Stabbing Resistance Of Soft Ballistic Body Armour .
Stabbing Resistance of Soft Ballistic Body ArmourImpregnated with Shear Thickening FluidA thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree ofDoctor of Philosophyin the Faculty of Science and Engineering2016Yue XuSchool of Materials
Table of ContentsLIST OF FIGURES . 7LIST OF TABLES . 11ABSTRACT . 12DECLARATION . 14COPYRIGHT STATEMENT . 15ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . 16PUBLICATIONS . 17CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION. 181.1 BACKGROUND . 181.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM . 221.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES . 241.4 THESIS LAYOUTS . 26CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW . 282.1 INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE REVIEW. 282.2 THE STABBING THREATS . 292.3 STABBING ATTACK MECHANISMS . 302.4 STABBING IMPACT ON A FABRIC TARGET . 312.4.1 Knife resistant systems and energy absorption . 312.4.2 Fabric failure modes and penetration mechanisms . 322.5 FACTORS INFLUENCING FABRIC STABBING RESISTANT PERFORMANCE . 332.5.1 Fibre strength . 332.5.2 Yarn structure . 362.5.3 Inter-yarn friction . 362.5.4 Fabric structure . 372.5.5 Panel construction . 382.6 EVALUATION OF STABBING PERFORMANCE . 382.6.1 NIJ Standard . 392.6.2 HOSDB Standard . 402.6.3 Comparison between NIJ and HOSDB Standards . 412.7 RESEARCH APPROACHES FOR STABBING RESISTANT TEXTILES . 412.8 BALLISTIC IMPACT ON A FABRIC TARGET. 422.8.1 Global response . 432.8.2 Local response . 442.9 THE RESPONSE OF FABRIC TARGET TO BALLISTIC IMPACT . 442
The propagation of the longitudinal and the transverse wave. 442.10 FACTORS INFLUENCING FABRIC BALLISTIC PERFORMANCE . 452.10.1 Fibre properties . 462.10.2 Yarn structure . 482.10.3 Fabric structure . 482.10.4 Panel systems . 502.10.5 Friction . 502.10.6 Boundary conditions . 522.11 EVALUATION OF BALLISTIC PERFORMANCE. 542.11.1 Perforation test. 542.11.2 Non-perforation test . 552.11.3 Ballistic limit test. 572.12 RESEARCH APPROACHES FOR BALLISTIC TEXTILES . 592.12.1 Empirical approach . 592.12.2 Analytical approach . 592.12.3 Numerical approach . 602.13 INTRODUCTION TO SHEAR THICKENING FLUID. 612.13.1 Understanding the rheology of structured fluids [149] . 612.13.2 Theory of STF . 642.13.3 Creation of STF [151] . 732.13.4 Rheological properties of STFs. 742.13.5 STF applications . 892.14 RESEARCHES ON BALLISTIC FABRIC IMPREGNATED WITH STF . 912.14.1 Rheological properties of STF associated with ballistic performance . 922.14.2 Increased inter-yarn friction caused by STF associated with ballisticperformance . 942.14.3 STF properties associated with ballistic performance . 942.14.4 Properties of STF impregnated fabrics associated with ballisticperformance . 952.14.5 STF-fabric panel system associated with ballistic performance . 962.15 STABBING RESISTANT FABRIC IMPREGNATED WITH STF . 972.15.1 Researches on STF properties associated with stabbing resistantperformance . 982.15.2 Researches on rheological properties of STF associated with stabbingresistant performance . 992.16 PREPARATION OF STF-FABRIC COMPOSITES. 1002.17 EFFORTS TO IMPROVE STABBING RESISTANCE OF BALLISTIC BODY ARMOUR . 1012.18 SUMMARY . 102CHAPTER 3PREPARATION AND PARAMETRICAL CONTROL OF RHEOLOGICALPROPERTIES OF STF . 1033.1 INTRODUCTION. 1033.2 DESIGN AND PREPARATION OF STFS . 1043
3.2.1 Materials . 1043.2.2 Designs for STF Production . 1053.2.3 Preparation steps in making STFs . 1063.3 MEASUREMENT OF THE RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF STF . 1073.3.1 Instrument . 1073.3.2 Rheological measurement procedures . 1093.4 TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ON STF RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES . 1103.4.1 Influence of silica nanoparticle size . 1103.4.2 Influence of silica nanoparticle weight fraction . 1143.4.3 Influence of dispersing medium . 1173.4.4 Influence of system temperature . 1193.4.5 Rheological evaluation of pure PEG dispersing medium . 1213.5 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS OF SHEAR THICKENING BEHAVIOUR MECHANISMS 1213.5.1 Theoretical background of shear thickening behaviour mechanisms . 1223.5.2 Explanation of particle size associated with shear thickening behaviour 1263.5.3 Explanation of particle concentration associated with shear thickeningbehaviour . 1263.5.4 Explanation of dispersing medium associated with shear thickeningbehaviour . 1273.5.5 Explanation of system temperature associated with shear thickeningbehaviour . 1283.5.6 Summary . 1293.6 CONCLUSIONS . 129CHAPTER 4EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF STF IMPREGNATION ON STABBINGPERFORMANCE . 1314.1 INTRODUCTION. 1314.2 OPTIMISE THE FULL IMPREGNATION PROCEDURES OF STF-FABRIC COMPOSITES 1324.2.1 Ballistic woven fabric . 1324.2.2 Preparation of STFs . 1334.2.3 Manufacture procedures of STF-Twaron composites . 1354.2.4 Weight control of STF-Twaron composites . 1374.2.5 Thickness measurement of STF-Twaron composites . 1374.2.6 SEM observation of STF-Twaron composites and untreated fabrics . 1414.3 DYNAMIC STABBING TESTS ON FABRIC TARGETS . 1434.3.1 Introduction . 1434.3.2 Dynamic stabbing test equipment . 1444.3.3 Influence of STF impregnation . 1464.3.4 Reduction of fabric layers in panels . 1474.3.5 Nanoparticle size in STF versus performance of stabbing panels . 1494.3.6 Particle weight fraction on performance of stabbing panels . 1504.3.7 The impact process. 1514.3.8 Influence of knife impact velocities . 1554
4.3.9 Dynamic stabbing test on single layer fabric . 1564.3.10 Influence of the treatment by pure PEG medium . 1574.4 MECHANISM ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS OF FABRIC TARGETS STABBINGPERFORMANCE . 1594.4.1 Due to STF impregnation . 1594.4.2 Due to rheological properties of STF . 1604.5 QUASI-STATIC STAB TESTS . 1634.5.1 Quasi-static stab testing equipment . 1634.5.2 Specimens preparation . 1644.5.3 Quasi-static loading vs. displacement curves . 1644.5.4 Mechanism analysis . 1664.5.5 Damage observation of fabric targets . 1664.6 SUMMARY . 167CHAPTER 5SUPPLEMENTARY EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON STFCORRESPONDING STABBING RESISTANCE STRENGTHENMECHANISMS. 1695.1 INTRODUCTION. 1695.2 INTER-YARN FRICTION (YARN PULL-OUT ENERGY). 1705.3 STF IMPREGNATION EFFECTS ON TWARON YARN PROPERTIES . 1725.4 STF IMPREGNATION EFFECTS ON TWARON FABRIC TENSILE STRENGTH . 1735.4.1 Fabric tensile tests under quasi-static speed . 1735.4.2 Fabric tensile tests under high strain rate . 1765.5 SUMMARY . 181CHAPTER 6EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF STF IMPREGNATION ON BALLISTICPERFORMANCE . 1826.1 INTRODUCTION. 1826.2 BALLISTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION . 1836.3 BALLISTIC PENETRATION TESTS . 1856.3.1 Striking velocity and residual velocity . 1866.3.2 Energy absorption of the panel . 1866.3.3 Ballistic properties of fabric targets . 1876.3.4 STF-fabric ballistic properties associated with STF behaviour . 1886.3.5 Impact process photographic observations . 1896.3.6 Post-impact panels observations . 1916.4 BALLISTIC NON-PENETRATION TESTS . 1926.4.1 Back face Signature (BFS) . 1936.4.2 Quantification of the indentation in the clay . 1936.5 DISCUSSIONS ON STF PARTICLE SIZE ASSOCIATED WITH BALLISTIC PERFORMANCE. 1956.6 SUMMARY . 1965
CHAPTER 7CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK . 1977.1 CONCLUSIONS . 1977.2 FURTHER WORK. 201REFERENCES . 203APPENDIX . 2186
LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1.1 Different mechanisms make the different fabric areal density betweenballistic body armour and stabbing resistant body armour . 23Figure 1.2 (a) Handgun projectiles used in the HOSDB body armour tests [31],from left to right 9mm, 0.357” magnum and 0.44” magnum. Similarprojectiles after impact with textile armour are shown to the rear. (b)HOSDB stab test knife used in all tests on stab proof vests [32], from left toright, SP spike, HOSDB p1/a knife, HOSDB p1/b knife, SIG spike and NIJspike. . 24Figure 2.1 (a) Various knives showing a range of handle shapes and (b) thelayout of the instrumented knife . 31Figure 2.2 (a) Flexible layer system, (b) layer tangles and contains cutting edge,(c) absorb energy and knife is defeated. . 33Figure 2.3 Chemical structural formulas of the two varieties of aramid . 35Figure 2.4 Schematic of armour and knife arrangement [53] . 39Figure 2.5 Typical Test Apparatus for Knife and Spike Testing [55] . 40Figure 2.6 Response of a fabric target subjected to transverse impact . 43Figure 2.7 Standard classification of impact velocity [60] . 43Figure 2.8 Projectile impact into a ballistic fibre [64] . 45Figure 2.9 Strain profile along orthogonal yarns passing through the impactpoint . 47Figure 2.10 Comparison of total energy absorption for different fabric panels[73] . 47Figure 2.11 “wedge through” effect [69] . 49Figure 2.12 Energy absorption of fabric targets with different boundaryconditions [97] . 53Figure 2.13 Methods of measuring back-face deformation . 56Figure 2.14 Test range configuration [110] . 56Figure 2.15 Typical flow curves for Newtonian, shear thinning and shearthickening (dilatant) fluids: (a) shear stress as a function of shear rate; (b)viscosity as a function of shear rate. . 65Figure 2.16 Schematic representation of shear-thinning and shear-thickeningbehaviours of particle suspensions . 66Figure 2.17 Schematic representation of particles in an STF during shearthinning and shear thickening w.r.t.
2.13.1 Understanding the rheology of structured fluids [149].61 2.13.2 Theory of STF . thickening (dilatant) fluids: (a) shear stress as a function of shear rate; (b) viscosity as a function of shear rate. .65 Figure 2.16 Schematic representation of shear-thinning and shear-thickening .
Jan 03, 2011 · lining. The ballistic panels contain a number of plies that are constructed from Kevlar and Twaron material, also referred to as ballistic material. For the contracts we reviewed, there were two different ballistic packages—Pathfinder and Pathfinder-S. Each ballistic package contained a different combinati
Pearl Green 455 Pearl Blue 465 Orange Pearl 470 Dark Blue 475 Garnet 480 Gold 801 Soft Lilac 802 Soft Yellow 803 Soft Orange 804 Soft Garnet 805 Soft Dark Blue 806 Soft Light Blue 807 Soft Pastel Green 808 Soft Pistachio Green 809 Soft Grey 810 Soft Black 128 Dental White 400 Yellow 405 Lilac 425 Silver Grey 435 Pearl
Internal ballistic Transitional ballistic. External ballistic. Terminal ballistic. from gun to target. Acceleration of a projectile. . But: good approximation with k 2 and determination of αby regression. Institute of Shock Physics. Imperial College London. 23. Homogeneous
be upfitted with the finest ballistic technology available. With innovative ballistic materials, advanced designs and the fastest installation in the industry, Angel Armor Avail Ballistic Door Panels elevate protective technology to a higher level. Product Description A
Ballistic resistant regions are not intended to protect the wearer from projectiles that hit less than 1 inch from any edge of the ballistic resistant regions. Exposure of the internal ballistic materials to water, chemicals, or sunlight
The Oakley SI Ballistic 2.0 provides ballistic fragmentation protection, and meets all ANSI Z87.1-2010 optical and safety requirements. The lens material blocks 99.9% of all UVA and UVB light. This product is UPLC compatible. OAKLEY SI BALLISTIC M FRAME 2.0 The Oakley SI Ballistic M F
Soft Speech Booster Soft Speech Booster is a feature of VAC that provides increased level of soft gain at high frequencies. The feature en-hances the details of soft speech signals and is adapted to client’s individual needs and preferences for soft sounds and soft speech. The new Soft Sound Perception trimmer in Genie adjusts how the soft
Altistart 48 soft start - soft stop units The Altistart 48 soft start - soft stop unit is a controller with 6 thyristors which is used for the torque-controlled soft starting and stopping of three-phase squirrel cage asyn
