Membrane Technology And Applications
Membrane Technology and Applications
Membrane Technologyand ApplicationsThird EditionRICHARD W. BAKERMembrane Technology and Research, Inc.Newark, CaliforniaA John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
This edition first published 2012c 2012 John Wiley and Sons Ltd Registered officeJohn Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United KingdomFor details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply forpermission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com.The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with theCopyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except aspermitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may notbe available in electronic books.Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brandnames and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registeredtrademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentionedin this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to thesubject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in renderingprofessional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competentprofessional should be sought.The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy orcompleteness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including withoutlimitation any implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. This work is sold with the understandingthat the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies containedherein may not be suitable for every situation. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications,changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of experimentalreagents, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in thepackage insert or instructions for each chemical, piece of equipment, reagent, or device for, among otherthings, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. Thefact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source offurther information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organizationor Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that InternetWebsites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written andwhen it is read. No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work.Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataBaker, Richard W. (Richard William), 1941Membrane technology and applications / Richard W. Baker. – 3rd ed.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-470-74372-0 (cloth)1. Membranes (Technology) 2. Membrane separation. I. Title.TP159.M4B35 2012660 .28424–dc232012008854A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.ISBN: 9780470743720Typeset in 10/12pt Times-Roman by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India
ContentsPrefaceAcknowledgmentsxixiii1.Overview of Membrane Science and Technology1.1Introduction1.2Historical Development of Membranes1.3Types of Membranes1.3.1Isotropic Membranes1.3.2Anisotropic Membranes1.3.3Ceramic, Metal, and Liquid Membranes1.4Membrane ProcessesReferences11144666132.Membrane Transport Theory2.1Introduction2.2The Solution-Diffusion Model2.2.1Molecular Dynamics Simulations2.2.2Concentration and Pressure Gradients in Membranes2.2.3Application of the Solution-Diffusion Modelto Specific Processes2.2.4A Unified View2.3Structure-Permeability Relationships in Solution-DiffusionMembranes2.3.1Diffusion Coefficients2.3.2Sorption Coefficients in Polymers2.4Pore-Flow Membranes2.4.1Permeation in Ultrafiltration and MicrofiltrationMembranes2.4.2Knudsen Diffusion and Surface Diffusionin Microporous Membranes2.4.3Polymers with Intrinsic Microporosity (PIMs)2.4.4The Transition Region2.5Conclusions and Future 9092
viContents3.Membranes and Modules3.1Introduction3.2Isotropic Membranes3.2.1Isotropic Nonporous Membranes3.2.2Isotropic Microporous Membranes3.3Anisotropic Membranes3.3.1Phase separation membranes3.3.2Interfacial Polymerization Membranes3.3.3Solution-Coated Composite Membranes3.3.4Other Anisotropic Membranes3.3.5Repairing Membrane Defects3.4Metal, Ceramic, Zeolite, Carbon, and Glass Membranes3.4.1Metal Membranes3.4.2Ceramic Membranes3.4.3Zeolite Membranes3.4.4Mixed-Matrix Membranes3.4.5Carbon Membranes3.4.6Microporous Glass Membranes3.5Liquid Membranes3.6Hollow Fiber Membranes3.7Membrane Modules3.7.1Plate-and-Frame Modules3.7.2Tubular Modules3.7.3Spiral-Wound Modules3.7.4Hollow Fiber Modules3.7.5Other Module Types3.8Module Selection3.9Conclusions and Future 1704.Concentration Polarization4.1Introduction4.2Boundary Layer Film Model4.3Determination of the Peclet Number4.4Concentration Polarization in Liquid Separation Processes4.5Concentration Polarization in Gas Separation Processes4.6Cross-Flow, Co-Flow, and Counter-Flow4.7Conclusions and Future everse Osmosis5.1Introduction and History5.2Theoretical Background5.3Membranes and Materials5.3.1Cellulosic Membranes207207208213213
Noncellulosic Polymer MembranesInterfacial Composite MembranesOther Membrane Materials5.4Osmosis Membrane CategoriesSeawater and Brackish Water Desalination MembranesNanofiltration MembranesHyperfiltration Organic Solvent SeparatingMembranes5.5Membrane Selectivity5.6Membrane Modules5.7Membrane Fouling nic Fouling5.7.5Membrane Cleaning5.8Applications5.8.1Brackish Water Desalination5.8.2Seawater Desalination5.8.3Ultrapure Water5.8.4Wastewater Treatment5.8.5Nanofiltration5.8.6Organic Solvent Separation5.9Conclusions and Future tion6.1Introduction and History6.2Characterization of Ultrafiltration Membranes6.3Membrane Fouling6.3.1Constant Pressure/Constant Flux Operation6.3.2Concentration Polarization6.3.3Fouling Control6.4Membranes6.5Constant Pressure Modules, System Design, and Applications6.5.1Cross-Flow Ultrafiltration Modules6.5.2Constant Pressure (Cross-Flow) System Design6.5.3Applications of Cross-Flow Membrane Modules6.6Constant Flux Modules, System Design, and Applications6.6.1Constant Flux/Variable Pressure Modules6.6.2Submerged Membrane Modules and System Design6.6.3Submerged Membrane Applications6.7Conclusions and Future 6237238240241242244245246247
viiiContents7.Microfiltration7.1Introduction and History7.2Background7.2.1Types of Membrane7.2.2Membrane Characterization7.2.3Microfiltration Membranes and Modules7.2.4Process Design7.3Applications7.3.1Sterile Filtration of Pharmaceuticals7.3.2Sterilization of Wine and Beer7.3.3Microfiltration in the Electronics Industry7.4Conclusions and Future 3233233248.Gas Separation8.1Introduction and History8.2Theoretical Background8.2.1Polymer Membranes8.2.2Metal Membranes8.2.3Ceramic and Zeolite Membranes8.2.4Thermally Rearranged/Microporous Carbon Membranes8.2.5Mixed-Matrix Membranes8.3Membrane Modules8.4Process Design8.4.1Pressure Ratio8.4.2Stage-Cut8.4.3Multistep and Multistage System Designs8.4.4Recycle Designs8.5Applications8.5.1Hydrogen Separations8.5.2Oxygen/Nitrogen Separation8.5.3Natural Gas Separations8.5.4Carbon Dioxide Separation8.5.5Vapor/Gas Separations8.5.6Dehydration of Air8.5.7Carbon Dioxide/Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide/Nitrogen Separations8.5.8Vapor/Vapor Separations8.6Conclusions and Future ntroduction and History9.2Theoretical Background9.3Membrane Materials and Modules9.3.1Membrane Materials9.3.2Dehydration Membranes3793793813893893929.370372373375
Contents9.3.3Organic/Water Separation Membranes9.3.4Organic/Organic Separation Membranes9.3.5Membrane Modules9.4System Design9.5Applications9.5.1Solvent Dehydration9.5.2Separation of Dissolved Organics from Water9.5.3Separation of Organic Mixtures9.6Conclusions and Future 1210. Ion Exchange Membrane Processes – Electrodialysis10.1 Introduction/History10.2 Theoretical Background10.2.1 Transport through Ion Exchange Membranes10.3 Chemistry of Ion Exchange Membranes10.3.1 Homogeneous Membranes10.3.2 Heterogeneous Membranes10.4 Electrodialysis10.4.1 Concentration Polarization and LimitingCurrent Density10.4.2 Current Efficiency and Power Consumption10.4.3 System Design10.5 Electrodialysis Applications10.5.1 Brackish Water Desalination10.5.2 Salt Recovery from Seawater10.5.3 Other Electrodialysis Separation Applications10.5.4 Continuous Electrodeionization and Ultrapure Water10.5.5 Bipolar Membranes10.6 Fuel Cells10.7 Membranes in Chlor-Alkali Processes10.8 Conclusions and Future DirectionsReferences41741742142142342542642811. Carrier Facilitated Transport11.1 Introduction/History11.2 Coupled Transport11.2.1 Background11.2.2 Characteristics of Coupled Transport Membranes11.2.3 Coupled Transport Membranes11.2.4 Applications11.3 Facilitated Transport11.3.1 Background11.3.2 Process Designs11.3.3 Applications11.4 Conclusions and Future 481486487428433435438438438440442443444448449449
xContents12. Medical Applications of Membranes12.1 Introduction12.2 Hemodialysis12.3 Blood Oxygenators12.4 Plasma Fractionation12.5 Controlled Drug Delivery12.5.1 Membrane Diffusion-Controlled Systems12.5.2 Biodegradable Systems12.5.3 Osmotic SystemsReferences49349349349850050150251051251813. Other Membrane Processes13.1 Introduction13.2 Dialysis13.3 Donnan Dialysis (Diffusion Dialysis)13.4 Charge Mosaic Membranes and Piezodialysis13.5 Membrane Contactors and Membrane Distillation13.5.1 Applications of Membrane Contactors13.6 Membrane Reactors13.6.1 Applications of Membrane Reactors13.7 Ion-Conducting Membrane Reactors13.8 Pressure-Retarded Osmosis (PRO) and Reverse Electrodialysis (RED)13.9 Chiral Drug Separation13.10 Conclusions and Future 547551552553Appendix559Index571
PrefaceMy introduction to membranes was as a graduate student in 1963. At that time membrane permeation was a sub-study of materials science. What is now called membranetechnology did not exist, nor did any large industrial applications of membranes. Sincethen, sales of membranes and membrane equipment have increased more than 100-foldand several tens of millions of square meters of membrane are produced each year – amembrane industry has been created.This membrane industry is very fragmented. Industrial applications are divided into sixmain sub-groups: reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, microfiltration, gas separation, pervaporation, and electrodialysis. Medical applications are divided into three more: artificialkidneys, blood oxygenators, and controlled release pharmaceuticals. Few companies areinvolved in more than one sub-group of the industry. Because of these divisions it isdifficult to obtain an overview of membrane science and technology; this book is anattempt to give such an overview.The book starts with a series of general chapters on membrane preparation, transporttheory, and concentration polarization. Thereafter, each major membrane application istreated in a single 20- to 50-page chapter. In a book of this size it is impossible to describeevery membrane process in detail, but the major processes are covered. However, medicalapplications were short-changed somewhat and some applications – battery separatorsand membrane sensors, for example – are not covered at all.Each application chapter starts with a short historical background to acknowledge thedevelopers of the technology. I am conscious that my views of what was important inthe past differ from those of many of my academic colleagues. In this book I have givenmore credit than is usual to the engineers who actually made the processes work.Membrane technology continues to expand and change. For this reason, some changehas been made to every chapter in this edition of the book to reflect these new developments. The use of bioreactors fitted with submerged-air scrubbed membranes – barelytouched on in the second edition – is now a significant industry and so the ultrafiltrationchapter has been completely rewritten. I also took this opportunity to rework the chapteron pervaporation and the section on membrane contactors, and included new sectionson the use of membranes in fuel cells and the chlor-alkali industry. These updates andadditions have added new figures and references, so the page count has increased morethan 10% over the second edition.Readers of the Theory section (Chapter 2) and elsewhere in the book will see thatmembrane permeation is described using simple phenomenological equations, most commonly, Fick’s law. There is no mention of irreversible thermodynamics. The irreversiblethermodynamic approach to permeation was very fashionable when I began to work
xiiPrefacewith membranes in the 1960s. This approach has the appearance of rigor but hides thephysical reality of even simple processes behind a fog of tough equations. As a student and young researcher, I struggled with irreversible thermodynamics for more than15 years before finally giving up in the 1970s. I have lived happily ever after.Finally, a few words on units. Because a great deal of modern membrane technologyoriginated in the United States, the US engineering units – gallons, cubic feet, and poundsper square inch – are widely used in the membrane industry. Unlike the creators of thePascal, I am not a worshipper of mindless uniformity. Nonetheless, in this edition, Ihave used metric units to describe most of the processes covered in this book. British/USunits are now only used when they are the industry standard and metric units would leadto confusion.
AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments for the First EditionAs a school boy I once received 1/2 a mark out of a possible 20 in an end-of-termspelling test. My spelling is still weak, and the only punctuation I every really masteredwas the period. This made the preparation of a polished final book draft from my yellownotepads a major undertaking. This effort was headed by Tessa Ennals and Cindi Wieselman. Cindi typed and retyped the manuscript with amazing speed, through its numerousrevisions, without complaint. Tessa corrected my English, clarified my language, unsplitmy infinitives, and added every semicolon found in this book. She also chased down asource for all of the illustrations used and worked with David Lehmann, our graphicsartist, to prepare the figures. It is a pleasure to acknowledge my debt to these people.This book would have been far weaker without the many hours they spent workingon it. I also received help from other friends and colleagues at MTR. Hans Wijmansread, corrected, and made numerous suggestions on the theoretical section of the book(Chapter 2). Ingo Pinnau also provided data, references, and many valuable suggestionsin the area of membrane preparation and membrane material sciences. I am also gratefulto Kenji Matsumoto, who read the section on Reverse Osmosis and made corrections,and to Heiner Strathmann, who did the same for Electrodialysis. The assistance of Marcia Patten, who proofed the manuscript, and Vivian Tran, who checked many of thereferences, is also appreciated.Acknowledgments for the Second EditionEighteen months after the first edition of this book appeared, it was out of print. Fortunately, John Wiley and Sons agreed to publish a second edition, and I have taken theopportunity to update and revise a number of sections. Tessa Ennals, long-time editorat Membrane Technology and Research, postponed her retirement to help me finish thenew edition. Tessa has the standards of an earlier time, and here, as in the past, she gavethe task nothing but her best effort. I am indebted to her, and wish her a long and happyretirement. Marcia Patten, Eric Peterson, David Lehmann, Cindy Dunnegan, and JanetFarrant assisted Tessa by typing new sections, revising and adding figures, and checkingreferences, as well as helping with proofing the manuscript. I am grateful to all of thesecolleagues for their help.
xivAcknowledgmentsAcknowledgements for the Third EditionAs with the earlier editions of this book, I would not have been able to producethis manuscript without the support of my co-workers at Membrane Technology andResearch, Inc. I work with a group of scientist-engineers interested in many aspects ofmembrane technology. This has kept me informed on new developments affecting ourown company’s interests and on developments across the membrane field. I also had theassistance of Sara Soder, our company’s technical editor, who by mastering my spellingand handwriting was able to provide me with a polished manuscript draft, and who thenhad the patience to allow me to change and re-change the draft as I clarified my thoughts.Crystal Min and David Lehmann added to and revised the nearly 400 figures, and BethGodfrey, Jenny Valcov, and Linda Szkoropad pitched in to assist with the figure permissions and final manuscript preparation. I am grateful to all of these colleagues fortheir help.
1Overview of Membrane Scienceand Technology1.1IntroductionMembranes have gained an important place in chemical technology and are used ina broad range of applications. The key property that is exploited is the ability of amembrane to control the permeation rate of a chemical species through the membrane.In controlled drug delivery, the goal is to moderate the permeation rate of a drug froma reservoir to the body. In separation applications, the goal is to allow one componentof a mixture to permeate the membrane freely, while hindering permeation of othercomponents.This book provides a general introduction to membrane science and technology.Chapters 2–4 cover membrane science, that is, topics that are basic to all membrane processes, such as transport mechanisms, membrane preparation, and boundary layer effects.The next six chapters cover the industrial membrane separation processes that representthe heart of current membrane technology. Carrier facilitated transport is covered next,followed by a chapter reviewing the medical applications of membranes. The book closeswith a chapter that describes various minor or yet-to-be-developed membrane processes,including membrane reactors, membrane contactors, and piezodialysis.1.2Historical Development of MembranesSystematic studies of membrane phenomena can be traced to the eighteenth centuryphilosopher scientists. For example, Abbé Nolet coined the word “osmosis” to describepermeation of water through a diaphragm in 1748. Through the nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries, memb
Membrane technology and applications / Richard W. Baker. – 3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-74372-0 (cloth) 1. Membranes (Technology) 2. Membrane separation. I. Title. TP159.M4B35 2012 660 .28424–dc23 2012008854 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN .
the bulk phase through the membrane into the permeate stream (Di et al., 2017). 3. Membrane Integration on chip It is crucial to apply a membrane (i.e. material and type) that best fits the targeted application. Membrane properties differ from one membrane to another and they greatly affect the overall membrane separation efficiency.
through the barrier [1]. Membrane extraction utilizes either a porous or nonporous polymeric membrane to provide a selective barrier between the feed and the receiving phase. Instead of using solid as membrane material, it is also possible to use liquid as a membrane. Liquid membrane technology is widely applied in different potential area like
tivated sludge process and membrane technology has been recognized as a technology for advanced wastewater treatment. In membrane bioreactor technology, the membrane separation technology and bio- organic combin a-tion are new technologies of wastewater treatment. It utilizes membrane separation activated sludge and bio-
The basic technology behind membrane filtration involves using a semi-permeable membrane to separate a liquid into two distinct streams. Pumping this liquid across the surface of the membrane creates a positive trans-membrane pressure that forces any components smaller than the porosity of the membrane to pass through, forming the permeate.
hollow fiber membrane, the coefficient of performance of the membrane based system is increased to 0.57. 3. MEMBRANE IN DISTILLATION TECHNOLOGY WANG ZanShe et al [P6] had done research for “Applications of membrane distillation technology in energy transformation process-basis and prospect” in 2009.
membrane technology for water treatment, e.g. water purification, desalination, membrane bioreactors and waste water treatment. In particular it investigates the relation between membrane design and morphology and membrane properties in relation to performance, selectivity and causes, consequences and control of fouling. Life sciences
membrane contactor-based post-combustion capture pilot plant incorporating PEEK-based super hydrophobic nanoporous hollow fiber membrane contactor technology and aMDEA solvent. Task 3: Under this task, PoroGen optimized their PEEK membranes and membrane modules for long-term CO 2 capture operation. Membrane module factors that might
A MEMBRANE SEPARATION TECHNIQUE NAGARAJU M Ph.D. Scholar Dept. of PHP&FE . Case study Membrane fouling Conclusion References 2 . MEMBRANE SEPARATION TECHNIQUES Membrane separation is a technology which selectively separates (fractionates) materials via pores . Pharmaceutical Industries Purification and concentration of products Automobile .
