SuStainable Development GoalS In Tanzania
Sustainable Development Goalsand Children in T a n z a n i a“Sustainable Changes start with Children”December 2019Sustainable Development Goals andChildren in Tanzania1
2Sustainable Development Goals andChildren in Tanzania
Sustainable Development Goalsand Children in T a n z a n i a“Sustainable Changes start with Children”December 2019Sustainable Development Goals andChildren in Tanzania3
Table ofContents4Sustainable Development Goals andChildren in Tanzania
9Abbreviations12Preface14Introduction31Goal 1:3743536975838993101107End poverty in all its forms everywhereGoal 2:End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promotesustainable agricultureGoal 3:Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all agesGoal 4:Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelonglearning opportunities for allGoal 5:Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girlsGoal 6:Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for allGoal 8:Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productiveemployment and decent work for allGoal 10:Reduce inequality within and among countriesGoal 11:Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainableGoal 13:Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impactsGoal 16:Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide accessto justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels112Towards 2030: Conclusion and Recommendations117ANNEXES117ANNEX 1: List of References122ANNEX 2: Statistical Annex
LIST of FIGURESFigure 1Prevalence of Stunting (%) among children under 5 years of age in2018 by regionFigure 2Trends in nutritional status of children under age 5 according to WHOGrowth Standards 2006, from 1991 to 2018, TanzaniaFigure 3Anaemia (blood haemoglobin level 11.0 g/dl) in children aged 6–59months by regionFigure 4Trends in child mortality rates (deaths per 1,000 live births) in TanzaniaFigure 5Proportion of children dying before 28 days and 12 months in theunder-5 deaths (per cent)Figure 6Child mortality rates (deaths per 1,000 live births) in the Mainland andZanzibar, for the period 2006–2015Figure 7Trends in maternal mortality ratios (maternal deaths per 100,000 livebirths) in TanzaniaFigure 8HIV prevalence among adults 15 years and older, by region,Tanzania, 2016/17Figure 9Education Structures in Mainland and in ZanzibarFigure 10Gross and net enrolment rates by education levels (per cent),Tanzania Mainland, 2016–2018Figure 11Gross and net enrolment rates by education levels (per cent),Zanzibar, 2016–2018Figure 12Percentage of out-of-school children, by age group, in the Mainland,Zanzibar and TanzaniaFigure 13Disparities in the pupil-qualified teacher ratios at region and councillevels in government pre-primary schools, Mainland, 2018Figure 14Gaps in the number of qualified teachers in government and nongovernment pre-primary schools, Mainland, 2018Figure 15Pupil-teacher ratio by school type and level, Zanzibar, 2018Figure 16Pupil-teacher ratios in government schools by district and level,Zanzibar, 2018
Figure 17Percentage of qualified science teachers by school type and level,Zanzibar, 2018Figure 18Percentage of schools with basic water services, basic sanitationservices and basic hygiene services, 2018Figure 19Female genital mutilation by regionFigure 20 Female genital mutilation by age at circumcision of womenaged 20–24 yearsFigure 21Proportion of households having access to improved and nonimproved drinking water sources, Tanzania, 2015/16Figure 22Proportion of households having access to sanitation facilities by typeFigure 23Proportion of children aged 5–17 years engaged in child labour (%) bysex, Mainland and Zanzibar 2014Figure 24Percentage of children of age 5–17 years in child labour by differentcharacteristics, MainlandFigure 25Percentage of children of age 5–17 years in child labour by differentcharacteristics, ZanzibarFigure 26Trends in Gini index, Tanzania MainlandFigure 27Percentage of population at mid-year residing in urban areas,United Republic of Tanzania, 1990–2050Figure 28Trends in the share and size of population at mid-year residing in urbanareas, United Republic of Tanzania, 2015–2030Figure 29Average annual rate of change of urban agglomerations with 300,000inhabitants or more, United Republic of Tanzania, 2015–2030 (per cent)Figure 30 Climate change-relevant allocations and as a share of the total budget,Tanzania, 2009/10–2012/13Figure 31Prevalence of physical and sexual violence among male and femalepopulation aged 13–24 yearsFigure 32Birth registration in Tanzania
LIST of TablesTable 1Gender Parity Index (GPI) of selected education indicators, Mainland, 201858Table 2Gender Parity Index (GPI) of selected education indicators, Zanzibar, 201859Table 3Pupil-qualified teacher ratios and gaps in the number of qualified teachers ingovernment and non-government pre-primary schools, Mainland, 201861Table 4Pupil-qualified teacher ratios and gaps in the number of qualified teachers ingovernment and non-government primary schools, Mainland, 201862Table 5Percentage of qualified teachers in government schools by district and level,Zanzibar, 201864
AbbreviationsAIDSAcquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeARTAntiretroviral TherapyARVAntiretroviralCEDAWConvention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against WomenCHFCommunity Health FundCHRGGCommission for Human Rights and Good GovernanceCRCConvention on the Rights of the ChildDACDevelopment Assistance CommitteeDRRDisaster Risk ReductionESDPEducation Sector Development ProgrammeETPEducation and Training PolicyEWURAEnergy and Water Utilities Regulatory AgencyFAOFood and Agriculture OrganizationFGM/CFemale Genital Mutilation/CuttingFYDP IIFive-Year Development Plan IIGDPGross Domestic ProductHBSHousehold Budget SurveyHIVHuman Immunodeficiency VirusHMISHealth Management Information SystemHRHSPHuman Resource for Health Strategic PlanHSSP IVHealth Sector Strategic Plan IVILFSIntegrated Labour Force SurveyLGAsLocal Government AuthoritiesMDAsMinistries, Departmentals and AgenciesSustainable Development Goals andChildren in Tanzania9
MDGsMillennium Development GoalsMoFPMinistry of Finance and PlanningMoHCDGECMinistry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and ChildrenMIJCAMinistry of Justice and Constitutional AffairsMKUZAMkakati wa Kukuza Uchumi na Kupunguza Umaskini ZanzibarMLHHSDMinistry of Lands, Housing and Human Settlements DevelopmentMNRTMinistry of Natural Resources and TourismMoHSWMinistry of Health and Social WelfareMVCsMost Vulnerable ChildrenNAWAPONational Water PolicyNBSNational Bureau of StatisticsNCDNon-Communicable DiseasesNECTANational Examination Council of TanzaniaNGONon-Governmental OrganisationNHIFNational Health Insurance FundNMNAPNational Multisectoral Nutrition Action PlanNPSTanzania’s National Panel SurveyNSSFNational Social Security FundNWSDSNational Water Sector Development StrategyODAOfficial Development AssistancePHCPopulation and Housing CensusPMOPrime Minister’s OfficePMTCTPrevention of Mother-to-Child TransmissionPO–RALGPresident’s Office–Regional Administration and Local GovernmentPPPPublic Private Partnership10Sustainable Development Goals andChildren in Tanzania
PPRAPublic Procurement Regulatory AuthorityRITARegistration of Insolvency and Trusteeship AgencyRGOZRevolutionary Government of ZanzibarSADCSouthern Africa Development CommunitySDGsSustainable Development GoalsSSRASocial Security Regulatory AuthorityTACAIDSTanzania Commission for AIDSTASAFTanzania Social Action FundTBTuberculosisTDHSTanzania Demographic and Health SurveyTDVTanzania Development VisionTHISTanzania HIV Impact SurveyTIETanzania Institute of EducationTSEDTanzania Social Economic DatabaseTZSTanzanian ShillingUNFCCCUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUNICEFUnited Nations Children’s FundUNSDUnited Nations Statistics DivisionUSDUnited States DollarVACSViolence Against Children SurveyWASHWater Sanitation and HygieneWHAWorld Health AssemblyWHOWorld Health OrganizationZIHHTLPZanzibar Integrated HIV, Hepatitis, Tuberculosis and Leprosy, ProgrammeSustainable Development Goals andChildren in Tanzania11
PrefaceIn September 2015, the United Republic of Tanzania was among the 193 UnitedNations member states that endorsed the 2030 Agenda for SustainableDevelopment and its accompanying 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).The SDGs reflect the call for shared action “for people, planet and prosperity”as well as for “partnerships and peace” to be implemented by all countries.In 2017, the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania acknowledged theimportance of Agenda 2030 by releasing a national SDG baseline report, whichallows the country to monitor progress towards the achievement of SDGs. TheGovernment released a National SDG Data Road Map to facilitate SDG monitoringand is currently strengthening its SDG coordination architecture. In 2019, theUnited Republic of Tanzania participated and presented its Voluntary NationalReview (VNR), which highlights progress made on SDGs, at the annual High LevelPolitical Forum (HLPF) of the United Nations.The United Nations family in Tanzania stands ready to support the Governmentin its efforts to strengthen SDG monitoring and coordination. The ongoing UnitedNations Development Assistance Plan for 2016-2021 is fully SDG-proof andaligned with national development priorities. Within this overall approach, UNICEFplaces a specific focus on children in line with its mandate to support Tanzaniawith the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.UNICEF is pleased to present this report that establishes a child-specific SDGbaseline for Tanzania. It highlights areas where progress towards achievingchild-specific SDG targets has been strong as well as areas where efforts needto accelerate. Tanzania has achieved remarkable progress in bringing down theunder- five child mortality rate, reducing malnutrition, improving pre-school andprimary school enrolment, and in bringing down the number of new HIV infectionsin children up to the age of 5.Yet, challenges remain – for example 320 children under 5 years die every daydue to preventable causes mainly, one in every three children is not nourishedadequately. Among children of older age groups – only 74 per cent of boys and68 per cent of girls transition from primary to secondary school, 27 per cent ofgirls aged 15–19 have given birth or were pregnant with their first child, and 30 percentyoung women got married before their 18th birthday.12Sustainable Development Goals andChildren in Tanzania
More than half of Tanzania’s population are children. The number of children isprojected to double by 2050, reaching 59 million. This young population couldbe a tremendous asset if – and only if – we all invest in them, and in all of them.UNICEF strongly believes that leaving no child behind today helps fulfil the rightsof all children, allowing them to develop into their full potential as healthy andproductive adults. Investing in children and reducing inequality is critical to therealization of Tanzania’s ambitious development goals.The child-specific SDGs addressed in this report guide the type of child-focusedinvestments that are required. UNICEF is highly committed to continue to supportthe Government with this agenda.Finally, no one entity alone can take on this task. Partnerships are central toprogress and UNICEF – as part of the broader UN Country Team – is grateful forthe excellent partnerships it enjoys in Tanzania – with the Government, Membersof Parliament, Civil Society Organisations, religious leaders, academia, the privatesector, development partners, and the children themselves. One of the greatthings about partnerships is the diversity they bring and the innovations thatemerge to solve problems that affect children. The Sustainable DevelopmentGoals, which Tanzania has officially adopted, envisage a better world for futuregenerations. Children and young people must be part of creating that betterworld – it is going to be their world after all.In short, this report is a contribution to Tanzania’s efforts to operationalize andlocalise SDGs. It puts the spotlight on the status of SDG indicators and targetsrelated to children to complement the Government’s efforts to implement Agenda2030 and to achieve the SDGs – leaving no child behind.UNICEF would like to express its gratitude to the National Bureau of Statistics andthe Children Development Department under the Ministry of Health, CommunityDevelopment, Gender, Elderly, and Children for their important contributions.Sustainable Development Goals andChildren in Tanzania13
IntroductionIn 2015, the 193 member states of the United Nations agreed on the2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development consisting of 17 SustainableDevelopment Goals (SDGs) and 169 targets. The new agenda builds on theprogress achieved towards the Millennium Development Goals between 2000and 2015. The SDGs are an ambitious and universal “plan of action for people,planet and prosperity” and represent a historic opportunity to advance therights and well-being of every child. Sustainable development is, by definition,development that can be carried on and sustained by future generations;making the right choices for children is critical to the SDG agenda. There can beno sustainable development, prosperity or peace without reaching all children.Tanzania actively participated in the formulation of SDGs by hosting tworounds of national consultations on what the focus should be of the post2015 development agenda and its implementation. The Government of theUnited Republic of Tanzania also made contributions to the inter-governmentaldiscussions on SDGs, the means of implementation and measuring SDGs.Compared with their predecessors, the Millennium Development Goals, SDGsgo further in addressing the root causes of poverty and take a stronger stanceon equity. Equity – a fair chance for every child to access the tools, services andskills they need to reach their full potential – needs to be a guiding principle inthe implementation of the SDGs for children. Eliminating poverty remains theoverarching goal while recognizing the critical importance of promoting equityto achieve this. The goals are linked by a pledge “that no one will be left behind andwe will endeavour to reach the furthest behind first.” In fact, the new targets cannot beachieved unless we make the most disadvantaged children a priority, adaptingpolicies, programmes and public spending to promote greater equity1 .114State of the World Children 2016Sustainable Development Goals andChildren in Tanzania
Children are central to the 2030 Agenda and the SDGs: the importance of investingin children and their roles as agents of change have been explicitly referenced,encouraging countries to think holistically and consider the linkages betweendifferent policies and investments that impact children. Although all of the 17 goalsand 169 targets of the agenda touch the lives of children in one way or another,14 goals and 95 targets are either directly (48 targets) or indirectly (47 targets)relevant to children.This report focuses on 8 goals (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 16) that include commitmentsdirectly related to children, while also touching on goals that do not explicitlyconcern children, but which bear relevance to their direct living environment(10, 11 and 13). This report will also focus on 17 of the 232 global indicators2 forwhich UNICEF has been identified as the official custodian or co-custodian forpurposes of global reporting, with the key indicators, which are crucial in thelocal context in Tanzania. The analysis of the general trends and status of goalsaddressed in this report are framed by targets relevant to children’s well-beingand their corresponding indicators that are both globally defined and countryspecific, depending on the data available. Data from different sources, includinggovernment reports, national surveys, administrative reports and global databaseshave been used to capture a comprehensive snapshot of where Tanzania’s childrenare at the start of Agenda 2030. The report begins with an overview of SDGs andtheir relevance for children, continues with an analysis of their status and nationalresponse to each of the 11 SDGs that are relevant for children and concludes with keyconclusions and recommendations on the way forward.2UNICEF Briefing Note Series on SDG global indicators related to childrenSustainable Development Goals andChildren in Tanzania15
SDGs impact everyaspect of a child’s lifeEvery ChildSurvivesandThrivesLearnsIs ProtectedfromViolence andExploitation?Lives in a Safeand CleanEnvironmentHas anEquitableChance inLife?Numberof targetsrelevantforchildrenGOAL 1:No Poverty7GOAL 2:Zero Hunger2GOAL 3:Good Health andWell-being13GOAL 4:Quality Education10GOAL 5:Gender Equality9GOAL 6:Clean Water andSanitation6GOAL 7:Affordable andClean EnergyGOAL 8:Decent Work andEconomic GrowthGOAL 9:Industry,Innovation andInfrastructureGOAL 10:ReducedInequality6GOAL 11:Sustainable Citiesand Communities8ResponsibleGOAL 12: Consumption andProduction2GOAL 13: Climate Action4GOAL 14: Life Below Water0GOAL 15: Life on Land0141GOAL 16:Peace and JusticeStrong Institutions11GOAL 17:Partnerships toachieve the Goal11Source: Adapted from “Is Every Child Counted? Status of data for children in the SDGs, UNICEF (2017)”16Sustainable Development Goals andChildren in Tanzania
The Sustainable Development Agenda is unique in that each country has greaterspace to determine its own development targets and the indicators by which itwill measure progress. In Tanzania, Agenda 2030 and SDGs align well with theTanzania Development Vision 2025, the Zanzibar Development Vision 2020, thenational development plans including the Second Five-Year Development Plan(FYDP II) and MKUZA III’s in Zanzibar for 2016–2020. The preparation of thesedevelopment plans benefited from the experience and recommendations fromthe global, regional and national consultations that led to the Agenda 2030 forSustainable Development. The localised SDG performance can be tracked aspart of the overall monitoring of FYDP II and MKUZA III’ in Zanzibar for 2016–2020.Tanzania made good progress towards achieving the Millennium DevelopmentGoals. More than a decade of sustained economic growth has contributedto a reduction in poverty and significant progress in a number of humandevelopment dimensions. This is evidenced by a reduction in the proportion ofstunted children by more than one third between 1992 and 2018, an impressive40 per cent decrease in under-5 child mortality since 2005 and more than 30per cent reduction in new HIV infections among children between 2005 and2017.However, this has not resulted in better lives for everyone as many children areleft behind. Inequities persist that affect the well-being of a large percentage ofTanzania’s children by denying them access to basic services and opportunities.At present, more than a third of children in Tanzania still grow up stunted,attendance in primary school is falling and neonatal and maternal mortality ratesremain stubbornly high. The country is home to more than 1.4 million peopleliving with HIV, including 160,000 adolescents and young people. The nationaladult HIV prevalence is stabilizing at 4.7 per cent in 2016/2017; however, thereare vast geographical variations with some regions having HIV prevalenceof over 10 per cent. Prevalence of HIV among women aged 15–49 is twice incomparison with the prevalence among men (6.2 per cent vs. 3.1 per cent).Majority of Tanzanian children face multiple deprivations. Human developmentoutcomes differ substantially between rural and urban areas, across regions anddistricts, between boys and girls, and between income groups.Equitable development requires investment in
Sustainable Development Goals and Children in Tanzania 12 In September 2015, the United Republic of Tanzania was among the 193 United Nations member states that endorsed the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its accompanying 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
TARP Tanzania Agricultural Research Project TAWIRI Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute TAWLAE Tanzania Association of Women Leaders in Agriculture and Environment TBC Tanzania Broadcasting Cooperation TBS Tanzania Bureau of Standard TCC Tanzania Communications Commission TCCIA Tanzan
Sustainable Development Goals March 2020 On January 1 2016, the 17 Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development officially came into force. These Goals had been adopted by world leaders in September 2015 at a UN summit. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals act as a blueprint to achieve a better and .
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education in Tanzania and defines the roles of national and local education bodies. Sources: UNESCO-IBE (2010). World Data on Education VII Ed. 2010/11. United Republic of Tanzania. Geneva: UNESCO-IBE. United Republic of Tanzania (1997). National Council for Technical Education Act. Dodoma: United Republic of Tanzania.
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THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA . RSPS Road Sector Programme Support TANROADS Tanzania National Roads Agency . 1.1 Background of the Project Tanzania's mid-term plan for national development, Tanzania Development Vision 2025 (enacted in 1999), states "Improvement of an appropriate amount of infrastructure will contribute to the .
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black holes limited their own growth by unleashing torrents of energy that drove away the surrounding gas (S&T: April 2005, page 42). These waves of unrest also dictated the ebb and flow of starbirth in the host galax-ies. This feedback process forged a close link between massive black holes and their surrounding stars. This view of abrupt but dazzling mayhem in major galaxies represents a .
