Nervous System Integrative Motor
1.1.Nervous System2.3.What are the 3 main functions of thenervous system?Sensory function – sensingIntegrative function – connecting sensoryinformation to movementMotor function – movingMr. WhiteVMHS2.What are the 2 major divisions of thenervous system?3.Describe the anatomy of the CentralNervous System (CNS).1. Central Nervous System Brain and Spinal cord2. Peripheral Nervous System Nerves DO NOTregenerate CNS and PNS4.Describe the anatomy of the PeripheralNervous System (PNS). All of the nerves notin the CNS (peri around) Nerve cells canregenerate5.1.2.What are the 2 main divisions of thePNS?Sensory division- receive sensory info from receptorsMotor division – initiates movement of muscles and organs1
6.1.What are the 2 systems within themotor division of the PNS?Somatic Nervous System – controls skeletal muscle 2.voluntary7.What are the 2 divisions of theAutonomic Nervous System?1. Sympathetic division2. Parasympathetic divisionAutonomic Nervous System – controls smooth muscle (organs),cardiac muscle, and glands. 8.involuntaryWhat is the difference between theSympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions? Sympathetic – increased activity “fight or flight” digestive and urinaryfunctions stop blood flow increases tomuscles heart rate increases, blood pressure rises, pupils dilate, increased sweating, breathing increases. Parasympathetic – decreased activity, “rest and relax”, promotes digestion, blood flow increases toorgans, blood pressure andheart rate return tonormal, pupils constrict, normal breathing rate. Cell body – contains organelles9. Draw a neuron, label the following parts and give their functions: Nucleus – contains all of the chromosomes Axon – long nerve wire that carries the impulse from the Cell body, nucleus,axon, myelin, schwanncell, nodes of Ranvierdendrites, synapticknob (axon terminal),impulse,cell body to the synapse. Myelin – fatty insulation around axon that improves theconduction speed of nerve impulses Schwann cell – cells that wrap around axon and coat itwith myelin Nodes of Ranvier – gaps between myelin where actionpotentials occur Dendrites – branches from the cell body that receiveinfo from other cells Synaptic knob (axon terminal) – end of axon thatreleases neurotransmitter Impulse – one way electrical signal from cell body tosynaptic knobs2
NERVOUS SYSTEMp. 227PNSCNSBrain andSpinal emAutonomicNervousSystemSympathetic10.How fast does an impulse travel in a myelinatedParasympathetic11. How long are axons?axon? In an unmyelinated axon? 120 meters/sec Some are less than a millimeter (in brain) .5 meters/sec others like ones in the legs can be over a meter tionp.html If the cell body was the size of a tennis ball 12. What are neuroglial cells? Cells of the nervous system that are NOT neurons13. Name 3 structurally different neurons.1. Help with structural framework, myelin production, and clean up(phagocytosis) Microglial cells, Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes, Ependymal cells,Schwann CellsAxon would be 1.5 miles long and .5 inches thickDendrites would fill a room2.3.Bipolar – one input(dendrite), oneoutput (axon)eyes, nose, earsUnipolar – oneoutput with 2branches (fuseddendrites and axon)most sensoryneurons of PNSMultipolar – manyinputs (dendrites),one output (axon)most in CNS3
14. What are the 3 types offunctionally different neurons?1.2.3.Sensory Neurons –receive sensoryinformationInterneurons – onlyfound in CNS, linksbetween neuronsMotor Neurons –stimulate muscles orglands15. What is an action potential? Depolarization and repolarization that sendsan electrical impulse down an axon Action potentials cause neurotransmitterrelease at the synaptic knob that signalsanother neuron to ctionp.html16. Why are electrolytes important in yourdiet?17. Describe the major events of anaction potential. Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium are the ions1. Neuron membrane at resting potential (-70 mV)involved in an action potential Na ions outside2. Threshold stimulus received (-55 mV) Lowest level of stimulation needed to cause a neuron to fire3. Na channels in membrane open and Na ionsrush in4. Membrane is depolarized5. K channels in membrane open and K ions rushout6. Membrane is repolarized7. Wave of action potentials travel down the axon called a nerve impulse18.Draw an axon when it is polarized (resting) andwhen it is depolarized (firing). Label Na p.html4
19. Are action potentials “all-or-none”responses?20. Do neurons touch each other? Yes. No there is a spacecalled the postsynapticgap. Once the threshold isreached the axon fires21. What happens when the actionpotential reaches the synapse?22.How many types of neurotransmitters are found inthe body? List 7 and give their location and majoraction. The synapse releases neurotransmitter, which About 50 types1.Acetylcholine – CNS, PNS – muscle contraction atneuromuscular junctionNorepinephrine – CNS, PNS – waking, feelinggood,Dopamine – CNS, PNS – emotional responses,addictive behaviors, pleasureSerotonin – CNS – sleeping, sense perception,temperature regulation, mood, appetiteEndorphins – CNS – body’s natural painkillersGABA – CNS - inhibitoryNitric Oxide – CNS, PNS – learning and memory,and vasodilationsignals the next cell to fire2.3.4.5.6.7.23. How do drugs affectneurotransmitters?23. How do drugs affectneurotransmitters? Some imitate neurotransmitters Morphine binds to endorphin receptorsNicotine binds to acetylcholine receptors Some increase neurotransmitters byblocking reuptake Cocaine increases dopamineEcstasy increases serotonin Some block neurotransmitters (or receptors) Alcohol binds to GABA receptors5
24. What neurotransmitter triggersaddiction in humans?25. Draw and label the cross section of thespinal cord. What is the function of afferentneurons and efferent neurons? Dopamine Dopaminereceptors formthe brain’snatural rewardsystem All drugs triggerthis systemTransverse section of spinal cord25. Draw and label the cross section of thespinal cord. What is the function of afferentneurons and efferent neurons? Afferent neurons are sensory neurons that carry Motor neuron(efferent) Sensory neuron(afferent)stimuli to the spinal cord and brain for analysis Efferent neurons are motor neurons that carry Whitematter Graymatter26. Explain what happens in a reflexarc.impulse back to muscle for a response D.A.V.E. Dorsal Afferent, Ventral Efferent M.E.S.A. Motor Efferent, Sensory Afferent27. How do pain killers work? Afferent neuron receives info (tack) and sends it to spinal cord Usually block pain Interneuron in spinal cord connects sensory neuron to motormessages bypreventingneurotransmitterrelease or binding Ex. Codeneneuron Efferent neuron sends signal to muscle to MOVE!6
28. Are there people born without theability to feel pain?29. What is a neurotoxin? Yes. A poison that affects the synapse CIPA - congenital insensitivity to pain with Either causes neurons to fire repeatedly oranhidrosis Genetic disease that affects nerve endings Sufferers feel no pain or extremetemperatures.prevents them from firing. Ex. tetanus, pufferfishAshlyn Blocker puts a puzzle together at her home in Blackshear, Ga.The 5-year-old suffers from a rare genetic disorder that makes her insensitive topain. (DeAnn Komanecky/AP Photo) pufferfish contains the neurotoxin called tetradoxin it is eaten as a delicacy in Japan, called "fugu." Each fugu chef must have a special licensetetanus a few people do get poisoned Tetrodotoxin is found in the liver, skin and eggs30. List the 12 cranial nerves. Howcan you remember them?1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.Olfactory (I)Optic (II)Oculomotor (III)Trochlear (IV)Trigeminal (V)Abducens (VI)Facial (VII)Vestibulocochlear (VIII)Glossopharyngeal (IX)Vagus (X)Accessory (XI)Hypoglossal (XII)Oh Once One Takes TheAnatomy Final Very GoodVacations are Here!7
31. How much does the brain weigh? About 3 lbs.32. What are the meninges of thebrain? What is meningitis? There are 3 meninges thatcover the brain Dura mater – outer hard layerArachnoid – middle “spiderweb like” layerPia mater – closest to thebrainMeninges “PAD” the brain Meningitis is an infection ofthe meninges that can bedeadly and it often occurs oncollege campuses Sheep meningesespecially USC33. What fluid acts as a shock absorberand cushions the brain and spinal cord? Cerebrospinal Fluid(CSF)8
34. What are the ventricles of thebrain? What is hydrocephalus?hydrocephalus Fluid (CSF) filledcavities of the brain CSF is notreabsorbed in thesubarachnoid spaceand builds up inventricles Brain damage willoccur if a shunt isnot inserted to drainfluid to stomach35. Draw, label and give the functionof the four lobes of the brain35. Draw, label and give the functionof the four lobes of the brainFrontal lobe – concentration, planning, problemsolving, also contains primary motor cortex, Broca’sarea speech2. Parietal lobe – speech, words, also containssomatosensory cortex3. Occipital lobe – visual recognition, visual images4. Temporal lobe - sensory interpretation, visual andauditory memories1.36. Why do many teenagers makestupid mistakes?9
36. Why do ALL teenagers makestupid mistakes?UCLA brain imaging study Because the frontal cortex, involved in reasoning anddecision making doesn’t fully mature until about 20 years old. Teenagers rely primarily on their amygdala, a moreemotional part of the brain, for decision making rather thantheir frontal cortex.UCLA researchers compared MRI scans of young adults, 23-30, with thoseof teens, 12-16. They looked for signs of myelin, which would imply moremature, efficient connections, within gray matter. As expected, areas of thefrontal lobe showed the largest differences between young adults andteens. This increased myelination in the adult frontal cortex likely relates tothe maturation of cognitive processing and other "executive" functions.Parietal and temporal areas mediating spatial, sensory, auditory andlanguage functions appeared largely mature in the teen brain.NIH Publication No. 01-4929The Teenage Brain37. What are the maincharacteristics of Alzheimer’s? Kills 100,000 people each year 8th leading cause of death in the U.S. Symptoms include Memory lossDisorientation of time and place Difficulties with concentration, language,judgment Plaques and tangles form in the neurons ofthe brain and disrupt function38. What is the function of thefollowing parts of the brain:38. What is the function of thefollowing parts of the brain:1. Cerebral Cortex – perception, emotion, thought, planning, reasoning, etc.2. Corpus Callosum – large bridge of nerve fibers that connect right and lefthemispheres of cerebral cortex3. Hypothalamus – monitors info from the autonomic N.S. and controlspituitary gland, regulates sleep and appetite4. Optic Nerve – transmits electrical signals from the eyes to the brain.5. Pituitary gland – secretes hormones that control growth, pregnancy andchildbirth, metabolism, sex organ function, and water regulationMeninges – 3 layer protective covering of the brainThalamus – sensory relay stationSkull – hard bony protection for the brainPineal Gland – biological clock, circadian rhythmsArbor Vitae – “tree of life” found on the cerebellumCerebellum – coordinates movement by connecting several parts of thebrain, motor learning12. Spinal Cord – bundle of nerve fibers that carry messages to and from thebrain13. Medulla – controls breathing, heartbeat, and other autonomic functions,also controls vomit, cough, sneeze, swallow, suckle reflexes14. Pons – also controls breathing, heart rate, main CNS/PNS relay center,may be involved in dreaming6.7.8.9.10.11.10
39. What is a sulcus? What is a gyrus?40. What do Michael J. Fox andMuhammad Ali have in common? Sulci are the grooves in the brain Gyri are the ridges or bumps on the brain Both have Parkinson’s Disease Disease is caused by genetic andenvironmental factors Dopamine neurons die off. Lack of dopamine causes many symptomssuch as Slow movementMuscular rigidity tremors 41. What are the primary motor cortex and theprimary somatosensory cortex? What structureseparates them? Primary motor cortex – sends voluntary movement commands from thecortex to the spine (corticospinal tract) Somatosensory cortex – receives tactile sensory information from the skin Both have a body map called a homunculus (“little man”) The central sulcus separates them11
42. What is hemisphere dominance? In 90% of population Left hemisphere isdominant for reading,writing, speaking,analytical thinking Right hemispheredominant for visualexperience (art),musical understanding,emotion, intuitivethinking.43. What is epilepsy? What are sometreatments? The abnormal, random firing of groups of neurons Can cause Strange sensations, emotions, behavior Convulsions and muscle spasms Loss of consciousness Seizures Treatments include Antiepileptic drugs Vagus nerve stimulation Surgical removal of epileptic centers Cutting the corpus callosum44. What is autism? What is anAutistic Savant?45. What is Capgras syndrome? A wide spectrum of disorders Sufferers are convinced that their loved ones Symptoms include Impaired communicationskills Lack of social skills Repetitive behaviors About 10% of those withautism are Autistic Savants They have anextraordinary ability inmemory, calculations,art, or music Ex. Rainman have been replaced by imitators or aliens Occurs because of a neural disconnectionbetween facial recognition centers andemotional centers in the brain Limbic system and visual cortex aredisconnected The person looks familiar but that warmfeeling that normally occurs when you seethem is gone Ex. Attack of the Body Snatchers, Zombiemovies12
46. Do some people taste colors or seesmells?47. What does “brain plasticity” mean? Yes The brain has the ability to change and adapt Synesthesia is a disorder where sensoryneurons get crossed, so patients’ hearing,seeing, smelling, tasting, touching senses arecross wiredto new environments Neurons actually mold (form new connectionsand break off old ones) to new circumstances Ex. Learning new motor skills, musical skills48. What is phantom limb? Painful or non-painful sensations coming froman amputated limb Occurs in 70-80% of amputeesCaused by sensory cortex reorganization(brain plasticity) Neurons in the area devoted to sensing thelimb form new connections while maintainingsome of the old ones causing cross wiring. Ex. Touching an area on the face may causesensation in the amputated arm49. What is a conditioned stimulus?50. What is an EEG? Previously neutral stimulus that is repeatedly Electroencephalogrampaired with an unconditioned stimulus and aftertime elicits a conditioned response. Measures brain activity Ex. Pavlov’s dog bell paired with food and aftertime bell elicits salivation13
51. Why do we need to sleep? Whatare the five stages of sleep?52. To recover from the day’s activity physically (repair 90 mins muscles) and mentally (learning and memory)Stage 1 – light sleep, awakened easily, suddenmuscle joltsStage 2 – muscle movements stop, 50% of sleeptimeStage 3 – transition to deep sleepStage 4 – deep sleep, very groggy if awakened here,bedwetting, night terrors, sleepwalking occur hereREM – Rapid Eye Movement, visual dreams, EEGlooks the same as waking, 20% of sleep timeHow long is a complete sleep cycle in theaverage human? How long do we need to sleep? Depends on age53. Why do we dream?54. Which two mental disorders doesHollywood always get mixed up? Most scientists think REM sleep helps Schizophrenia and Multiple personality disorderlearning and memory Dreams may be due to the cerebral cortex’sattempt to make sense of random signals itreceives from the pons and thalamus(MPD) Schizophrenia may be delusional, have hallucinations, confusedthinking Apathetic, emotionally unresponsive Multiple personality disorder (Dissociative identitydisorder) 55.Two or more identities that take over the personsbehaviorMore likely than any other disorder to end in suicideSometimes set on by extreme emotional or physicalstressWhat is a cerebral aneurysm? Lack of oxygen to atissue is called? Death of that tissue from the lack ofoxygen is called? bulging, or ballooning out of part of the wall ofa vein or artery in the brain Causes sudden severe headache, nausea,vomiting, vision loss, loss of consciousness Emergency treatment to prevent or stop anybleeding Ischemia and necrosis may occur and causeloss of function14
15
Nervous System Mr. White VMHS 1. What are the 3 main functions of the nervous system? 1. Sensory function – sensing 2. Integrative function – connecting sensory information to movement 3. Motor function – moving 2. What are the 2 major divisions of the nervous system? 1. Central Nervous System 2. Peripheral Nervous System CNS and PNS 3.
I. Central Nervous System vs Peripheral Nervous System II. Peripheral Nervous System A. Somatic Nervous System B. Autonomic Nervous System III. Autonomic Nervous System A. Parasympathetic Nervous System B. Sympathetic Nervous System IV. Reflex Actions V. Central Nervous Sys
peripheral nervous system is subdivided into the a. sensory-somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The peripheral nervous system carry information to and from the central nervous system. The central nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord. Figure 1 The Human Nervous System
Divisions of the nervous system 1. Central Nervous System (CNS) 2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Central Nervous System (CNS) a. Brain b. Spinal cord . Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) a. Sensory b. Motor . Divisions of the Nervous System which consists of is divided into that make up which is divided into The Nervous
nervous system is separated into two major divisions: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system is the control center of the body. The functions of the central nervous system are similar to those of the central processing unit of a computer. The central nervous system relays messages, processes .
Nervous System: Consists of two main divisions: Central nervous system (CNS) Brain and spinal cord Peripheral nervous system: Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system Central Nervous System
The nervous system can be divided into two major regions: the central and peripheral nervous systems. The central nervous system (CNS) is the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system . function of the nervous system. oT describe the functional divisions of the nervous system, it is important
Nervous system subdivided into central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) Central nervous system consists of brain and spinal cord; sensory information comes into central nervous system, where it is processed; motor messages then exit central nervous system carrying commands to muscles and glands
A First Course in Complex Analysis was written for a one-semester undergradu-ate course developed at Binghamton University (SUNY) and San Francisco State University, and has been adopted at several other institutions. For many of our students, Complex Analysis is their first rigorous analysis (if not mathematics) class they take, and this book reflects this very much. We tried to rely on as .