Section 20.1: Origins Of Plant Life Unit 10 Plants/ Study .

Name Class DateSection 20.1: Origins of Plant LifeUnit 10 – Plants/ Study GuideKEY CONCEPTPlant life began in the water and became adapted to land.VOCABULARYplantvascular systemcuticleligninstomatapollen grainseedMAIN IDEA: Land plants evolved from green algae.1. Name five characteristics that green algae and land plants share.2. The common ancestor of all plants would be classified in what class if it werealive today?3. What plant characteristics probably originated in charophyceans?MAIN IDEA: Plants have adaptations that allow them to live on land.In the table below, take notes about the challenges that plants face on land andadaptations to these challenges.Challenge4. retaining moisture5. transporting resources6. growing upright7. reproducing on landDescriptionAdaptations

Study Guide continuedMAIN IDEA: Plants evolve with other organisms in their environment.8. Give two examples of mutualisms that have evolved between plants and othertypes of organisms.9. Give two examples of how plants have evolved with the animals that eat them.Vocabulary CheckIn the spaces provided below, draw pictures that help you to remember thedefinitions of the vocabulary words.PlantVascular systemCuticle and stomataSeed Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing CompanyHolt McDougal BiologyStudy Guide B2Plant DiversitySection 1: Origins of Plant Life

Section 20.2: Classification of PlantsKEY CONCEPTPlants can be classified into nine ermconefruitMAIN IDEA: Mosses and their relatives are seedless nonvascular plants.1. What is required in order for seedless plants to reproduce?2. How do nonvascular plants obtain water and nutrients?3. Take notes about seedless nonvascular plants in the table below.Plant TypePhylum NameCharacteristicsliverwortshornwortsmossesMAIN IDEA: Club mosses and ferns are seedless vascular plants.4. How does having a vascular system affect how seedless vascular plants grow?5. Take notes about seedless vascular plants in the table below.Plant TypePhylum NameCharacteristicsclub mossesferns Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing CompanyHolt McDougal BiologyStudy Guide B2Plant DiversitySection 1: Origins of Plant Life

Study Guide continuedMAIN IDEA: Seed plants include cone-bearing plants and flowering plants.6. What are three advantages that seed plants have over their seedless relatives?7. Name and describe the two broad categories of seed plants.8. Take notes about seed plants in the table below.Plant TypePhylum antsVocabulary Checkpollinationconeflowerfruit 9. mature ovary of flower 10. process in which pollen meets female parts ofsame plant species 11. reproductive structure of most gymnosperms 12. reproductive structure of angiosperms Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing CompanyHolt McDougal BiologyStudy Guide B3Plant DiversitySection 1: Origins of Plant Life

Section 20.3: Diversity of Flowering PlantsKEY CONCEPTThe largest phylum in the plant kingdom is the flowering plants.VOCABULARYcotyledondicotmonocotwoodMAIN IDEA: Flowering plants have unique adaptations that allow them todominate in today’s world.Fill in the concept map below about the adaptations of flowering plants.Flowering plantshavehave3.1.which can allow for more efficientwhich plays a role in2.4.MAIN IDEA: Botanists classify flowering plants into two groups based onseed type.Take notes about monocots and dicots in the table below.Type of FloweringPlantNumber ofCotyledonsOther Characteristics5. monocot6. dicot Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing CompanyHolt McDougal BiologyStudy Guide B2Plant Structure and FunctionSection 3: Roots and Stems

Study Guide continuedMAIN IDEA: Flowering plants are also categorized by stem type and lifespan.7. Why is it helpful to categorize flowering plants in ways other thanby seed type?8. Describe the two major stem types of flowering plants.9. Take notes about the three lifespan types of flowering alperennialVocabulary Check10. What is a cotyledon?11. How does the prefix mono-, meaning “one,” relate to the meaning of monocot?12. How does the prefix di-, meaning “two,” relate to the meaning of dicot?13. What is wood made up of? Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing CompanyHolt McDougal BiologyStudy Guide B3Plant Structure and FunctionSection 3: Roots and Stems

Section 21.1: Plant Cells and TissuesKEY CONCEPTPlants have specialized cells and tissue systems.VOCABULARYparenchyma celldermal tissuexylemcollenchyma cellground tissuephloemsclerenchyma cellvascular tissueMAIN IDEA: Plant tissues are made of three basic cell types.Write the functions of each of the three basic cell types, and sketch or describetheir appearance in the chart below.Cell TypeFunctionSketch or Description1. Parenchyma cell2. Collenchyma cell3. Sclerenchyma cell Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing CompanyHolt McDougal BiologyStudy Guide B4Plant Structure and FunctionSection 3: Roots and Stems

Study Guide continuedMAIN IDEA: Plant organs are made of three tissue systems.Fill in the concept map below with supporting details about the three tissuesystems of plants.includePlant .is foundonoutsidecarrieson leaves on wood5.becomesbecomes12.carries9.roots, bulary Checkparenchyma cellsclerenchyma cellground tissuexylemcollencyhma celldermal tissuevascular tissuephloem14. Outer covering of a plant15. Includes xylem and phloem16. Tissue that makes up the majority of a plant17. Supporting cell type that makes up celery strands18. Vascular tissue that carries sugars19. Strongest cell type that makes up fruit pits20. Most common cell type that can help plants heal frominjury21. Vascular tissue that carries water and dissolvedminerals Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing CompanyHolt McDougal BiologyStudy Guide B5Plant Structure and FunctionSection 3: Roots and Stems

Section 21.2: The Vascular SystemKEY CONCEPTThe vascular system allows for the transport of water, minerals, and sugars.VOCABULARYcohesion-tension theorytranspirationpressure-flow modelMAIN IDEA: Water and dissolved minerals move through xylem.The cohesion-tension theory proposes that the physical properties of water allowthe rise of water through a plant. Sketch and describe cohesion and adhesion ofwater molecules.1. CohesionSketch:2. AdhesionSketch:Description:DescriptionFill in the sequence diagram below to explain how water moves through the roots,stems, and leaves of a plant within xylem. Use the text and Figure 2.2 to help fill inthe diagram.3. Roots4. Stems5. Leaves Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing CompanyHolt McDougal BiologyStudy Guide B6Plant Structure and FunctionSection 3: Roots and Stems

Study Guide continuedMAIN IDEA: Phloem carries sugars from photosynthesis throughout the plant.6. Phloem sap moves from a sugar source to a sugar sink. What are two plantparts that might be sources of sugars?7. What is a sugar sink in a plant?8. The pressure changes between sugar sources and sinks keeps sap flowingthrough phloem. Is there a higher concentration of sugars at a sugar source or asugar sink?9. In the movement of sap through phloem, what two events require energy onthe part of the plant?10. Water moves into the phloem due to the high sugar concentration there. Itrequires no energy. What is this process called?Vocabulary Checkcohesion-tension theorypressure-flow modeltranspiration11. Well-supported theory that describes how sugars movethrough a plant within phloem12. Well-supported theory that describes how water anddissolved minerals move through a plant within xylem13. Term that describes how water moves through a plantwithin xylem by evaporation from leaves Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing CompanyHolt McDougal BiologyStudy Guide B7Plant Structure and FunctionSection 3: Roots and Stems

Section 21.3: Roots and StemsKEY CONCEPTRoots and stems form the support system of vascular plants.VOCABULARYvascular cylindermeristemprimary growthroot hairfibrous rootsecondary growthroot captaprootMAIN IDEA: Roots anchor plants and absorb mineral nutrients from soil.In the space provided, sketch a root tip. Draw lines from the terms to label thesketch, and describe the function for each of the parts. Use Figure 3.1 and the textto fill in the diagram.1. Vascular cylinder2. Apical meristemSketch:3. Root cap4. How do root hairs help a plant?5. What are root systems made of fine, similarly sized branches called?6. What are root systems that have one main root and can sometimes store foodcalled?7. Plants are not just soaking up water. They use energy to absorb.8. The increased concentration of ions in root cells causesto move into the root. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing CompanyHolt McDougal BiologyStudy Guide B8Plant Structure and FunctionSection 3: Roots and Stems

Study Guide continued9. An example of a mineral needed in large amounts is .10. Other minerals, such as , are needed in small amounts.MAIN IDEA: Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage.11. What are three functions of most stems?12. Look at Figure 3.4. What are two plants whose stems store water?13. What special adaptation do strawberry plant stems have?14. What are two stems that grow underground?15. What are four characteristics of herbaceous stems?16. What is growth that makes stems grow taller or roots grow longer called?17. What is growth that makes stems and roots of woody plants grow widercalled?18. What represents one year of growth on a tree ring?Vocabulary Check19. Tough covering on root tip20. Unspecialized tissue of dividing cells21. Houses xylem and phloem22. Root system made of equal-sized roots23. Growth pattern that increases height and length24. Increases surface area of a root Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing CompanyHolt McDougal BiologyStudy Guide B9Plant Structure and FunctionSection 3: Roots and Stems

25. Root system that reaches deep into the ground26. Growth pattern that increases widthSection 21.4: LeavesKEY CONCEPTLeaves absorb light and carry out d cellMAIN IDEA: Most leaves share similar structures.1. Sketch a leaf attached to a stem. Label the blade, petiole, stem, andaxillary bud.Use a sequence diagram to fill in the steps describing how stomata regulategas exchange.During the daystomata are.in leaves overtakeswater absorptionin roots.enters.occurs.close the stomata.Lowwill slowphotosynthesis. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing CompanyHolt McDougal BiologyStudy Guide B10Plant DiversitySection 4: Plants in Human Culture

Study Guide continued2. What are three leaf characteristics that can be used for plant identification?3. How can you tell the difference between a leaf and a leaflet?MAIN IDEA: Most leaves are specialized systems for photosynthesis.4. What is the photosynthetic tissue of a leaf?5. How are the two types of mesophyll found in a leaf specialized forphotosynthesis?6. What are three adaptations of plants that help reduce water loss in a desert orcold environment?7. Use the following terms and stack them like you were building a sandwich inthe order they are found within a leaf: mesophyll, dermal tissue, dermal tissue,cuticle, cuticle.Vocabulary Check8. Like the part of a knife with the same name, this is the widest part of a leaf.9. “Guards” the exchange of gases through stomata10. This term means “stalk” or “leafstalk.”11. This term means “middle leaf,” which is where it is found. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing CompanyHolt McDougal BiologyStudy Guide B11Plant DiversitySection 4: Plants in Human Culture