Rapid Analysis Of Mud Logging Well Gas Using The Agilent .
Application NoteEnergy and ChemicalsRapid Analysis of Mud Logging WellGas Using the Agilent 990 Micro GCAuthorJie ZhangAgilent Technologies, Inc.IntroductionMud logging is a process of obtaining information about lithology and fluid contentof a drill area. The monitoring of gas, both types and amount, is one of the mostcritical tasks in mud logging. Accurate gas data recorded during drilling are ofgreat value in proper reservoir evaluation, and may pinpoint potentially overlookedproducing zones. Gas chromatography (GC) is the primarily used technique for gasidentification and measurement during the mud logging process. The most commoncomponent in mud logging well gas is methane; heavier hydrocarbons such asethane (C2), propane (C3), and butane (C4) may indicate an oil or wet gas zone.Heavier molecules, up to C7, are also required to be monitored.The analysis speed is important in the mud logging process, because the moredetailed information generated for the unit drilling depth, the more accurate thereservoir evaluation. The Agilent Micro GC is an ideal chromatograph for fast andreliable analysis of well gas. The 990 Micro GC has inherited the characteristics ofthe previous generation1: compactness, energy-friendly, and rapid analysis speed. Inaddition to the listed features, the 990 Micro GC can deliver a better user experience.The installation of the analytical channel is much easier. It can be done in threesteps within several minutes. A full-color touch screen is used to show the statusof the instrument and key settings such as network setting, available instrumentlicense, and firmware version. The standard cabinet version can accommodate twoanalytical channels. The extended cabinet version can easily be made by integratingtwo standard version mainframes with one main board and one LCD touch screen.Up to four channels can be accommodated in the extended version. The dynamicelectronic gas control (DEGC) module has been developed to give pressure controlwith higher precision, accuracy, and stability.This study demonstrates the analysis of hydrocarbons in the mud logging processon the 990 Micro GC platform. A standard version equipped with two analyticalchannels was used for analysis of C1 to C5 hydrocarbons. An extended version,configured with three channels, was used for extended mud logging gas analysis of
heavier components (up to C8).Tables 1 and 2 show the test conditionsfor each channel. Simulated mud loggingwell gas was used for configurationverification. Table 3 lists detailed sampleinformation.Standard mud logging analysisHydrocarbons from C1 to C5 wereanalyzed. The 4 m, CP-PoraPLOTQ channel (straight DEGC option,no precolumn backflush) was usedfor the analysis of propane, butane,isobutane, pentane, and isopentane.The 10 m, CP-PoraPLOT Q channelwith backflush option was used for theanalysis of C1 and C2. The backflushoption was deployed to flush the heaviercomponents out from the precolumnbefore they entered the analyticalcolumn. This helped reduce the analysistime, otherwise the analysis wouldhave lasted longer due to the heaviercomponents’ late elution on the 10 mPPQ column.Extended mud logging analysisHydrocarbons as high as C8 wereanalyzed. The 10 m, CP-PoraPLOT Qchannel (backflush DEGC option) wasfor analysis of C1 to C2 hydrocarbonsand CO2; the 4 m, CP-Sil 5CB columnwith backflush option was for theanalysis of C3 to C5 hydrocarbons. Onthis channel, analytes heavier than C5were backflushed before they enterthe analytical column, which helpedguarantee a short analysis time and aclean baseline for the next run. The 4m, CP-Sil 5CB channel (straight DEGCoption) was for the analysis of C6 to C82InstrumentationStandard Mud LoggingExtended Mud LoggingComponents forAnalysisChannel Type10 m, CP-PoraPLOT Q, backflush4 m, CP-PoraPLOT Q, straightC1, C2, and CO2C3 to C5Components forAnalysisChannel Type10 m, CP-PoraPLOT Q, backflushC1, C2, and CO24 m CP-Sil 5CB, backflushC3 to C54 m CP-Sil 5CB, straightC6 to C8Table 1. Test conditions for standard mug logging well gas analysis.Channel Type10 m, CP-PoraPLOT Q, Backflush4 m, CP-PoraPLOT Q, StraightCarrier GasHeliumHeliumInjector Temperature110 C110 CInjection Time40 ms40 msColumn Head Pressure240 kPa200 kPaColumn Temperature60 C150 CBackflush Time5.5 secondsNATable 2. Test conditions for extended mug logging well gas analysis.Channel Type10 m, CP-PoraPLOT Q,Backflush4 m, CP-Sil 5CB,Backflush4 m, CP-Sil 5CB,StraightCarrier GasHeliumHeliumHeliumInjector Temperature110 C110 C110 CInjection Time40 ms80 ms40 msColumn Head Pressure240 kPa150 kPa200 kPaColumn Temperature60 C60 C120 CBackflush Time5.5 seconds13 secondsNATable 3. Simulated mud logging well gas.Compound No.Compound NameConcentration (mol/mol)1Methane2.02%2Ethane0.251%3Propane997 ppm4Isobutane495 ppm5Butane300 ppm6Isopentane173 ppm7Pentane204 ppm8Hexane52.6 ppm9Methylcyclopentane50.1 ppm10Benzene49.1 ppm11Cyclohexane47.7 ppm12Heptane49.0 ppm13Methylcyclohexane49.2 ppm14Toluene49.3 ppm15Octane50.4 ppm16NitrogenBalance
hydrocarbons.Results and discussionFigure 1 shows the chromatogram forseparation of methane and ethane on the10 m, CP-PoraPLOT Q backflush channel.There is no CO2 in simulated mug loggingwell gas. A natural gas standard withmethane, CO2, and ethane was injectedto find the position of the CO2 peak. Thechromatogram in Figure 1B can be usedas a reference, if the real mud loggingsample contains CO2. Figure 2 shows thechromatogram of C3 to C5 compoundson the 4 m, CP-PoraPLOT Q channel. Inthe mud logging process, separationspeed is a challenge for GC analysis. The990 Micro GC addresses the separationof the whole sample by analyzingsubsets of sample on different channels.The stationary phase type, column headpressure, and column temperature areselected and optimized according tothe specific subset of analytes. Thisanalysis approach can help acceleratetotal analysis speed. The analysis timeis determined by the channel on whichthe separation takes the longest time.In the standard mud logging analysis,the separation on each channel canbe completed within 30 seconds. Thecombination of the analysis resultson different channels gives completeMethaneEthane0.10.20.30.4Figure 1A. Standard mud logging analysis, channel 1: methane and ethane analysis on10 m, CP‑PoraPLOT Q, backflush.MethaneCarbon dioxideEthane0.10.20.30.4RT (min)Figure 1B. Standard mud logging analysis, channel 1: CO2 peak determination by natural gas standardanalysis on 10 m, CP-PoraPLOT Q, 0.31Pentane0.41RT(min)Figure 2. Standard mud logging analysis, channel 2: C 3 to C5 components analysis on4 m, CP‑PoraPLOT Q, straight.3
qualitative and quantitative informationon the entire sample.Tables 4A and 4B show the retentiontime (RT) and area repeatability for10 injections. The area RSD% is below0.2% and RT RSD% is in the range of0.003% to 0.02%, which demonstratesthe excellent performance of the990 Micro GC and guarantees qualitativeTable 4A. Peak area precision of 10 consecutive injections on the 10 m, CP-PoraPLOT Q and4 m, CP-PoraPLOT Q channels.CompoundArea(mv s)Area 20.3860.0650.0800.0370.0640.1010.2030.082Table 4B. RT and RT repeatability of 10 injections on the 10 m, CP-PoraPLOT Q and 4 m, CP-PoraPLOT Q tanePentaneRT (min)Compound0.2240.3730.1210.1760.1980.3620.407RT RSD%0.0030.0040.0110.0330.0060.0030.0034
and quantitative results with a high levelof confidence.PropaneFor extended mud logging analysis,channel 1 is same as the standardversion: 10 m, CP-PoraPLOT Q, backflushfor methane, CO2 and ethane analysis.Figure 3 shows the chromatogram of theC3 to C5 components on channel 2, the4 m, CP-Sil 5CB, backflush channel.Figure 4 shows the chromatogram ofthe C6 to C8 components on channel 3,the 4 m, CP-Sil 5CB, straight channel.The last peak, octane, eluted within35 seconds. Table 5 shows the RT andarea RSD% for the C3 to C8 componentsanalyzed on the extended mud loggingconfiguration. The RT RSD% for the C3to C8 components are better than 0.02%,and area RSD% are below 1%, which isIsobutaneButanePentaneIsopentane0.10.20.3RT (min)0.40.5Figure 3. Extended mud logging analysis, channel 2: C 3 to C5 compounds on 4 m, CP-Sil 5CB, 7n-C60.150.25Methyl-cyclohexane0.35RT (min)Toluene0.45n-C80.55Figure 4. Extended mud logging analysis, channel 3: C6 to C8 compounds on 4 m, CP-Sil 5CB, straight.Table 5. RT and area repeatability for extended mud logging analysis, C 3 to C5on the 4 m, CP-Sil 5CB backflush channel, and C6 to C8 on the 4 m, CP-Sil 5CBstraight channel.CompoundRT/minRT RSD%Area (mv s)Area .024Octane0.5200.0080.0780.7685
proof of the stable pressure and columntemperature control, and the repeatableresponse of the 990 TCD.ConclusionThis study demonstrates fastanalysis of mud logging well gasusing an Agilent 990 Micro GC. Atwo-channel standard configurationand a three‑channel extendedconfiguration were used to analyzeC1 to C5 hydrocarbons and C1 to C8hydrocarbons, respectively. The analysisspeed on each channel was optimizedto finish within 35 seconds. The RTwww.agilent.com/chemThis information is subject to change without notice. Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2019Printed in the USA, August 7, 20195994-1039ENand area repeatability were excellent,demonstrating that the 990 Micro GCis an ideal platform for fast and reliablemud logging well gas analysis.Reference1.Van Loon, R. Mud Logging –Rapid Analyses of Well Gaseswith an Agilent Micro GC,Agilent Technologies ApplicationNote, publication number5991‑2699EN, 2013.
1 Methane 2.02% 2 Ethane 0.251% 3 Propane 997 ppm 4 Isobutane 495 ppm 5 Butane 300 ppm 6 Isopentane 173 ppm 7 Pentane 204 ppm 8 Hexane 52.6 ppm 9 Methylcyclopentane 50.1 ppm 10 Benzene 49.1 ppm 11 Cyclohexane 47.7 ppm 12 Heptane 49.0 ppm 13 Methylcyclohexane 49.2 ppm 14 Toluene 49.3 ppm 15 Octane 50.4 ppm 16 Nitrogen Balance
3.3. Oil and gas layer identification with mud logging Mud logging is a method to find out underground reservoirs by measuring combustible gas content in mud. The collected gas is fractionated, identified and measured by chromato-graphic column in chromatographic mud logging technology, and the content of C 1eC 5 can be continuously recorded .
Sub 3.00 4.440 1.440 Bit 1.00 5.875 Moreover, predictive calculations of on mud cuttings transport are performed with mud and drilling parameters as shown in the . Table 3. Table 3. Data of mud and drilling . parameters [4]. Mud and drilling parameters Mud weight (ppg) 11.3 Plas
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Where: A 8.33 if mud weight is in ppg, or 62.4 if mud weight is in lbm/ft3 Experimental Procedure 1. Prepare a drilling mud with 350mL of water and 10 grams of bentonite. Ensure the drilling mud is mixed well. 2. Put the drilling mud in the API Standard Fann VG Viscometer and recor
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Torfs et al. (1996) have done consolidation tests with Scheldt-mud and HongKong-mud in settling columns with various types of mud and varying sand contents (0% to 60%) in saline water. Most of their tests concern the settling and consolidation of relatively thin HongKong-mud layers 0.2 m with initial concentrations 50 kg/m3.
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