N87-22649 - NASA
N87-22649THEAPPLICATIONOFCRMCapt.DaleUnitedTOE. TIONCAPT.CAVANAGH:of it today,Manyof theofUnitedhad itsconceptsCockpitResourceManagementoriginsin the NASA-sponsoredadvancedduringthat hetheAircrew(formerlydetaileddiscretionUnitedof theAirlinesMACcrewsof theCRMcontractor.ServicescompareAs a itarycrewto as CockpitAt the samedeterminemembersinvestigationthanof ourareCommandis ourhenceairlift.as it is to thepilots,CIVILDIFFERENCESintentto gointodefine' ing135ATSServiceswascontentleftshouldhowof thethetobe,needsofthetrainingin ingobjectivesto a widerrangeCRMof ingcrewingofthewestudyhasand courseandcrewcoordinationismanninga flightof Tacticalandfieldto civil or reness,to the pilotsflightfirstin the cockpitsof civilianand behaviorsexhibitedbymuchC-5operationalbut we believereadilyAirlinesto understandthe crew rolesof the attitudesbe termedtoof uationalwith ion,appropriate,to tentof theResourceManagementis equallyappropriatetime, thereare significantdifferenceswhichif modificationsOurtraining,Unitedwhatan effortairlinebetweenManyarecomponentof determiningmadeof civilianThereare distinctsimilaritiesairlinersand militaryair transports.civiltrainingas we thinkto the UnitedAirlines'trainingandCRMbe includedin the contractor-TrainingSystem(ATS),for whichAircrewTraining)is the aleindustryeffort.The favorableresponserelatedprogramsled the Air Force to nceheld in 1979.were followedin the developmentCRMonjustasAirlifta C-5.training
being developedby United Airlines ServicesCorporationfor the C-5 ATS; rather, wewill focuson a numberof generaldifferencesbetweenmilitary and civil cockpitswhichmay haveimplicationsfor the developmentof military CRM programs.These generaldifferencesinclude:lifestyle;(e) ryrelations;relatedcivilianLet'sRank Reversal.Occasionally,in rank to otherson lotjuniorin rank.Anotherreverseaircraftcommander.navigatoris perienced.dealingof theThisexperiencewith theofficers,newa rank,wouldbetweenthereisnobe thecaseif theis seniorin rank to theunduetensionsincetheonin ineer.peculiartoflightdecks,a seniorhaveNCOisother.difficultyis eventheyflightascommanderanda seniorThesituationcana ewor ary.asaretheyisSenioris new to the airplaneand juniorhead" flight engineermay attemptaircrafteachis probablyColonelthewhenrank,bothheThisas e majorengineeris relatedto inexperience.withmaywhenis nsthanorrank,relationshipin dealingseniorreversala navigatorto mastertheto courtesyexperiencedSergeant.Whenthe aircraftcommanderas FirstLieutenantor Captain,the 'bidthe aircraftcommander.difficultyofin majorandhascrewNCOlargestduringthe flightandduringany groundno questionthatthe Captainmust lightIt is alsotheeitherthein dealingnew eriencedcrewofficers,while the engineersThis appearsto be less of awithemanateone(d)Pilots and navigatorsare -on-oneshouldqualifications;a pilot.andwhencrewdifferences.situations.rank situationis thatin whichHowever,thisis less likelyThereis no comparablesituationto a subordinatein the cockpit.havemayseveralRegardlessjuniorproblem(c)a crew will be headedby an aircraftcommanderwho iscrew (e.g., the aircraftcommandermay be a usthatthe Captainis in commandrelatingto the flight.Thereis alsocopilotwhen(b)(f) other,to be expandedcommandershareaveryMasterin rank, suchto dominateengineertoto a seniorand/ora
This is not totally unknowninpassingofTherecockpitt nechanic"are somecrew.situationsA but' ilot"flight' xperience"it is muchengineersattendantsituationmoreonattemptsof ichthethemilitarywith mandatoryretirementof the airlineCaptainhis career as a flightengineer.How does he ockpit,ofseniorlearneda flightbarriersdisciplinaryfellow crewhavea civilfavorThe situationoccursthen opts to of airlinesdoes not share.at age 60, eemsandithisto haveprevious35q-potentialto producethenon-commissionedoccurs,subjectsThereare no airlinerestrictionsof any positionor aternizing/socializingwithPurposeThe primarypurposeof our armedforces is to defendtheforeignand domestic.MAC'srole is to provideairliftsupportandwomenwhoservetheirnumberof unfamiliargroundloadarepoliticalto flywithsuchinallas a uchtheto travel,anywhere,localas service,importanceofasforcesan snavigationhandledbycharterforis noeventevenLoadsor port.Therethegenerallyaids in ryattemptandeducation,toor chare contraryto good operatingpractice.Airlinesso againstall threats,for thatdefense.The menmajorvariesis madeextrapassengers,or weaponsmaybeheavywithstandardairlines,allonly resgroundsomeairlinetooftenalldetailsoff-lineto contractdelivera specialrare.equivalentnationaltheto entscrewsservethanthose encounteredin responseto a differentlargerrole of militarytheairlinesAirFleetby manyMACset of imes, airlinewhichobviouslydoes not eanaveragea
of fiveyearsyearsaboutas a ightaverageandorRegularapplicantof erspilots.arethanassignasandtwoyears,orfor pilotsloadmastershas overmilitaryflyingof perience.which5-7aresignificantlyof o performentailsis n,in-depth3a theless1,500-3,000anofobtainedanyas pilots,forratings.Becauseof urestoengineer(approximatelyareto havearenotrequiredATC requirements,for he companyhoursbeforeas a tareeducationalwhichexperiencea enhourshas at least10 to 15 yearswithor on the orderof 7,000-10,000in thehoursfor 800experience,licenses,andwith instrumentapproachas definedhaveengineersemploymentor in civilianlife beforeengineersare pilotsonto ion:andflightwhilehadhaveexcludinghigh theaboutcareer.ranks,for majorgenerallyand,in theyhavetheir airlineCopilotsengineershave perhapsmay be as little as 260(UPT),An airlineCaptainto the left seat,A copilothoursacquiredmember.Mosthours.airlineflight crew members.Reserveor Guardflight engineersbut less flight experiencethanregularAir Force crewGuardAirwith a majorbeforebeing2,000-3,500hours.Flightlevel experiencePilotflighta majorityReserveintoexperience.higher,and are frequentlytend to have longerservicebeforetranslatesof flightknowledgeflightengineers.Someairlines,or flightproceduraldutiestomustofmeetincludingthey areetc.Theyengineer,of uiresanof flight.ThearrayYoungcareerpathof academicpilotswhofor commissionedcredentialsareandflightofficersa varietycareer-orientedbeginwhoaspireof assignmentsto lookveryearlyto higheroutsidethefor a waythe cockpit.Earninga Master'sdegree,and non-flyingdutiesof high visibilityaredesirableon an Officer EffectivenessReport,and thereforeconsideredmore importantcareerprogressionthe e Flighthence,theirthemto lookfor non-flyingrankworldoutofverytoManual.Such factorsare less importantinflightofficersare underno careerpressureassignments.138
Theaverageseatsandmuchlonger,tourfleets,as a pilotbutis trueperhaps10 withinasan15 years,pilotsmaya non-flyingdevelopastrongMACaverageis eads'I weenbe transferredjob, aftersenseyears.thetosuch as sengineersbeenor so for thtendwiththein MAC.butC-5Becauseof theconstraintstotheremainwithandrelativelyis difficultfor 'bldonetoward!)policiesareaveragein the(or antagonismemployeesAn10 yearsandto obtain,andimposedcarriertheirheads,"fivebyyearsa senioritydevelopa senseemployer.Thereofemployerandof estyleCrewDuties.connectionMACwithioadmastercrewsa ghtthetheengineersComputerin detailis thefuelingcommander,andflightby theAirlinerformsAfor Forunloadingthethatneededmaintenanceis ultimatelytheof allcargo,loadmasterhasresponsibleinexample,isThe loadmasteror flight engineerto the pilots.The flight engineerforis carried)mostor bynormalthenotpreparesis chargedbeenperformed.for theactionsofbythemissions,pilots.Flightbutmustbe verifiedplanfilingwithATCcommander.is thebyaresponsibilitygroundof airlinesupportare largelycomputer-generated,pilotsfor cursoryverificationgroundfunctionandreviewedbyand acceptance.crews.delivereda s atFor example,may be calledleastpartiallya flightairliftresponsibleif an enlistedpersonto provideassistance.an airlineCaptainmightbe calleduponcircumstances,he wouldbe doingso onlydifficultyExceptunloaded.are givenavailableandduringgroundlayovers.the aircraftcommanderWhilein similarare(if oneareaircraftactualcommanderaircraftis handledMACaircrafta widermostbalance.verifyingof thecockpit.Flightplansanddeliveredto ommonsupervisingweightrelieveduntilthe aircrafthasthe weightand balanceformswitharethanis quipment,relationshipsCrewcrewandseatsto remainas morejuniortogethernessoftendestimatedhasfora run-inhissubordinateswithto assista copilotor flightas a friend.He wouldnotthelaw,engineerbe calledattendant.missions,there139areno civilequivalentsto manyof MAC's
missionswhich frequently require very closecoordinationand teamworkbetweenallmembersof the crew,includingloadmasterand navigator,to ensuresafety.Crew ulenceDutydaysmemberscanbe severalMajorwhichforassigneddetractsMACto themaximumairlineattemptsto lock-ina monthlyschedulefor aircrewmembers,operationalrequirementsand' typeof life.hours.Withto as muchadditionalcrewas 24 hours.Therein a largemeasureReservecrew membersaremembers.Dutyregulationsif notimpossible,withofavailabletoand othermajorairlines.RelationsThereis ndtogovernremovalmembers(ALPA)employerto theforcefor ifferencesCrewtheoperations.5, a portioncopilot,to andflightfromconversationsalthoughthereis aof the officer structure.Peer pressure,specialistsat higherheadquartersalso(USAF)of ceandto theeveryaspectof life intheAir Force.Redressin therepresentsauthoritarian.UniformCodeofthe militaryfromof grievancesispilotsemployees,faceandof airlineflightderegulation,engineersthe dbythethroughThe role of unionsis controversial,atof employerauthorityand diversionunion.Onin dealingAirLinecollectivebest,andof loyaltyin theawayALPAprovidesa .Themostis dismissal.Communication.ofmembers,uncertain.it is oyerbargainingwith their employers.case of ALPAcan causea dilutionusemilitaryunitywithinall ranks.Thereis an informalflightto be an 'bid heads"networkwhichdoes everythingdefendits NCOsagainsttheof unitsupervisors,and crewto the ificthe16be extendedstabilityand predictabilityin flying assignments.cover"add-ons"or unavailabilityof onsgroundThis includespilots,flight engineers,navigator,and loadmasters.of the systemis continually' aot" for erpositionsrequiresthearenotjump-seat,and avionicsbay.use of a push-to-talkswitch.possible.140mandateandflyingIn the Cthe pilot,CommunicationsTrulyt )rivate"
Formalityis mandatedfrombybyPilot,"(a)in the cockpitHQ MAC.or ionaddressedpersons--andall builtafirstis no needLockheed,Training.flighttrainingto useBoeing,byon regular,is explainedflightsoccursin partdiversionofduringbytheattentionspeedon sprocedures,inSeveralconductNoise(b)in simulatorsIMPLICATIONStheversusfunctionwhichin a lenges.arelevelswithin mostto woorthreeairlinecockpits--andnormalcockpitCalls planeperformingcockpithaveculturalandto tructstrikevirtuallyin tionleastincludingA dedicatedpossible,(a)missions.occursin militaryand developmentWe find it usefulto classifythesegeneraldifferencesaseven thoughsome of themclearly resultfrom a combinationrequirementsAnyis mandatedvia interphoneof whominformal,enoughDR. WILLIAMS:The differenceswe have notedbeen generalconsiderationsfor us in our designtraining.cultural,proceduremorecrewson operations,procedureshaveoris rmathinterphone.MACand enlisted)Pilot,"or ' oto sbasis.to an interphoneemploya separatesuperviseMostThisneedmembers,or Douglas--arescheduledof mishapsthethebetweenofficersis, nEngineer,In MAC,a greaterproportionof airplaneflighttrainingis carried out inversussimulationthanis customaryin the (b)or morenamecommunicationswithoutresortingfrom the passengercompartmentactualEngineer,"andeightin mostontherebyor ' ilot,relationship,with a crew whichmaythe same first name.usually(no first names,particularlyAll interphonecommunicationand civil aircrewsof militaryCRMeitheroperationalof both Consider,notedbetweenmilitaryfor designingeffectiveCRMwithinweaponssystemsfor llhavepotentialbut the ficantdesigndifferences141civilamongair frametypesjustwithin
the Military Airlift Command. MAC operatesa wide variety of fixed- and rotary-wingtypes. The ropeller-driven,andjetpowered aircraft. Some of these types, especiallythose classified as strategicairlifters, have principal employments which are roughly similar to their civilcounterparts. The C-5 and C-141 are generallythought of as comparablein theirprincipal employmentsto civil air carrier aircraft. But the C-5 also has a specialoperationsemployment(SOE),andthe C-141alsohasa tacticalor airdrop mission.The C-130,the work horseof MAC, looksto be the sametype of aircraft operatedby a civil carrier such as Transamerica.In reality, the C-130 performsthe widestvarietyof missionsof (AC-130),specialoperationsof Thecloserthanrevisionsof genericpositiondevelopmentof militaryfully-developedThewhatofthet :riticalof view, are learly,insignificance,it maybe wisetoa etobe eavilyanda minimum,the end-user(b) in a designreview ofacceptancetestingrequirementsCriticalanalysisof theis gbeothersimilarfactorson end-userinput.142the atresources,providefrommakethe differencebetweenenvironment.A in ,programstoprograms(c)don'tso aracterizedeffectivelife cycleteamtaskswhichin the erhapsin the programdevelopment(a) in the analysisof trainingto its enteringrolewe calltoCRMcoursepriorMilitaryprograms.designatorsat strategicpointsshouldbe erencesCRMis thatCivilcrewsWeatheronethusas t lifferences(HC-130),C-130withinandandis usedtacticalairliftmissionof s.byseveral(SOLL-1),systemsinventory.and rescuesearchTacticallevelmoresimilaritiesThe significantuser-sensitivethansimilaritiesweaponsIn dof le),differencesAirFor example,withinthesuch as al(AWADS),onlyin the(MC-130),qualifications.typesof tionaircraftas a tacticalairlifterto insertBut it is also usedfor a dexistingto fitina
Afterspecificlearningobjectivesare calstagestocomponents;activities;designtoThatis, urcebeforefurthermajorThecourseareplans,toof thesea onanamilitaryareinitialCRMwhenit comesoperationaldeliveringshouldthroughAof traininginstructorsacceptancecontrolmediaoutputof the courseplan.eachaspectof uldassigningThematerials.involvedno differently(c)components.his criticalshoulda criticalrequirements(a) heofwithultimatelyeitherTobeunconditionalis orcetothemilitaryneedThe militaryismedicine,law,charterintheis lin eachcomponent,performa sbeworthyof ais the itaryTheyandcompleteanda senseMilitaryof tradition.of edomhonor.of resvalue in erlookedto do so in thedevelopersforsociety.way thatsupport.in olicthroughofandultimatelysendingout"a life basedtrainingwithinthe sameperforma mission,to itutionin muchprofessions.of armsor emilitary,a mission--tIt requiresneitherin developingas gthatthey are dealingwith a uniqueby societyas a an.specificationsstudents.ofCulturalcoursefor his 'stesting.evaluationtowithinto see thataccountsbe treatedacceptanceprogrambe dtheto tthrougha reviewthe ningsequencingis a houldand(b)andthroughsuch as:ofcommitmentin ll-received.alsoneedtobeawarethatthe
nattendeesof theAircrewsmilitarytodaycounterpartswereasked,is todayareare.inthein directas concernedAtlastcontextofyear'sansurfacedin the courseof our criticalof our respondentshad concernseconomicincentivesprofessionalismandIf thereis anyprogramtoday.analysiswereof allareheldpreparedmilitarywiththatconflictin ary,excessiveEssentiallythethecrewsameinof the lpingfromthemforarebeconcernsredefinewhile,of conflictgoals--thecan domilitaryit is thatatthebutthein theinevitableis to emilitarytime,todayandomnipresentcrew hareas,asplanningobjectives.atcontentimportantdoes not mitment.crewmustcontentthiskey dynamicsthatare eshifttheseindividualif notis theidenticalto thosealongwithotherto encounterbyvaluescomponentsCRM/CLT"Whathad to do withsimilarfactors.virtuallytoday,thedealan nditionsrequirementsanalysisfor the C-5 program.MACconference,yet theirresponsesto ain mentioningis betweenindividualneedsandconflictin any e rty-threeresponsesto thatquestion,the majorityduty,Commandpressure,qualityof schedule,andthingsNonecompetitionwithandanymusta significantfunctionalprogramrelationsdesign.of CRMtrainingin themilitaryofCommandBut,a strongintegrationof s lessened.CONCLUSIONAs the resultof our effortsto date,contributeto effectiveteamfunctioningaccomplishmentin character.to theextentthatsuchwe s explicitlymilitary
large-scale industry effort. The favorable response to the United Airlines' training and related programs led the Air Force to require that CRM be included in the contractor-operated C-5 Aircrew Training System (ATS), for which United Airlines Services Corporation (formerly Aircrew Training) is the prime contractor.
2016 nasa 0 29 nasa-std-8739.4 rev a cha workmanship standard for crimping, interconnecting cables, harnesses, and wiring 2016 nasa 0 30 nasa-hdbk-4008 w/chg 1 programmable logic devices (pld) handbook 2016 nasa 0 31 nasa-std-6016 rev a standard materials and processes requirements for spacecraft 2016 nasa 0 32
The Acousto-Ultrasonic Approach (t_ASA-'Itl-8984 2) 'ILI_ACCUS,IC- UI'II_ASOIIICcSCL _.t._I_CACll(NASA) 30 P lqD G3/38 N87-20562 uncla_ W5389 Alex Vary Lewis Research Center Cleveland, Ohio Prepared for the Acousto--Ultrasonics: Theory and Application cosponsored by NASA and the American Society for Nondest
Jan 10, 2012 · The NASA STI program provides access to the NASA Aeronautics and Space Database and its public interface, the NASA Technical Report Server, thus providing one of the largest collections of aeronautical and space science STI in the world. Results are published in both non-NASA channels and by NASA in the NASA
The NASA STI program provides access to the NASA Aeronautics and Space Database and its public interface, the NASA Technical Report Server, thus providing one of the largest collections of aero-nautical and space science STI in the world. Results are published in both non-NASA channels and by NASA in the NASA
The NASA STI program provides access to the NASA Aeronautics and Space Database and its public interface, the NASA Technical Report Server, thus providing one of the largest collections of aero-nautical and space science STI in the world. Results are published in both non-NASA channels and by NASA in the NASA STI Report Series, which includes
The NASA STI program provides access to the NASA Aeronautics and Space Database and its public interface, the NASA Technical Report Server, thus providing one of the largest collections of aero-nautical and space science STI in the world. Results are published in both non-NASA channels and by NASA in the NASA STI Report Series, which includes
6 SCIENCE RESOURCES NASA Earth Observations https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov NASA Climate https://climate.nasa.gov NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies
Conditional Random Fields: An Introduction Hanna M. Wallach February 24, 2004 1 Labeling Sequential Data The task of assigning label sequences to a set of observation sequences arises in many fields, including bioinformatics, computational linguistics and speech recognition [6, 9, 12]. For example, consider the natural language processing
