Kenya Methodist University Guide To APA Referencing Style
2020Kenya MethodistUniversityGuide to APAReferencing Style7th Edition
Kenya Methodist UniversityGuide to APA Referencing StyleA Guide to APAReferencing Style7th editionThis guide has been prepared by Kenya MethodistUniversity Library. It has been adapted from AmericanPsychological Association Publication Manual,7th edition.June 20201
Kenya Methodist UniversityGuide to APA Referencing StyleACKNOWLEDGEMENTSpecial thanks to Julie Kiarie, Faith Mwiti, Winfred Gatimu and Paul Gichohi(Ph.D.) for relentless sacrifice, input and commitment in summarizing andcompiling this important guide to APA referencing style which is based on the7th edition of the American Psychological Publication Manual of 2019.2
Kenya Methodist UniversityGuide to APA Referencing StyleContentsACKNOWLEDGEMENT . 2Referencing & APA style. 51.PUNCTUATION . 51.1Spacing after Punctuation Marks . 51.2Period . 61.3Comma . 71.4Semicolon . 81.5Colon . 91.6Dash . 101.7Quotation Marks . 101.8Parentheses. 121.9Square Brackets . 131.10Slash . 142.IN-TEXT CITATION . 162.1Author-Date citation system . 162.2Authors. 162.3Dates . 182.4Pages or sections . 192.5Secondary citations . 203.REFERENCE LIST . 213.1Elements of a reference. 213.2Punctuation within reference list entries . 233.3Author . 233.4Date . 263.5Title . 273.6Source . 283.7DOI and URL . 304. REFERENCE LIST FORMAT AND ORDER . 314.1Format of a reference list . 314.2Order of reference list . 324.3Abbreviations in References . 353
Kenya Methodist University5.Guide to APA Referencing StyleARTICLES . 365.1Journal articles . 365.2Databases . 385.3Articles from magazines, newspapers, blog posts . 395.4Comment on an online periodical article or post . 405.5Editorial. 416.6.1BOOKS . 42Edited book chapters and entries in reference works . 467.REPORTS AND GRAY LITERATURE . 498.CONFERENCES . 549.DISSERTATIONS AND THESES . 5610. REVIEWS. 5812.UNPUBLISHED WORKS AND INFORMALLY PUBLISHED WORKS . 5913. DATA SETS, SOFTWARE, AND TESTS . 6114. COMPUTER SOFTWARE, MOBILE APPS, APPARATUSES, AND EQUIPMENT . 6215. AUDIOVISUAL MEDIA . 6315.1Audiovisual Works . 6515.2Audio Works . 6715.3Visual Works . 6916 ONLINE MEDIA . 7217 WEBPAGES AND WEBSITES . 7518 TABLES AND FIGURES (GRAPHS AND IMAGES) . 7718.1Tables . 7818.2Figures. 8319 LEGAL REFERENCES . 9519.1Acts (Statutes) . 9519.2Legislative Materials . 9619.3Bills . 9719.4Administrative and Executive Materials . 97REFERENCES . 1004
Kenya Methodist UniversityGuide to APA Referencing StyleReferencing & APA styleReferencingReferencing is acknowledging the ownership of resources used in your academic writing, andproviding information necessary to identify and retrieve the work cited in the text.There are many different referencing styles. At KeMU, all academic programmes use the APAreference style.What is APA?APA referencing style is an author-date referencing system published by the AmericanPsychological Association.There are two components in the APA referencing style: in-text citations and their correspondingreference list entries. With anything that you have read, used and referred to in your academicwriting, you must: acknowledge in text (i.e. in the work / assignment/ essay you are writing)include in your reference list (i.e. the list at the end of your work of all the sources yourefer to)1. PUNCTUATIONPunctuation establishes the cadence of a sentence, telling readers where to pause (comma,semicolon, and colon), stop (period and question mark), or take a detour (dash, parentheses, andsquare brackets). Punctuation of a sentence usually denotes a pause in thought; different kinds ofpunctuation indicate different kinds and lengths of pauses.1.1 Spacing after Punctuation MarksInsert one space after the following: periods or other punctuation marks at the end of a sentencecommas, colons, and semicolonsperiods that separate parts of a reference list entryperiods following initials in names (M. P. Clark)5
Kenya Methodist UniversityGuide to APA Referencing StyleDo not insert a space in the following cases: After internal periods in abbreviations (e.g., a.m., i.e., U.S.)after periods in identity-concealing labels for study participants (F.I.M.)around colons in ratios (1:4)1.2 PeriodUse a period or periods in the following cases: to end a complete sentenceWith initials in names (Bazerman, M. H.)in the abbreviations for “United States” and “United Kingdom” when they are used asadjectives (U.S. Navy; it is not required to abbreviate these terms)in identity-concealing labels for study participants (F.I.M.)in Latin abbreviations (a.m., cf., e.g., i.e., p.m., vs.)in reference abbreviations (Vol. 1, 2nd ed., p. 6, paras. 11–12, F. Supp.)In era designations (B.C.E., C.E., B.C., A.D.)to end each element within a reference (except DOIs and URLs)Do not use periods in the following cases: in abbreviations of state, province, or territory names (NY; CA; Washington, DC; BC;ON; NSW)in capital letter abbreviations and acronyms (APA, NDA, NIMH, IQ)in abbreviations for academic degrees (PhD, PsyD, EdD, MD, MA, RN, MSW, LCSW,etc.)in abbreviations for routes of administration (icv, im, ip, iv, sc)in metric and nonmetric measurement abbreviations (cm, hr, kg, min, ml, s)after URLs in the text; instead, place URLs in the middle of the sentence or inparentheses to avoid ending a sentence with a URLafter DOIs or URLs in the reference list (see Section 3.7)6
Kenya Methodist UniversityGuide to APA Referencing Style1.3 CommaUse a comma in the following cases: between elements in a series of three or more items, including before the final item ,thislast comma is called a serial comma or Oxford commaCorrect: height, width, and depthIncorrect: height, width and depth after an introductory phrase (if the introductory phrase is short, the comma after it isoptional)After the nurses administered the medication, patients rated their pain. In this section,we discussorin this section we discuss to set off a nonessential or nonrestrictive clause —that is, a clause that embellishes asentence but if removed would leave the grammatical structure and meaning of thesentence intactStrong fearful faces, which are rarely seen in everyday life, convey intense expressionof negative emotions. to set off statistics in the text that already contain parentheses, to avoid nestedparenthesesSleep amount was not significantly different between the three groups (nap: M 7.48hr, SD 1.99; wake: M 8.13 hr, SD 1.22; nap wake: M 7.25 hr, SD 0.76),F(2, 71) 2.32, p .11.There was a main effect of group on corrected recognition, F(2, 71) 3.38, p .04,ηp2 .087. to separate two independent clauses joined by a conjunctionFacial expressions were presented, and different photo models were chosen randomly. to set off the year in exact dates in the text or in a retrieval date; however, when only amonth and year appear in the text, do not use a commaRetrieved April 24, 2020, fromin April 20207
Kenya Methodist University Guide to APA Referencing Styleto set off the year in parenthetical in-text citations(Bergen-Abramoff, 2018)(Horowitz, 2019, discovered . . .) to separate groups of three digits in most numbers of 1,000 or moreDo not use a comma in the following cases: before an essential or restrictive clause because removing such a clause from thesentence would alter the intended meaningAdolescents who spent a small amount of time on electronic communication activitieswere happier than those who spent no time on such activities. between the two parts of a compound predicateCorrect: Participants rated the items and completed a demographic questionnaire.Incorrect: Participants rated the items, and completed a demographic questionnaire. to separate parts of measurement7 years 4 months2 min 35 s5 ft 10 in.1.4 SemicolonUse a semicolon in the following cases: to separate two independent clauses that are not joined by a conjunctionStudents received course credit for participation; community members received 10. to separate two independent clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb such as “however,”“therefore,” or “nevertheless”The children studied the vocabulary words; however, they had difficulties with recall. to separate items in a list that already contain commasThe color groups were red, yellow, and blue; orange, green, and purple; or black,gray, and brown.8
Kenya Methodist University Guide to APA Referencing Styleto separate multiple parenthetical citations(Gaddis, 2018; Lai et al., 2016; Williams & Peng, 2019) to separate different types of information in the same set of parentheses, to avoid back-toback parentheses.(n 33; Fu & Ginsburg, 2020) to separate sets of statistics that already contain commas(age, M 34.5 years, 95% CI [29.4, 39.6]; years of education, M 10.4 [8.7, 12.1];and weekly income, M 612 [522, 702]).1.5 ColonUse a colon in the following cases: between a grammatically complete introductory clause (one that could stand alone as asentence, including an imperative statement) and a final phrase or clause that illustrates,extends, or amplifies the preceding thought (if the clause following the colon is acomplete sentence, begin it with a capital letter).There are three main patterns of mother–infant attachment: secure, avoidant, andresistant/ambivalent (Ainsworth et al., 1978).Yang et al. (2019) confirmed the finding: Test performance depended on preparation. in ratios and proportionsThe proportion of salt to water was 1:7.Do not use a colon in the following case: after an introduction that is not an independent clause or complete sentenceThe formula is ri ai e.Target behaviors included eating, sleeping, and socializing.The participants were asked to rank the 15 items,explain their choices, andClose their notebooks when finished.9
Kenya Methodist UniversityGuide to APA Referencing Style1.6 DashTwo kinds of dash are used in APA Style: the em dash (long dash) and the en dash (midsizeddash). These dashes are different from hyphens and minus signsEm Dash.Use an em dash to set off an element added to amplify or digress from the main clause. Overuseof the em dash weakens the flow of material, so use it judiciously. Do not use a space before orafter an em dash. Word processing programs can be set to automatically convert two back-toback hyphens to an em dash.Social adjustment—but not academic adjustment—was associated with extraversion.En DashAn en dash is longer and thinner than a hyphen but shorter than an em dash. Use an en dashbetween words of equal weight in a compound adjective and to indicate a numerical range, suchas a page or date range. Do not insert a space before or after an en dash. Word-processingprograms have options for inserting an en dash.Author–date citationSydney–Los Angeles flightpp. 4–750%–60%HypenA hyphen rather than an en dash is generally used in an abbreviation that contains dashes, suchas the abbreviation for a test or scale (e.g., MMPI-2) or a diagnostic manual (DSM-5, ICD-11).1.7 Quotation MarksQuotation marks often appear with other punctuation marks. Place commas and periods insideclosing quotation marks. Place other punctuation marks (e.g., colons, semicolons, ellipses)outside closing quotation marks.Use double quotation marks in the following cases: to refer to a letter, word, phrase, or sentence as a linguistic example or as itselfthe letter “m”the singular “they”answered “yes” or “no”10
Kenya Methodist UniversityGuide to APA Referencing StyleInstead of referring to someone as a “defective child,” talk about a “child with acongenital disability” or a “child with a birth impairment.”Students wrote “I promise to uphold the honor code” at the top of the test page. to present stimuli in the text (long lists of stimuli may be better presented in a table,where quotation marks are not needed)The stimulus words were “garden,” “laundry,” “briefcase,” and “salary.” to reproduce material from a test item or verbatim instructions to participants (ifinstructions are long, present them in an appendix or set them off from text in block quoteformat without quotation marks; see Sections 2.14 and 8.27)The first item was “How tired do you feel after a long day at work?”Participants read, “You can write as much as you like when answering the questions.” to introduce a word or phrase used as an ironic comment, as slang, or as an invented orcoined expression; use quotation marks only for the first occurrence of the word orphrase, not for subsequent occurrencesFirst occurrence:considered “normal” behaviorcalled a “friendly link” Subsequent occurrence:normal behaviora friendly linkTo introduce a label; after the label has been used once, do not use quotation marks forsubsequent occurrencesThe image label changed from "spiderweb” to “dartboard.” The spiderweb anddartboard labels . . . to set off the title of a periodical article or book chapter when the title is used in the textor in a copyright attribution (do not use quotation marks around the article or bookchapter title in the reference list entry)In text:Oerlemans and Bakker’s (2018) article, “Motivating Job Characteristics andHappiness at Work: A Multilevel Perspective,” described . . .In the reference list:Oerlemans, W. G. M., & Bakker, A. B. (2018). Motivating job characteristicsand happiness at work: A multilevel perspective. Journal of AppliedPsychology, 103(11), 1230–1241. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl000031811
Kenya Methodist UniversityGuide to APA Referencing StyleIn a copyright attribution:Adapted from “Motivating Job Characteristics and Happiness at Work: A MultilevelPerspective,” by W. G. M. Oerlemans and A. B. Bakker, 2018, Journal of AppliedPsychology, 103(11), p. 1236 (https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000318). Copyright 2018 by theAmerican Psychological Association.Do not use double quotation marks in the following cases: To highlight a key term or phrase (e.g., around a term for which you are going to providea definition); instead, use italics.to identify the anchors of a scale; instead, use italics (see Section 6.22)to refer to a numeral as itself because the meaning is sufficiently clear without quotationmarksThe numeral 2 was displayed onscreen. to hedge or downplay meaning (do not use any punctuation with these expressions)Correct: The teacher rewarded the class with tokens.Incorrect: The teacher “rewarded” the class with tokens.1.8 ParenthesesUse parentheses in the following cases: to set off structurally independent elementsThe patterns were statistically significant (see Figure 5). to set off in-text citationsBarnes and Spreitzer (2019) described(Proctor & Hoffmann, 2016) to introduce an abbreviation in the text (see also Section 6.25 of publication manual,2019)Galvanic skin response (GSR)Child Report of Parental Behavior Inventory (CRPBI; Schaefer, 1965)12
Kenya Methodist University Guide to APA Referencing Styleto set off letters that identify items in a list within a sentence or paragraphThe subject areas included (a) synonyms associated with cultural interactions, (b)descriptors for ethnic group membership, and (c) psychological symptoms andoutcomes associated with bicultural adaptation. to group mathematical expressions (see Section 6.9 and 6.46) (k – 1)/(g – 2)to enclose numbers that identify displayed formulas and equationsto enclose statistical values that do not already contain parentheses was statisticallysignificant (p .031)to enclose degrees of freedomt(75) 2.19F(2, 116) 3.71Do not use parentheses in the following cases: to enclose text within other parentheses; instead, use square brackets to avoid nestedparentheses as shown here(Beck Depression Inventory [BDI]; Beck et al., 1996) to enclose statistics that already contain parentheses; instead, use a comma before thestatistics to avoid nested parentheseswere significantly different, F(4, 132) 13.62, p .001. to enclose back-to-back parenthetical information; instead, place the information in oneset of parentheses, separated with a semicolonIncorrect: (e.g., flow) (Csikszentmihalyi, 2014)Correct: (e.g., flow; Csikszentmihalyi, 2014)1.9 Square BracketsUse square brackets in the following cases: to enclose parenthetical material that is already in parentheses(The results for the control group [n 8] are also presented in Figure 2.) to enclose abbreviations when the abbreviated term appears in parentheses(Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 [MMPI-2]; Butcher et al., 2001)13
Kenya Methodist University Guide to APA Referencing Styleto enclose values that are the limits of a confidence interval95% CIs [–7.2, 4.3], [9.2, 12.4], and [–1.2, –0.5] to enclose material inserted in a quotation by someone other than the original authorSchofield et al. (2016) found that “these types of [warm and accepting] parentingbehaviors are positively associated with healthy child and adolescent adjustment” (p.615). to enclose a description of form for some works (e.g., those outside the typical peerreviewed academic literature) in a reference list entryScorsese, M. (Producer), & Lonergan, K. (Writer/Director). (2000). You can count onme [Motion picture]. Paramount Pictures.Do not use square brackets in the following cases: to set off statistics that already include parenthesesCorrect: in the first study, F(1, 32) 4.37, p .045.Incorrect: in the first study (F[1, 32] 4.37, p .045).Incorrect: in the first study [F(1, 32) 4.37, p .045]. around the year in a narrative citation when the sentence containing the narrative citationappears in parentheses; instead, use commasCorrect: (as Gregory, 2020, concluded . . . )Incorrect: (as Gregory [2020] concluded . . . )1.10 SlashUse a slash (also called a “virgule,” “solidus,” or “shill”) in the followingcases: to clarify a comparison in a compound adjective, especially when one of the elements is ahyphenated compound (alternatively, use an en dash)the classification/similarity-judgment conditionhits/false-alarms comparisontest/retest reliability, test–retest reliability14
Kenya Methodist University Guide to APA Referencing Styleto specify either of two possibilitiesand/or (use sparingly)Latino/a to separate a numerator from a denominatorX/Y to separate units of measurement accompanied by a numeric value; if no numeric valueappears with the unit of measurement, spell out the word “per.”0.5 deg/s7.4 mg/kgcost per square meter to set off phonemes/o/ in citations of translated, reprinted, reissued, or republished works in the textFreud (1923/1961)Do not use a slash in the following cases: more than once to express compound units; use centered dots and parentheses as neededto prevent ambiguityCorrect: nmol hr–1 mg–1Incorrect: nmol/hr/mg when a phrase would be clearerCorrect: Each child handed the toy to their parent or guardian.Incorrect: Each child handed the toy to their parent/guardian.15
Kenya Methodist UniversityGuide to APA Referencing Style2. IN-TEXT CITATION2.1 Author-Date citation systemIn-text citations appear in the body of the work (or table, figure etc.). They enable readers tolocate the corresponding entry in the reference list.In-text citations are usually presented in the following two ways:Parenthetical citation: The author and date appear within parentheses: (Smith,2020)Narrative citation: The author appears in the text with the date in parentheses:Smith (2020) describes the issue in more detail.ExampleFigure 1.1 Correspondence Between a Reference List Entry and an In-Text Citation2.2 AuthorsWho is responsible for the work?Author typeParenthetical citationNarrative citationOne author(Smith, 2020)Smith (2020) examined .Two authors(Smith & Jones, 2020)Smith and Jones (2020) examined .Three or more authors(Smith et al., 2020)Smith et al. (2020) examined .(chapter author/s, 2020)Chapter author/s suggested.Author of a chapter in an edited bookIf a chapter is cited, cite the chapter author/s,not the editor/s16
Kenya Methodist UniversityGuide to APA Referencing StyleWorks with the same author and samedate(Smith, 2020a, 2020b)Add a, b, etc. to the year in the in-textcitation and reference list.In her papers Smith (2020a, 2020b)described .Authors with the same surnameIncludetheinitialsnames alphabeticallyandarrange (A. Smith, 2020; B. Smith, Alexandra Smith (2020) and Brian2019)Smith (2019) provided .APA Manual see p. 267, s8.20First citation - full name with First citation - full name withabbreviation:abbreviation:Group author with abbreviationAPA Manual see p. 268, s8.21Group author without abbreviation(National Institute of Water and National Institute of Water andAtmosphericResearch Atmospheric Research (NIWA,[NIWA], 2020)2020) reported .Subsequent citations:Subsequent citations:(NIWA, 2020)NIWA (2020) provided .(Ports of Auckland, 2020)Ports of Auckland (2020) reported .2020;Portsof Jones (2020), Ports of AucklandCitingmultipleworks (Jones,Place the citations in alphabetical order Auckland, 2020; Smith et al., (2020) and Smith et al. (2020)separated by a semi-colon.2020)examined .No author - use the title and date. APAManual p. 264.A book with no author:(Oral presentations, n.d.)Use italics if the work title is in italics in thereference list, e.g. a book with no author.An article with no author:("Understanding the sensoryMemory," 2018)Shorten a long title.Abookwithnoauthor:In Oral presentations (n.d.) there is.An article with no author:In "Understanding the SensoryMemory" (2018) there is adescription .If the work is overtly designated as written (Anonymous, 2020)by "Anonymous," use this in the citation.Personal communication (works thatcannot be recovered by readers i.e. workswithout a source element.)(E.Chapman,personal E.Chapman(personalNot recoverable. Do not include in thecommunication, January 20, communication, January 20, 2020)reference list.2020)informed me of .Moreexamplesonthepersonalcommunication.APA Publication Manual, 2019, p. 260, s8.9 Include one space between initialsWrite the name exactly as it appears on the published workRetain the author’s preferred capitalizationAll in-text citations for works with three or more authors are shortened to the name of thefirst author plus “et al.” (Except where this would create ambiguity).17
Kenya Methodist UniversityGuide to APA Referencing Style2.3 DatesWhen was the work published?Reference typeExplanationFormatBooksUse the copyright year shown on the verso of(Smith, 2020)thetitlepage.Example:According to Smith (2020).Journal articleUse the year of the volume, even if it is (Smith & Jones, 2020)different from the copyright year. See theAPA Manual p. 289, s9.13Smith and Jones (2020) examined.Journal article in If the work has been accepted for publicationbut has not yet been published, use "in press".pressMagazine,newspaperblogpostJones (in press).(Hoskings, 2019)article, Use the year only in the in-text citation.PersonalcommunicationWorkdate(Jones, in press)withoutHoskings (2019) discusses .Provide as exact a date as possible. No entryBurgess (February 12, 2019) replied .in the referenc
Kenya Methodist University Guide to APA Referencing Style 5 Referencing & APA style Referencing Referencing is acknowledging the ownership of resources used in your academic writing, and providing information necessary to identify and retrieve the work cited
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