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""ade available un!der NASA sponsorshipin the interest of early and wide dissemination of Earth Resources SurveyProgram information and without liabilityfor any use made thereof."E 7.8 104 8.7?C' ?-/3/36 7PRINCIPAL SOURCES AND DISPERSAL PATTERNS OF SUSPENDEDPARTICULATEMATTER IN NEARSHORE SURFACE WATERS OFTHE NORTHEAST PACIFIC OCEANAND THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDSY/Paul R. Carlson, T. John Conomos, RichardJ. Janda, and David H. PetersonU.S. Geological Survey345 Middlefield RoadMenlo Park, California 94025E73-10487)PRINCIPAL SOURCES ANDDISPERSAL PAiTERNS OF SUSPENDEDPARTICULATE MATTER IN NEARSHORESURFACEWATERS OF THE NORTHEAST (GeologicalSurvey)9 p HC 3.00CSCL 08C.N73-21323UnclasG3/1300487Type II Progress Report for Period 1 September1972 - 1 March 1973Prepared for:Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland 20771VPublication authorized by the Director, U.S.Geological Survey
I1. Report No.STAMlDARD TITLE PAGEI rR'IECrilCAL hEPOS ITS '.-- Cir, f5. Report Date4. Title and SubtitlePrincipal sources and dispersal patterns. of suspended particulatematter in nearshore surface waters of the northeast Pacific Oceanand the Hawaiian IslandsJ3.cip e --vCaal J. Re i ir s Catalog Nlo.r6. Performing rga1973zatione(SR 209)7-. Althlor(s) Carlson, Paul R., Conomos, T. John, Janda; Richard J.,IN011and Peterson, David H.8. Performing Organization Rept. No.9. Performing Organization Name and Address10. ProjectiTask Work Unit No.U.S. Geological Survey11. Contract'Grant No.345 Middlefield RoadMenlo Park, California 9402512. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address.-:S-70243-AGType of Report & Period CosereZ:.13.Edward W. CrumpGoddard Space Flight CenterType II Progress Report1 Sep 1972- 1 Mar 1973Greenbelt, Maryland 2077114. Sponsoring Agency Ccde15. Supplementary NotesERTS multispectral scanner imagery of the nearshore surface waters of thenortheast Pacific Ocean is proving to be a useful tool for determining source and dispersa.of suspended particulate matter. The principal sources of the turbid water, seen best onthe green and red bands, are river and stream effluents and actively eroding coastlines;secondary sources are waste effluents and production of planktonic organisms, but thesemay sometimes be masked by the very turbid-plumes of suspended sediment being dischargedinto the nearshore zone during times of high river discharge. The configuration anddistribution of the plumes of turbid water also can be used to infer near-surface currentdirections. For example, imagery of the Gulf of Alaska collected in September 1972 showscomplex plumes of suspended sediment being carried westward by the counterclockwise gyreof the Alaskan current. Comparison of imagery of the nearshore water off. the northernCalifornia coast from October 1972 and January 1973 shows a reversal of the near-surfacecurrents, from predominantly south-setting in the fall (California Current) to northsetting in the winter (Davidson Current).16. Abstracts17. Key Words and Document Analysis. (a). Descriptors dNearshore circulationSuspended sediment plumes;River discharge .19.Security Class(This Report)18. Distributlon St;tenient21. No. of PagesUNCLASSIFIED20. Security Clss.(Ths Page)iFrORM NOlS-807(1-70)IUNCLASSIFIED922. Price
Type II Progress ReportERTS Aa.Title:Principal sources and dispersal patterns of suspendedparticulate matter in nearshore surface waters of thenortheast Pacific Ocean and the Hawaiian IslandsERTS-1 Proposal No. SR 209b.GSFC ID No. of P.I. INO11c.Statement and explanation of any problems that are impeding theprogress of the investigation:The informational content of interest to this P.I. and co-investigators lies in the tone contrast displayed in the water bodies imagedalong the Pacific coast. Typical microdensitometer scans of positivetransparency products have density ranges confined to two steps underblack on the grey tablet. The variation recorded in the nearshorewaters averages D 2.20-2.45 and usually is placed between the secondand third step under black on the accompanying grey scale. Becausethese ranges lie in the dense shoulder of exposure, the photographicproduct supplied by Goddard is barely interpretable by eye for ourpurposes. In scenes of particular interest it becomes necessary touse a time-consuming density-enhancement process to improve the photographic record. The time and cost involved require the image to beof good quality and relatively free of clouds and smog. This requirement for reprocessing considerably reduces the number of usable imagesthat are supplied to us. To illustrate our problem we have preparedthe following table classifying imagery received of the west coast ofNorth America and the Hawaiian Islands. This imagery was gathered priorto March 1973 and is classified according to cloud cover and resultingusefulness of image for our experiment. Increasing the contrast of waterscenes would give us much more usable imagery.ERTS imagery (through February 1973)GeographicareaCentral Calif.Coast (includesS.F. Bay)N. Calif. CoastOregon CoastWash. CoastHawaiiSE. AlaskanCoastCentral MexicanCoastRelativelycloud freePartly cloudy(but useful)8575180310685617413891815171Cloudy(not useful)
d.Discussion of the accomplishments during the reporting periodand those planned for the next reporting period:1. The Western Regional Topographic Office of the U.S.G.S. hasdeveloped a reprocessing step for the very dark ERTS imagery thatprovides enhancement of the plumes of suspended sediment in the nearshore water. This process involves the shifting of the density rangeswithin the water from the shoulder of the D log E curve down onto theslope region. Expansion of the continuous tone is achieved throughthe use of direct reversal high-contrast line film, which under properdensitometric control can be converted to a wide-range, variable contrast emulsion (Allred, 1971).Allred, W. U., 1971, Optimization of continuous tone on a reversalline emulsion by densitometric control: Am. Soc. Photogram.,Proceedings, Fall Convention, San Francisco, Calif., p. 1-27.2. Copies of imagery have been sent to cooperating investigatorsin Mexico for target area 4, Dr. Agustin Ayala-Castanares, andCanada for target area 6, Dr. Donald Tiffin. We are planning tocompare observations on the imagery from these two areas with thosebeing made by these two scientists and their staffs, when additionaldata and imagery are obtained.3. The following NASA underflight imagery has been obtained inthe last few weeks; some was requested by our project and some byother investigators, but all are proving very useful as aids in theinterpretation of ERTS-1 0U-2C-130LocationN. Calif. CoastS.F. Bay systemN. Calif. CoastCentral and N. Calif.CoastIn conjunction with the Jan. 22 and 23 satellite passes and aerialunderflights, water-truth measurements were made from the R/V POLARISin south San Francisco Bay on the 22nd and in the Gulf of the Faralloneson the 23rd. Water data collected included turbidity measured withtransmissometer and Secchi disc, weight of filtered suspended sediment,salinity, and temperature. Preliminary analysis of these data suggestsa fair correspondence between tonal changes on the imagery and changesin Secchi disc readings of as little as 0.5 m across discrete waterboundaries.2
4. Water-truth measurements similar to those made in Januaryare planned as coincident to satellite passes of April 4 and 5over San Francisco Bay and the Gulf of the Farallones. In addition,high-altitude aerial photographic coverage will be provided by aU-2 aircraft from NASA, Ames.e.Discussion of significant scientific results.Repetitive ERTS-1 imagery is a potentially useful tool forstudying relative concentrations and dispersal of suspended sedimentdischarged into the northeast Pacific Ocean during times of highriver runoff. Each of the four bands of the Multispectral ScannerSystem (MSS) provides information of value in this study. Theinfrared band 0.8-1.0 micrometers) clearly delineates the shorelineand provides the best penetration through atmospheric haze. Theplume of suspended sediment discharged into the ocean is seen ingreatest detail on the green band (0.5-0.6 pm). The red band(0.6-0.7 vm) provides an outline of the main core of the plume,and the near infrared band (0.7-0.8 pm) shows only the immediateoutlet position of the effluents with highest sediment concentrations.The principal sources of nearshore turbid water seen on ERTSMultispectral Scanner imagery are river effluents, actively erodingheadlands and coastal landslides, production of planktonic organisms,and waste effluents. Changes in the location and configuration ofturbid water masses are related to variance in river discharge,intensity of surf action, and direction of nearshore currents, aswell as availability of suspended particles.Imagery of the Cape Mendocino, California area, of January 6, 1973,shows the Bear, Eel, and Mad Rivers to be the three largest pointsources of suspended sediment, but waste effluent from a pulp millalso is being added to the nearshore plumes of suspended particlesin the Humboldt Bay area. Because of the highly turbid and complexnature of the plumes of suspended sediment being carried north alongthe coast from the Eel River, which is immediately south of HumboldtBay, this waste effluent is difficult to define even on high altitudeaerial photos, but can be discerned from altitudes of less than25,000 feet. This masking effect of the suspended sediment on wasteeffluents is a good reason for conducting observational underflights ofthe study area at the time of the satellite pass.Besides using the imagery to locate the source of the suspendedparticulate matter, it is also possible to infer direction of thecomplex surface water movements from the distribution and shapes ofturbid masses of water. For example, current directions can be inferredfrom the green bands of images of October 26, 1972, and January 6, 1973,of the northern California coastal waters (fig. 1). In addition to3
f,JAN. 6, 1973OCT. 26, 1972o50 KMIIIIFigure 1. Seasonal reversal of current directions of nearshore, surfacewater along the northern California coast. Current directions wereinterpreted from configurations of suspended sediment plumes present onERTS green band imagery of October 26, 1972 (no. 1095-18280 and 18283)and January 6, 1973 (no. 1167-18280 and 18283).
showing the direction of movement, we can also infer-a--revers-a -in -water movement from predominantly southerly in October (CaliforniaCurrent) to northerly in January (Davidson Current). This interpretation of the imagery indicates that the influence of the seasonal,north-setting Davidson Current extends to even the very nearshorewater.Imagery of the Gulf of Alaska waters taken in September 1972also provides considerable information about source of suspendedsediment and direction of nearshore, near-surface water circulation.Off the Malaspina and Bering Glaciers, southeast Alaska, the influence of several melt-water streams spaced only a few kilometersapart can be isolated and the dominant plumes traced for at least30 kilometers from the effluent. The shapes and orientation ofthese plumes indicate a northwesterly longshore current. In midSeptember 1972, the Bering Glacier appeared to be providing moresuspended material to the ocean than the Malaspina Glacier. Offshorethe movement of water is influenced principally by the Alaska Current,but complex gyres seen on the satellite images indicate additionalinfluences such as winds and sea floor and coastal morphology.Green band imagery of the Copper River Delta area, recordedSeptember 24, 1972, shows the very large suspended sediment loadbeing introduced into the Gulf of Alaska waters by the Copper River.Up to 1964, the main discharge was through distributaries at thewest edge of the delta. However, now the active distributaries can beseen to be more easterly. The 1964 earthquake (cause of massivedestruction in Anchorage) produced two meters of uplift in thedelta (Reimnitz, 1966), and was an important factor in the distributary shift. A study of the sediment thickness off the Copper RiverDelta based largely on arcer profiles reported that the deltaic wedgeof sediment is building southwestward !(Reimnitz, 1966). These sediments have almost filled a former fjord, Orca Inlet, and appear tohave spilled over into Prince William Sound. ERTS imagery vividlyillustrates that the Copper River is the source of these sediments.Figure 2 is an interpretation of current directions off the CopperRiver Delta, which shows much of the Copper River suspended sedimentplume moving west past Orca Inlet and into Prince William Sound.The 18-day observation cycle of ERTS allows definition ofseasonal and storm-related variations in effluent dispersal patterns.Documentation of spatial and temporal distribution of turbid nearshoresurface waters observed on ERTS images, when applied to studies ofcoastal currents and sediment distribution patterns, can provide abetter data base for planning wise use of coastal resources.Reimnitz, Erk, 1966, Late Quaternary history and sedimentation of theCopper River Delta and vicinity, Alaska: Ph.D. Thesis, San Diego,Univ. California, 160 p.Disciplines 5B, H. K; 7D.5
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f.Listing of published articles.Carlson, Paul R., and Reimnitz, Erk, 1973, Study of river effluentsand coastal water circulation off the west coast of North Americausing ERTS-1 data: Geol. Soc. America Abs. with Programs(Cordilleran Section), v. 5, no. 1, p. 20.Carlson, Paul R., Janda, Richard J., and Conomos, T. John, 1973,Observations of suspended-particle patterns in nearshore northeastern Pacific Ocean waters by ERTS-1 imagery: Symposium onSignificant Results Obtained from ERTS-1, NASA/Goddard, Greenbelt,Md., p. 145.Conomos, T. J., Peterson, D. H., and McCulloch, D. S., 1973,Seasonal nontidal drift patterns, San Francisco Bay, California:Am. Geophys. Union Trans., v. 54, no. 4, p. 303.Peterson, D. H., Conomos, T. J., Broenkow, W. W., and Doherty, P. C.,1973, Location of density-current stagnation, San Francisco Bayestuary: Am. Geophys. Union Trans., v. 54, no. 4, p. 302.Scrivani, E. P., and Peterson, D. H., 1973, Phytoplankton-zooplanktonabundance and estuarine density-current stagnation, San FranciscoBay, California. (In Press)g.Recommendation concerning practical dhanges in operations.Noneh.A listing by date of any changes in Standing Order Forms:Nonei.ERTS Image Description forms:Nonej.Listing by date of any changed Data Request forms.None7
Jan. 4 U-2 N. Calif. Coast Jan. 22 C-130 S.F. Bay system Jan. 23 U-2 N. Calif. Coast Jan. 26 C-130 Central and N. Calif. Coast In conjunction with the Jan. 22 and 23 satellite passes and aerial underflights, water-truth measurements were made from the R/V POLARIS in south San Francisco Bay o
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