ROLE OF RESEARCH/ACADEMIC IN POLICY FORMULATION
Role of Research/Academic in Policy FormulationROLE OF RESEARCH/ACADEMIC INPOLICY FORMULATIONM.R. Khairul MulukSuhartono WinotoUniversitas Brawijaya, IndonesiaJAM16, 2Received, November 2017Revised, December 2017March 2018Accepted, May 2018Abstract: Research and development have a strategic role in formulating and implementingthe policy. Research and development is one important step in order to produce a new idea.This article has a purpose produce a picture the existence of the difference between thepoint of view of academics with the point of view of a practitioner in formulating andimplementing the policy.This article produced based on data collection started from focusgroup discussion and seminar. The results of analysis from focus group discussion, strengthened by seminar-seminar both at the local, national and international.The topic of the studysubjects of many times successfully identified obstacles the role of academics and analysisthe role of academics and the benefit of involvement academics.A new idea produced byacademics cannot always directly applied by a practitioner. Any different and gap betweenthe results of the study with the application of policy is caused by several factors. Thedifferences that appear among others the different the time, different conception, differentaudience, different motivation and different consequences. There are 3 (three) way academics in influencing policy, through policy, the policy of research and development, andeducation policy and training (Adam, 2014). There are 3 (three) the key to strengthen therole of academics in the formulation policy among others network, reputation, and expectations.Keywords: Research and development, academics, practitioner, policy.Journal of AppliedManagement (JAM)Volume 16 Number 2,June 2018Indexed in Google ScholarCorrespondention Author:M.R. Khairul Muluk,Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia,DOI: search is one form of activities undertaken by researchers/academics to generate new ideas or prove atruth. The results of the studyare expected to have widebenefits not only for the researchers themselves butalso have widespread use forboth governments, private,and community. Governmentpolicy in an effort to improvepeople’s life degree requiresmultistakeholder synergy. Asthe driving force of the implementation of the State, theDIKTI ACCREDITED SK NO. 36a/E/KPT/2016government has the main duty to provide all the needsof the community. The biggest challenge is the limited funds and human resources, while on the otherhand, the needs of the community continue to grow.In order to optimize funds and human resources,the Government is required to move more effectively and efficiently. The government becomes verycareful in every action. This is because any actionof the Government whether done or not done canproduce consequences in the future. Governmentas a practitioner indirectly requires experts in thefield in order to make the right decision and havepositive consequences in the future. Therefore, allactions taken by the Government must have thoughtand analysis mature.285ISSN: 1693-5241285
M.R. Khairul Muluk, Suhartono WinotoRatzinger-Sakel (2015), describes the gap between practitioners and researchers on the basis oftheme/topic and focus of attention. In the dimensions Ratzinger-Sakel produces, the practitioner’sdomain only focuses on the practical side, while theresearcher’s domain focuses on themes and updates. The two different domains contained slicescontaining matching themes and focus of attention.In other words, one way of reducing the gap between researchers and practitioners is by matchingthemes and the focus of attention. Meanwhile, another opinion expressed by Harper (2016), on howto minimize the research gap is the commitment andmutual agreement through the MoU (Memorandumof understanding). This MoU guides governance,goal setting, cooperative activities, and evaluationof resource allocation in partnerships.Involvement of academics in policy formulation has an important function. Collaboration between practitioners and academics is expected togenerate useful and applicable policies. The abilityof academics in mastering certain disciplines becomes one of the practitioner’s consultative areasin stepping and carrying out its duties. Practitionersdo not have to stand alone and think about everything related to policy. Practitioners should be ableto maximize the role of academics as a producer ofnew ideas and as experts in their field.There are 3 (three) major roles of academicsin influencing policy, that is through policy, Researchand development policy, and education and trainingpolicy (Adam, 2014). These three roles will not berealized without the beginning of three key academicroles. There are 3 (three) main keywords in an effort to strengthen the role of academics in the formulation of policies such as networking, reputation,and expectations. These three main keywords canbe an indication of how far the role of academics ininfluencing the implementation of a policy. The threemain keywords affect each other. The network willnot be able to wake up without a reputation ownedby academics. Likewise, expectations will not beachieved without a reputation based on the competence and certain skill of an academician.286JOURNAL OF APPLIED MANAGEMENTMETHODThis article aims to generate the identificationof the obstacles of academic roles, the role of academics in influencing policies and the benefits ofacademic engagement. In order to obtain and produce data, the first approach is done through focusgroup discussions and seminars. In the implementation of the focus group, discussion generated someimportant points related to the role of academics inpolicy formulation. Focus group discussions conducted several times generate some thoughts. Thethoughts generated in the focus group discussionare strengthened by the holding of several seminarsat the local, national to international level discussingthe same topic. The results of the seminar strengthenthe argument that results in the identification of obstacles to the role of academics, the role of academics in influencing policy and the benefits of academic engagement. Furthermore, the second approach is done with empirical studies that want toidentify the existence and analysis of academic pointof view on practitioners, and vice versapractitioner’s perspective on academics.BARRIERS TO THE ROLE OF ACADEMICS IN POLICY FORMULATIONAn academic often has difficulty in applyingresearch results. Access to open-ended research isnot correlated with access to the application of research results. Indirectly shows that the usefulnessof every research result in the implementation ofthe policy is still small and limited. For example, theFaculty of Administrative Sciences Brawijaya University in one year can produce product knowledgereaches approximately 1000 scientific papers. However, out of the less than a thousand scientific papers produced per year, not many can be implemented into a new policy or new idea in the Government. Although the role of academics in the process of formulating a policy in Government has astrategic role, not all research and development results can be easily implemented.Competence and intellectuality of academicsare necessary for determining and reading the di-VOLUME 16NUMBER 2JUNE 2018
Role of Research/Academic in Policy Formulationrection of policy and the consequences of futurerisks. Studies and research results are needed toform the basis of policy formulation. Ideally fromevery research and development result can be usedas government reference in formulating every policy.Government as a user is often faced with variousregulations so that in formulating a policy is not aseasy as imagined. Nasution (2008) argues that thereare several factors that hamper partnerships areinstitutional, human and financial resources. To overcome these obstacles the government should be ableto strengthen institutions, increase human resourcecapacity and financial strengthening.The relevance and quality of research findingsare central to the obstacles of academic roles in thepolicy formulation process. The quality of researchresults in the academic world is often judged fromthe publication of articles in indexed internationaljournals. In terms of practitioners, assessing thequality of research results is often indicated by howmuch influence or impact the research has on government and society. The lack of relevance betweenresearch results and user needs (the government)has become one of the obstacles of academics playing a role in policy formulation. Relevance and qualityof research results become the basic requirementthat the quality of research is not always capable ofbeing accommodated by the government as a policy.The budgetary struggle and the power to fundthe policy review are the next obstacles. Implement-ing a policy review is not an easy matter, the complexity that academics face in preparing policy reviews correlates with financing needs. The involvement of various experts in formulating policy studies is necessary to produce a comprehensive andapplicable policy review. Therefore, policy reviewactivities require a low cost. The budget constraintsmanaged by the government are one of the obstaclesin financing a policy review. With the amount ofbudget required, the willingness of leaders to be themain reason for the implementation of policy review activities.The next obstacle that arises is the lack of networking and personal contact. The network is oneof the opening gates of partnership and cooperationbetween practitioners and academics. The established partnerships will create and develop networks.The reality of academics has a limited network, sooften the results of research and development areonly beneficial to the world of academics alone hasno impact on government and society. Building anetwork is not an easy matter. Therefore, academics in demand not only able to generate new ideasand research, but also must be able to market theresults of research and ideas.TYPOLOGY OF DIFFERENCESBUILDEREXECUTORPOLICIES AND ACADEMICSDifferences between points of view makerexecutive policies (practitioners) with academics areFigure 1 Typology of Differences Builder-Executor Policies and AcademicsDIKTI ACCREDITED SK NO. 36a/E/KPT/2016ISSN: 1693-5241287
M.R. Khairul Muluk, Suhartono Winotooften difficult to reconcile. The practitioner’s perspective tends to empirical reality, while the academic perspective is more theoretical. Differencesin perspective affect the results of research anddevelopment that is not necessarily relevant and inaccordance with the needs of practitioners. Theseconditions resulted in a typology of differences between policy-makers and academics. The typologyproduces five differentiating factors.The Difference of Time Frame is the first component of the difference between practitioners andacademics. Different time frames between practitioners and academics are due to many things. Practitioners always work according to the rules. Therules govern the time frame of work as well as whento plan, when to carry out and when to carry outaccountability. While academics in the rules of therules there is no time to bind when doing researchand generate a new idea. Therefore, academics aremore dynamic intheir sphere of movement, unlikethe practitioners who are obliged to follow the timeframe of the applicable regulations.Furthermore, different conceptions betweenpractitioners and academics. The conceptual distinction between policy-makers and academics isoften debatable. The conception of a new idea forpractitioners is often difficult to accept. Oftenchange is perceived as something negative and difficult to gain trust before looking at examples ofimplementation and success. Instead, academicsconsider the new idea to produce something newand have a better impact than before. Academicsthink the new idea is a process of improvement.The concept of understanding of practitioners assesses an innovation intended to solve problemswhile academics have a broader view of where innovation is designed not only to solve problems butalso to add value to new knowledge and ideas. Sooften the views of practitioners are more pragmaticin seeing a new idea.The next distinguishing component is the audience. Policymakers have substantial duties and pressures from the community. As a regulator, practitioners are required to meet all the needs and expectations of the community. Unlike the case of academics who have no direct responsibility to the com-288JOURNAL OF APPLIED MANAGEMENTmunity. Academics become independent actors compared to practitioners who have various rules. Anydecision-making will have a major impact on society. While academics, research and developmentresults have an impact on the development of science with the majority of consumers are those whoare also in the same field.Furthermore, the differentiating components aredifferent motivations. An academic with an inherent basic task has a great motivation to keep generating new ideas and innovations. Unlike the case ofa motivated practitioner not to generate new ideasand implement new policies, but rather to carry outthe tasks as well as possible according to the rules.Often these conditions plunge practitioners into thecomfort zone and kill off the creative minds thatcan not develop. The greatest motivation of a practitioner is to carry out basic tasks and functions.While academics have great motivation to be ableto produce new papers & new ideas. The difference in motivation is certainly not independent ofthe differences in duties and functions of practitioners and academics.The final component of the distinction betweenacademia and practitioners is the different consequences. When viewed from the resulting consequences, practitioners have greater burden and consequences. Wrong decision-making and policy formulation will have a certain impact on society. Unlike the case of academics, errors and failures inthe formulation of new ideas have no significantimpact. In any academic world, the results of a studycan be followed up with new research. In academicpoint of view, there is never a fixed nature. All theresults of both successful and failed research willcontinue to evolve over time. In addition, the dynamic mindset of academics considers errors andfailures to be part of the process of improvement sothat it is not uncommon for research and development of an academician to complete enough onceto achieve the goal.LEVEL OF ACADEMIC RELATIONSHIPSWITH PRACTITIONERSThe partnership or partnership that exists between academia and practitioners has different levVOLUME 16NUMBER 2JUNE 2018
Role of Research/Academic in Policy FormulationSource: Robert, 2004Figure 2 Relationshipels. The level of academic relationships with practitioners shows how much influence is generated andresources empowered. The relationship of academics with practitioners becomes one of the strategicrelationships to support their respective roles andfunctions. Robert (2004), conveyed that partnershipis a pattern of relationship where there is commitment together to achieve a certain success and purpose. Under no circumstances, the partnership allows for unity in the completion of the task. Thepartnership process that takes place between anacknowledgment and a practitioner includes all kindsof organized consultation processes under contractual agreements.The related picture of the level of academicrelationship with the practitioner shows the characteristics of each level differently. Each level has itsown characteristics corresponding to the resourcesand contributions incurred. Networking is the firstlevel of partnership between academia and practitioners. Networking has a simpler characteristic thanother relationships. It is said to be simpler becausethe characteristics of networking are the exchangeof information to achieve mutual benefits. Networking has a limited level of commitment and a level oftrust (Robert, 2014). Networking is often limited andfocuses on certain issues. These limits result in therestriction of shared resources.DIKTI ACCREDITED SK NO. 36a/E/KPT/2016Coordinating is the second level of partnershipbetween academia and practitioners. The coordinating level is above the networking level. The characteristics generated are slightly more complex thannetworking. The coordinating process in addition tothe exchange of information to achieve mutual benefits can also change the activities together toachieve common goals. Making access to servicesor resources easier to use is the main focus (Robert, 2004).Cooperating is the third grade of the partnership between academics and practitioners. Cooperating levels indicate that partnerships will be farmore committed where there is resource sharing toachieve common goals. The sharing of resourcescreates a high level of trust between the partners.Cooperating levels that focus primarily on resourcesalso share risk, responsiveness, and reward (Robert, 2004). It shows a higher level of commitmentthan the level of relationship below.Finally, collaborating is the fourth level of partnership between academia and practitioners. At thelevel of collaborating already shows a high level ofcommitment and trust that the level below. In addition to resource sharing conducted between parties, collaborating can also increase other capacities to achieve the same goals (Robert, 2004). Inother words, the level of collaborating not only purISSN: 1693-5241289
M.R. Khairul Muluk, Suhartono Winotosues the achievement of shared goals but also thesharing of resources and knowledge for capacitybuilding.THE ROLE OF ACADEMICS IN INFLUENCING POLICYThe existence of academics as one of the actors in influencing policy is very strategic. Academics are seen as intellectuals who have more abilityin their field. Such ability can be utilized by practitioners in helping and supporting the implementation of its activities. Academics with a qualified educational background are expected to generate asolute thinking from every problem that exists. Thereare 3 (three) major roles of academics in influencing policy, that is through policy, Research and development policy, and education and training policy(Adam, 2014).First, the result of the formulated policy is theresult of a series of review processes undertakenby academics. The policy becomes one of the outputs in research and development activities. In generating output, academics must have a campus network. The campus network can improve communication and expand information. Reputation is alsoone factor in building a campus network. Anotherconsequence of a reputation is the national education and research network. Recognition of scholarship can begin to wake up from these networks. Sois the case with a consortium of academics, becoming one of the important groups in influencing policy.A consortium of academics with high levels of trustand acknowledgment creates a massive influencein policy.Second, research and development become away of academics contributing to influencing policyoutcomes. Policy review activities become one ofthe academic efforts to generate and formulate newideas that can be continued as policy. The dissemination of new ideas the results of research is a veryimportant role. In order to influence the user, newideas of the research result should be disseminated.Dissemination of information becomes one way toinfluence users to apply research and developmentresults. Indirectly, the dissemination of information290JOURNAL OF APPLIED MANAGEMENTand new ideas the results of the study suggestionsto impact on user reactions.Third, education policy becomes an importantkey role of academics in policy formulation andimplementation. With education, practitioners willdirectly need the views and scholarship of academics. Education on policy can change the view ofpr
role of academics in the formulation policy among others network, reputation, and expecta-tions. Keywords: Research and development, academics, practitioner, policy. Research is one form of ac-tivities undertaken by re-searchers/academics to gen-erate new ideas or prove a truth. The results of the study
The Academic Phrasebank is a general resource for academic writers. It aims to provide the phraseological ‘nuts and bolts’ of academic writing organised according to the main sections of a research paper or dissertation. Other phrases are listed under the more general communicative functions of academic writing. The resource was designed primarily for academic and scientific writers who .
The Academic Phrasebank is a general resource for academic writers. It aims to provide the phraseological ‘nuts and bolts’ of academic writing organised according to the main sections of a research paper or dissertation. Other phrases are listed under the more general communicativ e functions of academic writing. The resource was designed primarily for academic and scientific writers who .
Academic entrepreneurship, defined as the commercial application of academic research, is an increasingly important aspect of academic life. In most institutions, academic . and the gender gap increases over time (Ding et al. 2006). Interesting, the academic context
You can request the AOR role via the "Add a New Role" page in Research.gov. Here's how: Sign in to Research.gov and select the "My Profile" link located at the top right of the screen. To add the AOR role, select the "Add Organizational Role" button and choose the AOR role. Complete the role request wizard four-step process. Please see
categories of role-play. The next step from games would be to develop presentations and metaphorical role-play, examples of which are given in Table 3. The categories of role-play shown in Table 1 which science teachers may previously have referred to as 'role-play' are: metaphorical role-play, analogy role-play and simulation.
eradicate unemployment. However, researches have also identified that academic performance of students in tertiary education has been deteriorating. Therefore it is deemed to be important to identify the factors that influence academic performance. Factors influencing academic performance include academic and non- academic factors.
Here, we discuss the components of academic language, provide strategies for identify-ing academic language, and discuss ideas for using and promoting academic language in early child-hood classrooms. What Is Academic Language? Nagy and Townsend (2012) defined academic language as “the specialized lang
Teas AM University Academic Success Center Academic Coaching Manual 2017 // 3 Why is Academic Coaching Important? Academic coaching is a unique resource on campus that helps students navigate obstacles during their academic career because
