have changed since 1986, and thenew Tentative List looks very different fromthe last one. There are several reasons for this.Seventeen of the sites on that first list are nowinscribed as World Heritage Sites as are manysimilar sites, mainly monumental, throughoutWestern Europe. The World HeritageCommittee, the international body responsiblefor the World Heritage Convention, has signalledthat it is looking to widen the range of sitesincluded in the List, particularly into the areasof industrial archaeology and cultural landscapes.It has also indicated that some types of Europeansites are already well represented on the WorldHeritage List.In preparing the United Kingdom’s newTentative List, we have taken these factorsinto account and looked for the gaps thatneed filling. In doing so, we have producedproposals which we believe represent valuesand places that are truly of universalsignificance and which we hope will helpadvance the concept of World Heritage beyondthe monumental and architectural into areas ofrelevance to all humanity. These include theimpact of mankind on the landscape as a wholeand our interaction with nature, as well as theinception and process of industrialisation whichhas changed and moulded the way in which allthe peoples of the world now live. That processbegan here in Britain and it is right that itshould be marked more prominently in theWorld Heritage List.4 Preface World Heritage Convention
Because this Tentative List marks the renewedinterest of the UK in UNESCO, following thisgovernment’s move to rejoin in 1997, and inthe concept of World Heritage, I intend thatthis document should be widely available tohelp explain to all those concerned theprocesses we have gone through and the valueswe are trying to mark. Part Two sets out thesites on the Tentative List in the formatprescribed by the World Heritage Committee.In Part One, we have taken the opportunity toexplain the logical process of evaluation andconsultation by which we have reached theconclusions embodied in the Tentative List,and to summarise the range of sites we haveselected.That process has involved both specialists andthe public at large. Over the 18 months sinceI first announced my intention of reviewingthe List, it has engaged seven governmentdepartments, a number of specialist agencies,and many local authorities. Once initialproposals had been put forward, my colleaguesand I consulted widely on these and consideredthe responses very carefully. The end result isthe 25 sites included on the new Tentative List,which I announced on 6th April.My special thanks go to the various expertswho produced and evaluated proposals, andalso to English Heritage who led the Committeewhich produced initial proposals for Englandand have led the drafting of the List itself.I am grateful to all those who contributed tothis publication in English Heritage, HistoricScotland, CADW, the Northern IrelandEnvironmental and Heritage Service, EnglishNature, The Scottish Office, Dorset and DevonCounty Councils, the Lake District NationalPark, the New Forest Committee, StratfordDistrict Council, the Shakespeare BirthplaceTrust, and in the government and heritagebodies of Anguilla, Bermuda and Gibraltar.I believe that the List sets a firm workingagenda for future nominations for the UnitedKingdom and the government looks forwardto submitting the first sites from it in thenear future.Chris SmithI would like to thank all those involved in thepreparation of the Tentative List, includingmy colleagues in government and their staff,the Local Authority World Heritage Forum,ICOMOS UK, IUCN-UK and the more than400 individuals and organisations whoresponded to the public consultation onthe proposals.Secretary of State for Culture, Media and SportJune 1999World Heritage Convention Preface 5
Part one: The Preparation of the Tentative ListWorld Heritage Sites are places or buildings of outstandinguniversal value recognised as constituting a world heritage‘for whose protection it is the duty of the internationalcommunity as a whole to co-operate’.The concept of World Heritage is at the coreof the World Heritage Convention, adopted byUNESCO in 1972, to which 156 nations havenow adhered. The Convention established theWorld Heritage List as a means of recognisingthat some places, both natural and cultural, areof sufficient importance to be the responsibilityof the international community as a whole, andas a tool for conservation. By joining theConvention, nation states are pledged to care forthe World Heritage Sites in their territory aspart of protecting their national heritage.The Convention is overseen by the WorldHeritage Committee. It is serviced by UNESCO’sWorld Heritage Centre in Paris. The Centre(established in 1992) also advises States Partieson the preparation of site nominations, organisestechnical assistance on request, and co-ordinatesreporting on the condition of sites and onemergency action to protect threatened sites.It administers the World Heritage Fund.The Centre and the Committee are advised bythree non-governmental international bodies ICOMOS (International Council on Monumentsand Sites) on cultural sites, IUCN (WorldConservation Union) on natural sites, andICCROM (International Centre for the Study ofthe Preservation and Restorations of CulturalProperty), which provides expert advice andtraining on conservation of cultural sites.ICOMOS and IUCN have national committees inthe United Kingdom and some other countries.6 Part one: The Preparation of the Tentative List World Heritage ConventionThe Committee publishes OperationalGuidelines for the Implementation of theWorld Heritage Convention. In particular, theguidelines detail criteria for the judgement of‘outstanding universal value’ and provide guidanceon the submission of nominations. Essentially thethrust of both the Convention and the Guidelinesis that the process for nominating and inscribingWorld Heritage Sites has to be very selective.Currently there are 582 World Heritage Sites, ofwhich 445 are cultural, 117 natural and 20 mixed.The Committee has been concerned for someyears about the imbalance between cultural andnatural sites and the under-representation of someparts of the world in the list in comparison, inparticular, to Western Europe and North America.World Heritage Sites are nominated by theappropriate nation state. They are then evaluatedby either ICOMOS and/or IUCN. The finaldecision is taken by the World HeritageCommittee. In recent years the Committee hasemphasised the need for appropriate managementarrangements to be in place before nomination andnow insists on the preparation of a managementplan before a site is inscribed on the WorldHeritage List. The Committee has also stressedthe need to consider buffer zones around WorldHeritage Sites.
The Committee requires each nation state tosubmit a Tentative List of proposals likelyto be put forward over a five to ten year period.Tentative Lists enable the Committee toevaluate within the widest possible context the‘outstanding universal value’ of each propertynominated, and are regarded by the Committeeas an essential precursor to furthernominations, particularly of cultural sites.1988Tower of LondonCanterbury Cathedral,St Augustine’s Abbeyand St Martin’s Church19951986Giant’s Causeway (Natural)Ironbridge GorgeStonehenge, Avebury andassociated sitesDurham Castle and CathedralStudley Royal Park and FountainsAbbeyCastles and Town Walls of KingEdward in GwyneddSt. Kilda (Natural)1987Blenheim PalaceCity of BathHadrian’s WallWestminster Palace, WestminsterAbbey and St Margaret’s ChurchEdinburgh Old and New TownsGough Island Wildlife Reserve(Natural) (St. Helena Group)The United Kingdom and the ConventionThe United Kingdom (UK) ratified the WorldHeritage Convention in 1984 and submitted itsfirst Tentative List in 1986. 17 sites have nowbeen inscribed on the World Heritage List.These are listed below. Unless otherwisestated, all sites are cultural.Henderson Island (Natural)(Pitcairn Group)1997Maritime GreenwichPrehistoric Orkney was nominated in 1998and a decision on it is awaited.The UK Government’s responsibilities for theConvention are exercised by the Secretary ofState for Culture, Media and Sport. Individualnominations for Scotland, Wales and NorthernIreland will be made by their respectiveFirst Ministers. Nominations for OverseasTerritories will be made by the ForeignSecretary and for Crown Dependencies bythe Home Secretary.The Tentative List ReviewThe Secretary of State for Culture, Media andSport, the Rt. Hon. Chris Smith MP, announcedthe review of the UK’s Tentative List inOctober 1997. He particularly mentioned theneed to consider further natural and industrialsites. He was advised on English sites, andthose from the Overseas Territories and CrownDependencies, by a group of experts set up athis request by English Heritage, the government’sprincipal adviser within England on the builtand archaeological environment. His colleaguesWorld Heritage Convention Part one: The Preparation of the Tentative List 7
in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland madetheir own arrangements for consultation. Therewas close liaison between all the involvedDepartments to produce integrated proposalsfor the UK as a whole.These were the subject of widespread publicconsultation in the latter part of 1998.Following consideration of the responses, inApril 1999 the Secretary of State announcedthe names of 25 sites within the UK and itsOverseas Territories which would form thenew Tentative List.Various constraints influenced the developmentof this List. First, it has been kept to 25 sitesonly so that it can be the basis of a realisticprogramme of nominations over the next 10years. Second, the proposals follow the adviceof the World Heritage Committee which seeksto reduce the rate of cultural nominations andalso to redress the balance between existinginscriptions and Tentative Lists in WesternEurope and North America and the rest of theworld. As far as possible, the proposals havebeen set within at least a wider Europeancontext. Obviously any sites put forward mustbe truly outstanding in international terms andthe whole process is, of necessity, extremelyselective. Sites proposed for inclusion in thenew Tentative List have been selected torepresent themes and topics in which the UK,in whole or in part, has made outstandingcontributions to the world’s heritage.The proposals are practical and appropriatefor the next decade. This has influenced theselection of the themes from which nominations8 Part one: The Preparation of the Tentative List World Heritage Conventionwill be made. There are other areas of interestfrom which nominations have been made in thepast (eg Gothic cathedrals, historic towns)which should be reconsidered in the future.The sites selected are those necessary toensure a balanced representation of Britain’scontribution to the world’s heritage at thistime, having taken into account what isalready on the List, which includes examplesof many types of sites traditionallyregarded as pre-eminent.A further consideration was the practical andresource implications first of nomination andthen of inscription. With increasing recognitionof the need for positive management and coordination to achieve the appropriate balancebetween conservation, access, the interests ofthe local community and economic benefit, it isessential in every case that there is either abody able and willing to take on the necessarywork or a realistic prospect that such a bodywill emerge over the next few years.Review of Existing InscriptionsThe development of the new List began with areview of existing inscriptions. Of the existingnatural inscriptions, the two overseas sites liein very different biological provinces to the UK,while the Giant’s Causeway was inscribed forits geological significance and its naturalbeauty, and St. Kilda for its natural beauty andits habitats, themselves in part the consequenceof the interaction of man and nature.The 13 UK cultural inscriptions and the onecurrent nomination (Prehistoric Orkney) canbe classified under a number of themes with
some sites falling into more than one category.The themes of the existing inscriptions can besummarised as follows:(7)Public Buildings: the physicalexpression of national, religious and civicpride, organisation and administration.(1)(8)Great Houses: evidence of a transEuropean lifestyle from the 16th centuryonward.(9)Planned landscapes and gardens:the development of parks and gardensassociated generally with great housesis a characteristic and highly influentialfeature of the British landscape.(2)(3)(4)Prehistoric ceremonial monuments:the remarkable monuments built forceremonial expression in the second andthird millennium BC, which are part of aworld-wide phenomenon.Impact of the Roman Empire: theimpact of the first major trans-Europeanstate on the native peoples of Britain andthe development of a hybrid culture inresponse to this.Origins of Christianity and thedevelopment and transmission ofmedieval culture: the conversion ofthe British Isles was part of a transEuropean phenomenon and of thefoundation on which a sense of Europeanidentity has developed.Gothic ecclesiastical architecture:one of the great expressions of medievalEuropean culture and faith.(5)Development of MedievalFortification: the development offortifications is one of the ways in whichthe identity and integrity of the medievaland modern state has developed.(6)Urban Planning and Development:towns demonstrating the effects of urbanplanning and historic development.(10) Industrial Revolution: Britain was thebirth-place of industrialisation which hasshaped the modern world.(11) Britain’s Global Influence: as animperial and trading power, Britain wasin a near-unique position to influence therest of the world through trade and othermeans, and to be open itself to culturalinfluences from elsewhere.The extent to which these themes arerepresented on the World Heritage List bysites in the UK or elsewhere was examined,and the extent to which representation shouldbe increased over the next decade by furtherexamples from the UK was considered.Considerations were influenced by theselectivity of the process, the advice of theGuidelines on cultural nominations andregional imbalance, and by the fact that theTentative List in effect represents a programmeto be achieved over a fixed period, with theopportunity for future review.World Heritage Convention Part one: The Preparation of the Tentative List 9
Given that Orkney has been nominated thisyear, it is considered that no further prehistoricceremonial monuments of the second and thirdmillennia BC should be put forward.Of those themes in which the UK’s contribution isessentially part of European culture - the impactof the Roman Empire, Gothic ecclesiasticalarchitecture, medieval fortifications, urbanplanning and development, and great countryhouses - are already well represented by examplesfrom the whole of Western Europe. These areasshould be re-examined when the Tentative List isnext reviewed, but no candidates from them havebeen put forward on this occasion.The remaining cultural categories - Christianorigins and the development and transfer oflearning and culture, planned landscapes andgardens, the industrial revolution, and Britishinfluence on the rest of the world - requiredfurther consideration, as did, on the naturalside, geological sites. Cultural landscapesneeded special consideration for theirdemonstrations of the interaction of humanityand nature. Some additional themes throughwhich Britain has made, or makes, outstandingcontributions have also been developed and aredescribed below.Themes for a New Tentative List(i) Natural SitesThe Operational Guidelines require thatnatural sites meet high standards of naturalintegrity. In practice this is hard to achievewithin much of the UK, except perhaps inestuaries and cliff areas and for some geologicalsites, as nearly all other environments havebeen heavily modified by humanity over many10 Part one: The Preparation of the Tentative List World Heritage Conventioncenturies. The scope for including a fewestuarine and coastal sites on the TentativeList has been carefully examined, since Britain’sposition on the north-west corner of Europewith a mild, wet, oceanic climate is of highsignificance, reflected particularly in estuarinehabitats. Bog habitats in northern Scotlandwere also considered.Estuarine HabitatsViewed worldwide, estuaries are a scarcenatural resource. The UK is fortunate inhaving a large number and variety of types,particularly when compared with the rest oftemperate and Mediterranean Europe. Someof these estuaries demonstrate relatively intactcoastal processes, although even here waterquality and quantity is highly influenced byhuman activity. Many estuaries are ofinternational importance for migratingwildfowl and waders.Of the possible candidates in this category, theWash and North Norfolk Coast is consideredto be the most significant, both for its birdpopulation and for the striking natural beautyof both the landscape and the bird life. It isprobably the UK’s most significant contributionto global biodiversity in its role as a crossroads,refuelling and stopping off point on the majormigratory routes of wildfowl and waders whichuse the coastal wetlands and estuarine habitatsfor feeding, roosting and breeding in bothsummer and winter.Geological SitesBritain’s complex geology and contribution togeological science is also of great significance,particularly since many of the type-sites for the
development of geology as a science are tobe found here. Of the wide variety of richgeological sites, the strongest candidate atpresent is the Dorset and East Devon Coast.This stretch of coast, from Orcombe Point inDevon to Old Harry Rocks near Swanage,reveals a superb and almost unbroken seriesof exposures of sedimentary rocks from theTriassic through to the Cretaceous, laid downover a period of 180 million years. Thesedeposits are exceptionally rich in fossils and thewhole stretch of coast was one of the type sitesfor the development of geology as a science inthe 19th century and is still heavily used forre
World Heritage Sites are places or buildings of outstanding universal value recognised as constituting a world heritage ‘for whose protection it is the duty of the international community as a whole to co-operate’. The concept of World Heritage is at the core of the World Heritage Convention, adopted by UNESCO in 1972, to which 156 nations have
Collectively make tawbah to Allāh S so that you may acquire falāḥ [of this world and the Hereafter]. (24:31) The one who repents also becomes the beloved of Allāh S, Âَْ Èِﺑاﻮَّﺘﻟاَّﺐُّ ßُِ çﻪَّٰﻠﻟانَّاِ Verily, Allāh S loves those who are most repenting. (2:22
akuntansi musyarakah (sak no 106) Ayat tentang Musyarakah (Q.S. 39; 29) لًََّز ãَ åِاَ óِ îَخظَْ ó Þَْ ë Þٍجُزَِ ß ا äًَّ àَط لًَّجُرَ íَ åَ îظُِ Ûاَش
Contents Foreword by Stéphanie Ménasé vii Introduction by Thomas Baldwin 1 1 The World of Perception and the World of Science 37 2 Exploring the World of Perception: Space 47 3 Exploring the World of Perception: Sensory Objects 57 4 Exploring the World of Perception: Animal Life 67 5 Man Seen from the Outside 79 6 Art and the World of Perception 91 7 Classical World, Modern World 103
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1. The World Heritage Convention and its Operational Guidelines consistently refer to World Heritage Sites as ‘Properties’ (i.e., the area of land inscribed on the World Heritage List is a “property”). The term World Heritage property is therefore used throughout this report in preference to the term World Heritage site.
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Andreas Wagner1, Wolfgang Wiedemann1, Thomas Wunderlich1 1 Chair of Geodesy, Faculty of Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany, a.wagner@tum.de .
