The Fiber Optic Association, Inc.
The Fiber Optic Association, Inc.1-760-451-3655 Fax 1-781-207-2421Email: info@foa.orghttp://www.foa.orgFOA Technical BulletinGuide To Fiber Optic Network DesignContentsPart 1Part 2Part 3Part 4Part 5Part 6Part 7Part 8Part 9Part 10Part 11Part 12Part 13Part 14Part 15Part 16IntroductionGetting StartedCopper, Fiber or Wireless?Choosing Transmission EquipmentPlanning The RouteChoosing Components For Outside Plant InstallationsChoosing Components For Premises InstallationsThe Link Power BudgetDocumentationPlanning for the installDeveloping A Test planPlanning For RestorationChoosing A ContractorManaging The ProjectMaintaining The NetworkCabling StandardsPage135791113151618202123262729Part 1: IntroductionWhat is “fiber optic network design?” Fiberoptic network design refers to the specializedprocesses leading to a successful installation andoperation of a fiber optic network. It includesdetermining the type of communication system(s)which will be carried over the network, thegeographic layout (premises, campus, outside plant(OSP, etc.), the transmission equipment required andthe fiber network over which it will operate. Next wehave to consider requirements for permits,easements, permissions and inspections. Once we get to that stage, we can consideractual component selection, placement, installation practices, testing, troubleshootingand network equipment installation and startup. Finally, we have to considerdocumentation, maintenance and planning for restoration in event of an outage.Design requires working with higher level network engineers usually from IT 2019, The FOA Inc.Design Guide.doc Dec/25/2018
(information technology) departments and cable plant designers such as the architectsand engineers overseeing a major project, as well as contractors involved with buildingthe projects. Other groups like engineers or designers involved in aspects of projectdesign such as security, CATV or industrial system designers or specialized designerslike BICSI RCDDs for premises cabling may also be overseeing various parts of theproject that involves the design and installation of fiber optic cable plants and systems.Designers should have an in-depth knowledge of fiber optic components andsystems and installation processes as well as all applicable standards, codes and anyother local regulations. They must also be familiar with most telecom technology(cabled or wireless), site surveys, local politics, codes and standards, and where to findexperts in those fields when help is needed. Obviously, the fiber optic network designermust be familiar with electrical power systems, since the electronic hardware must beprovided with high quality uninterruptible power at every location. And if they work for acontractor, estimating will be a very important issue, as that is where a profit or loss canbe determined!Those involved in fiber optic project design should already have somebackground in fiber optics, such as having completed a FOA CFOT certification course,and may have other training in the specialties of cable plant design such as electricalcontracting apprenticeship, SCTE or ISA training, etc. It’s also very important to knowhow to find in-depth information, mostly on the web, about products, standards, codesand, for the OSP networks, how to use online mapping services like Google Maps.Experience with CAD systems is a definite plus.References for the fiber optic designer’s bookshelf include the FOA books (seereferences) and the NECA/FOA-301 installation standard. When it comes to the NEC, Ilike Limited Energy Systems published by the NFPA. My own bookshelf has dozens ofbooks on communications system design, but unfortunately, the fast pace ofdevelopment in communications technologies means that many textbooks arehopelessly out of date unless it’s updated frequently. Better to rely on the web,especially the websites of well-established manufacturers.Getting trained specifically in fiber optic network design is becoming easier. Thismaterial is covered in part in some advanced fiber optic courses offered by the FOAapproved schools and by large manufacturers who help you understand how to buildnetworks using their products. The FOA has developed a curriculum to allow more ofour schools to offer a design specialty course and a new FOA design specialtycertification. The bulk of the required material has been developed by a committee ofexperienced fiber installers and trainers working with the FOA. 2019, The FOA Inc. Design Guide.doc 12/25/18p2
Part 2: Getting StartedBefore one can begin to design a fiber optic cable plant, one needs to establishwith the end user or network owner where the network will be built and whatcommunications signals it will carry. Most contractors are more familiar with premisesnetworks, where computer networks (LANs or local area networks) and securitysystems use structured cabling systems built around well-defined industry standards.Once the cabling exits a building, even for short links for example in a campus ormetropolitan network, requirements for fiber and cable types change. Long distancelinks for telecommunications, CATV or utility networks have other, more stringentrequirements, necessary to support longer high speed links, that must be considered.But while the contractor generally considers the cabling requirements first, thereal design starts with the communications system requirements established by the enduser. One must first look at the types of equipment required for the communicationssystems, the speed of the network and the distances to be covered before consideringanything related to the cable plant. The communications equipment will determine iffiber is necessary or preferable and what type of fiber is required.Premises cable systems are designed to carry computer networks based onEthernet which currently may operate at speeds from 10 megabits per second to 10gigabits per second. Other systems may carry security systems with digital or analogvideo, perimeter alarms or entry systems, which are usually low speeds, at least as faras fiber is concerned. Telephone systems can be carried on traditional twisted paircables or as is becoming more common, utilize LAN cabling with voice over IP (VoIP)networks. Premises networks are usually short, often less than the 100 meters (about330 feet) used as the limit for standardized structured cabling systems that allowtwisted pair copper or fiber optic cabling, with backbones on campus networks used inindustrial complexes or institutions as long as 500 m or more, requiring optical fiber.Premises networks generally operate over multimode fiber. Multimode systemsare less expensive than singlemode systems, not because the fiber is cheaper (it isn’t)nor because cable is cheaper (the same), but because the large core of multimode fiberallows the use of cheaper LED or VCSEL sources in transmitters, making theelectronics much cheaper. Astute designers and end users often include bothmultimode and singlemode fibers in their backbone cables (called hybrid cables) sincesinglemode fibers are very inexpensive and it provides a virtually unlimited ability toexpand the systems.Telephone networks are mainly outside plant (OSP) systems, connectingbuildings over distances as short as a few hundred meters to hundreds or thousands ofkilometers. Data rates for telecom are typically 2.5 to 10 gigabits per second using veryhigh power lasers that operate exclusively over singlemode fibers. The big push fortelecom is now taking fiber directly to a commercial building or the home, since thesignals are now too fast for traditional twisted copper pairs.CATV also uses singlemode fibers with systems that are either hybrid fiber-coax(HFC) or digital where the backbone is fiber and the connection to the home is on coax.Coax still works for CATV since it has very high bandwidth itself. Some CATV providershave discussed or even tried some fiber to the home, but have not seen the economicsbecome attractive yet. 2019, The FOA Inc. Design Guide.doc 12/25/18p3
Besides telecom and CATV, there are many other OSP applications of fiber.Intelligent highways are dotted with security cameras and signs and/or signalsconnected on fiber. Security monitoring systems in large buildings like airports,government and commercial buildings, casinos, etc. are generally connected on fiberdue to the long distances involved. Like other networks, premises applications areusually multimode while OSP is singlemode to support longer links.Metropolitan networks owned and operated by cities can carry a variety of traffic,including telephone, LAN, security, traffic monitoring and control and sometimes eventraffic for commercial interests using leased bandwidth or fibers. However, since mostare designed to support longer links than premises or campus applications, singlemodeis the fiber of choice.For all except premises applications, fiber is the communications medium ofchoice, since its greater distance and bandwidth capabilities make it either the onlychoice or considerably less expensive than copper or wireless. Only inside buildings isthere a choice to be made, and that choice is affected by economics, networkarchitecture and the tradition of using copper inside buildings. 2019, The FOA Inc. Design Guide.doc 12/25/18p4
Part 3: Copper, Fiber or Wireless?While discussions of which is better – copper, fiber or wireless – has enlivenedcabling discussions for decades, it’s becoming moot. Communications technology andthe end user market, it seems, have already made decisions that generally dictate themedia. The designer of cabling networks, especially fiber optic networks, and theircustomers today generally have a pretty easy task deciding which media to use oncethe communications systems are chosen.Designing long distance or outside plant applications generally means choosingcabling containing singlemode (SM) fiber over all other media. Most of these systemsare designed to be used over distances and speeds that preclude anything but SMfiber. Occasionally other options may be more cost effective, for example if a companyhas two buildings on opposite sides of a highway, a line-of-sight or radio opticalwireless network may be easier to use since they have lower cost of installation and areeasier to obtain relevant permits.Other than some telco systems that still use copper for the final connection to thehome, practically every cable in the telephone system is fiber optic. CATV companiesuse a high performance coax into the home, but it connects to a fiber optic backbone.The Internet is all fiber. Most commercial buildings in populous areas have direct fiberconnections from communications suppliers. Cities use SM fiber to connect municipalbuildings, surveillance cameras, traffic signals and sometimes offer commercial andresidential connections, all over singlemode fiber. Even the cellular antenna towers yousee along the highways and on tall buildings usually have fiber connections.Premises cabling is where the fiber/copper/wireless arguments focus. A centuryand a half of experience with copper communications cabling gives most users afamiliarity with copper that makes them skeptical about any other medium. And in manycases, copper has proven to be a valid choice. Most building management systems useproprietary copper cabling, for example thermostat wiring, as do paging/audio speakersystems. Security monitoring and entry systems, certainly the lower cost ones, stilldepend on copper, although high security facilities like government and militaryinstallations often pay the additional cost for fiber’s more secure nature.Surveillance systems are becoming more prevalent in buildings, especiallygovernmental, banking, or other buildings that are considered possible security risks.While coax connections are common in short links and structured cabling advocatessay you can run cameras limited distances on Cat 5E or Cat 6 UPT like computernetworks, fiber has become a much more common choice. Besides offering greaterflexibility in camera placement because of its distance capability, fiber optic cabling ismuch smaller and lightweight, allowing easier installation, especially in older facilitieslike airports or large buildings that may have available spaces already filled with manygenerations of copper cabling.LAN cabling is often perceived as the big battleground of fiber versus copper, butthe reality of the marketplace has begun to sink in for many users. The network user,formerly sitting at a desktop computer screen with cables connecting their computer tothe corporate network and a phone connected with another cable, is becoming a relic ofthe past.People now want to be mobile. Practically everybody uses a laptop, exceptingengineers or graphic designers at workstations, and most of them will have a laptop as 2019, The FOA Inc. Design Guide.doc 12/25/18p5
a second computer to carry, along with everybody else, to meetings where everybodybrings their laptops and connects on WiFi. When was the last time you went to ameeting where you could connect with a cable?Besides laptops on WiFi, people use Blackberries and iPhones for wirelesscommunications. Some new devices, like the iPhone, allow web browsing withconnection over either the cellular network or a WiFi network. Some mobile phones areportable VoIP devices connecting over WiFi to make phone calls. While WiFi has hadsome growing pains and continual upgrades, at the 802.11n standard, it has becomemore reliable and offers what seems to be adequate bandwidth for most users.The desire for mobility, along with the expansion of connected services, appearsto lead to a new type of corporate network. Fiber optic backbone with copper to thedesktop where people want direct connections and multiple wireless access points,more than is common in the past, for full coverage and maintaining a reasonablenumber of users per access point is the new norm for corporate networks.What about fiber to the desk? Progressive users may opt for FTTD, as acomplete fiber network can be a very cost effective solution, negating the requirementfor telecom rooms full of switches, with data quality power and grounds, plus yearround air conditioning. Power users, like engineers, graphics designers and animatorscan use the bandwidth available with FTTD. Others go for a zone system, with fiber tolocal small-scale switches, close enough to users for those who want cable connectivityinstead of wireless, to plug in with a short patchcord.It’s the job of the designer to understand not only the technology ofcommunications cabling, but also the technology of communications, and to keepabreast of the latest developments in not only the technology but the applications ofboth. 2019, The FOA Inc. Design Guide.doc 12/25/18p6
Part 4: Choosing Transmission EquipmentChoosing transmission equipment is the next stepin designing a fiber optic network. This step will usually bea cooperative venture involving the customer, who knowswhat kinds of data they need to communicate, thedesigner and installer, and the manufacturers oftransmission equipment. Transmission equipment andthe cable plant are tightly interrelated. The distance andbandwidth will help determine the fiber type necessaryand that will dictate the optical interfaces on the cableplant. The ease of choosing equipment may depend onthe type of communications equipment needed.Telecom has been standardized on fiber optics for30 years now, so they have plenty of experience buildingand installing equipment. Since most telecom equipment uses industry conventions,you can usually find equipment for telecom transmission that will be available for shortlinks (usually metropolitan networks, maybe up to 20-30 km), long distance and thenreally long distance like undersea runs. All run on singlemode fiber, but may specifydifferent types of singlemode.Shorter telecom links will use 1310 nm lasers on regular singlemode fiber, oftenreferred to as G.652 fiber, it’s international standard. Longer links will use a dispersionshifted fiber optimized for operation with 1550 nm lasers (G.653. G.654 or G.655 forDWDM). For most applications, one of these will be used. Most telco equipmentcompanies offer both options.Most CATV links are AM (analog) systems based on special linear lasers calleddistributed feedback (DFB) lasers using either 1310 nm or 1550 nm operating onregular singlemode fibers. As CATV moves to digital transmission, it will use technologymore like telecom, which is already all digital.The choices become more complex when it comes to data and CCTV becausethe applications are so varied and standards may not exist. In addition, equipment maynot be available with fiber optic transmission options, requiring conversion from copperports to fiber using devices called media converters.In computer networks, the Ethernet standards, created by the IEEE 802.3committee, are fully standardized. You can read the standards and see how far eachequipment option can transmit over different types of fiber, choosing the one that meetsyour needs. Most network hardware like switches or routers are available with optionalfiber optic interfaces, but PCs generally only come with UTP copper interfaces thatrequire media converters. An Internet search for “fiber optic media converters” willprovide you with dozens of sources of these inexpensive devices. Media converters willalso allow the choice of media appropriate for the customer application, allowing usewith multimode or singlemode fiber and may even offer transceiver options for thedistance that must be covered by the link.CCTV is a similar application. More cameras now come with fiber interfacessince so many CCTV systems are in locations like big buildings, airports, or areaswhere the distances exceed the capability of coax transmission. If not, video mediaconverters, usually available from the same vendors as the Ethernet media converters, 2019, The FOA Inc. Design Guide.doc 12/25/18p7
are readily available and also inexpensive. Again, choose converters that meet the linkrequirements set by the customer application, which in the case of video, not onlyincludes distance but also functions, as some video links carry control signals to thecamera for camera pan, zoom and tilt in addition to video back to a central location.What about industrial data links? Many factories use fiber optics for its immunityto electromagnetic interference. But industrial links may use proprietary means to senddata converted from old copper standards like RS-232, the ancient serial interface onceavailable on every PC, SCADA popular in the utility industry, or even simple relayclosures. Many companies that build these control links offer fiber optic interfacesthemselves in response to customer requests. Some of these links have been availablefor decades, as industrial applications were some of the first premises uses of fiberoptics, dating back to before 1980.Whatever the application, it’s important for the end user and the cablingcontractor to discuss the actual application with the manufacturer of the transmissionhardware to ensure getting the proper equipment. While the telecom and CATVapplications are cut and dried and the data (Ethernet) applications covered bystandards, it is our experience that not all manufacturers specify their products inexactly the same way.I recently worked with one company in the industrial marketplace that offeredabout fifteen different fiber optic products, mainly media converters for their controlequipment. However, those fifteen products had been designed by at least a dozendifferent engineers, not all of whom were familiar with fiber optics and especially fiberjargon and specifications. As a result, one could not compare the products to make achoice or design them into a network based on specifications. Until we trained theirdesign, sales and applications engineers and created guidelines for productapplications, they suffered fro
Guide To Fiber Optic Network Design Contents Page Part 1 Introduction 1 Part 2 Getting Started 3 Part 3 Copper, Fiber or Wireless? 5 Part 4 Choosing Transmission Equipment 7 Part 5 Planning The Route 9 Part 6 Choosing Components For Outside Plant Installations 11 Part 7 Choosing Components For Premises Installations 13 .
Fiber optic termination - ModLink plug and play fiber optic solution 42 Fiber optic termination - direct field termination 42 Fiber optic termination - direct field termination: Xpress G2 OM3-LC connector example 43 Cleaning a fiber optic 45 Field testers and testing - fiber optic 48 TSB-4979 / Encircled Flux (EF) conditions for multimode fiber .
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