Invasive Insects, Pathogens And Plants In Western And .

July 2002Invasive Insects, Pathogens and PlantsinWestern and Pacific Island ForestsPrepared for:Western Forestry Leadership Coalition2580 Youngfield StreetLakewood, CO 80215-7093Prepared by:William M. CieslaINTECS International Inc.Under Contract to:2150 Centre AvenueBuilding A, Suite 331Fort Collins, CO 80526-1891

AcknowledgmentsMany colleagues contributed information and technical review comments during thepreparation of this paper.Review comments were provided by the following representatives from States:Michael Buck, Administrator, Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife,Honolulu, HIKirk David, Idaho Department of Lands, Coeur d’ Alene, IDRay Aslin, State Forester, Kansas Forest ServiceSheri S. Mann, Territorial Forester & Forestry Extension Program Manager forAmerican SamoaJim Lawrence, Executive Director, Council of Western State Foresters,Lakewood, COInformation and review comments were provided by the following USDA Forest Serviceemployees:Steve Ambrose, Assistant Regional Forester, Western State and Private Forestry,Lakewood, CORita Beard, Rangeland Ecologist, Forest and Rangeland Management, FortCollins, COJerry Beatty, Deputy Director, Forest Health Protection, Washington, D.C.David Bridgwater, Entomologist, Forest Health Protection, R-6, Portland, ORRobert Haack, Entomologist, North Central Research Station, East Lansing, MIEd Holsten, Entomologist, Forest Health Protection, R-10, Anchorage, AKEllen Michaels Goheen, Plant Pathologist, FHP, R-6, Medford, ORAllison Hill, Vegetation Management and Protection Research, Washington, D.C.Andy Mason, Director, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Fort Collins,COJohn Neisess, Forest Health Protection, R-5, Valejo, CA (retired)Duane A. Nelson, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Hilo, HIDouglas Parker, Entomologist, Forest Health Protection, R-3, Albuquerque, NMIral Ragenovich, Entomologist, Forest Health Protection, R-6, Portland, ORLia H. Spiegel, Entomologist, Forest Health Protection, R-6, LaGrande, ORDuane Van Hoosier, Forest Inventory and Analysis, Rocky Mountain ResearchStation, Ogden, UT (retired)i

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Table of ContentsAcknowledgments. iList of Illustrations . viiList of Tables.viiiList of Acronyms and Abbreviations. ixExecutive Summary . xiStaggering Impacts of Invasive Species. xiComplex National, Federal, and State Responsibilities .xiiOpportunities for WFLC to Address Invasive Species Issues .xiiIntroduction . 1Part I An Overview of Invasive Species . 5Impacts of Invasive Species . 7Economic Impacts . 7Ecological Impacts . 7Loss of Biodiversity . 7Altered Species Composition . 8Changes in Fire Regimes. 8Societal Impacts . 8Some Case Histories . 9Gypsy Moth. 9White Pine Blister Rust . 10Cheatgrass . 11Miconia. 12Dealing With Invasive Species . 13Healthy Ecosystems – The Objective . 13Integrated Pest Management – The Tools. 14The Decision Process . 14The Action Process. 15Integration of New Technologies . 17National, Federal, and State Responsibilities . 18Federal Government. 18Authorities, Roles and Responsibilities . 18Coordinating Mechanisms. 21State, County and Local Governments. 22Potential Role for WFLC in Mitigating Impacts of Invasive Species. 23Increase Awareness of Invasive Species and Their Impacts. 23Promote Partnerships . 24Facilitate Identification of Gaps in Authorities and Responsibilities . 25Support Integrated Pest Management as the Guiding Framework for All WFLCMember Organizations. 25iii

Support Cross-Cut Budgets For Invasive Species . 25Support and Utilize New Research and Technology/Methods as Part of a Sound IPMProgram Directed Against Invasive Species. . 27Promote the Use of National Data and Mapping Standards to Facilitate InformationSharing Between WFLC Members and Other Organizations. 28Part II Technical Information on Key Invasive Species in theWestern United States and Pacific Islands. 29Insects Established in the Western U.S. and Pacific Islands. 31Balsam Woolly Adelgid. 32Eucalyptus Borers . 35Green Spruce Aphid . 36Larch Casebearer. 37Larch Sawfly . 39European Elm Scale . 40Elm Leaf Beetle. 41Oystershell Scale. 42Leucaena Psyllid . 43Pathogens Established in the Western U.S. . 45White Pine Blister Rust. 46Sudden Oak Death. 48Pitch Canker . 50Port-Orford Cedar (POC) Root Disease. 52Dutch Elm Disease (DED) . 54Invasive Plants Established in the Western U.S. . 56Cheatgrass . 57Dalmation Toadflax . 59Leafy Spurge . 60Yellow Star Thistle . 62English Ivy . 63Spotted Knapweed . 64Klamath Weed (Saint John’s Wort) . 65Scotch Broom. 66Russian Olive . 68Siberian Elm. 71Saltcedar. 72Bluegum Eucalyptus . 73Invasive Plants in Hawaii and the Pacific Islands. 74Banana Poka or Passion Flower Vine . 76Miconia . 78Firetree or Faya Tree. 80African Tulip Tree. 81Ivy Gourd . 83Fountain Grass . 85iv

Invasive Species Not Yet Established But Pose an Imminent Threat . 86Asian Longhorned Beetle and Related Species . 87European Pine Shoot Beetle. 90European Wood Wasp. 91Gypsy Moth (Asian and European Forms) . 93Kudzu . 96References Cited. 97Appendices . 103Executive Order 13112. 105Summary of Federal Roles and Responsibilities with Regard to the Management ofInvasive Species . 110Federal Legislative Authorities . 115Website Databases That Provide Information On Invasive Species . 119v

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List of IllustrationsFigure 1 – The tumbleweed, introduced from Russia in contaminated flaxseed, hasbecome so common in the western United States that few people realize that it is anintroduced plant. Tumbleweed is also a serious pasture pest in Hawaii. . 2Figure 2 – Defoliation of oaks and other broadleaf trees by gypsy moth, South Mountain,Pennsylvania. 10Figure 3 – Federal Agencies involved with management of invasive species. 20Figure 4 – Stem attack by balsam woolly adelgid on fir. 34Figure 5 – Distribution of western larch and larch casebearer in the western U.S. . 38Figure 6 – Larch casebearer. Left: defoliation of western larch; right: overwinteringlarvae on branch . 38Figure 7 – Leucaena shoot and foliage infested with nymphs and adults of Leucaenapsyllid. . 44Figure 8 – Spread of white pine blister rust in the West – 1926-1998. 47Figure 9 – Known distribution of sudden oak death as of 2001 . 49Figure 10 – Coastal Pitch Canker Zone of infestation established by the California Boardof Forestry . 51Figure 11 – Distribution of Port-Orford cedar and Port-Orford cedar root disease inCalifornia, Oregon and Washington. 53Figure 12 – Leafy spurge. Left: close-up of flower; right: field infested with leafyspurge. . 61Figure 13 – Field invaded by Russian-olive (above), close-up of foliage (below). 70Figure 14 – The rare and beautiful Haleakala silversword, found only in the crater ofHaleakala Volcano on the Hawaiian Island of Maui, has been threatened by feralgoats and humans. . 75Figure 15 – Flower of the banana poka (Photo courtesy of the Missouri Botanical aceae/economic.asp) . 77Figure 16 – Left: African tulip tree, Spathodea campanulata. Right: close up of flower.(Source: http://www.botany.hawaii.edu.) . 82Figure 17 - Infestation of ivy gourd, Coccinia grandis (Source: http://www.hear.org) . 84vii

Figure 18 - Status of Asian longhorned beetle (ALB) and citrus longhorned beetle(CLHB) in the United States (Source USDA APHIS n.d.). 88Figure 19 – Asian longhorned beetle adult (Photo courtesy of Robert Haack, USDAForest Service, North Central Research Station). . 89Figure 20 – Aerial view of tree mortality caused by European wood wasp in a loblollypine plantation in Santa Catarina State, Brazil. 92Figure 21 – European wood wasp, larvae, pupae and boring tunnels in loblolly pine,Santa Catarina State, Brazil. 92Figure 22 – Female adults and egg masses of gypsy moth. . 95List of TablesTable 1 - Conceptual Invasive Species Cross-Cut Budget Plan for Fiscal Year 2004 Usinga Pest-Specific Approach. . 27Table 2 - Occurrence of Key Invasive Forest and Urban Insects by State in the WesternU.S. as of 2001. . 32Table 3 - Occurrence of Key Invasive Forest and Urban Diseases Caused by InvasivePathogens by State in the Western U.S. as of 2000. . 45Table 4 - Levels of Cheatgrass Infestation in Piñon-Juniper Forests in the U.S. 58viii

List of Acronyms and AbbreviationsALBAsian longhorned beetleAPHISAnimal Plant Inspection Service (USDA)ARSAgriculture Research Service (USDA)BLMBureau of Land Management (USDI)BORBureau of ReclamationCAPSCooperative Agricultural Pest Survey ProgramCLHBCitrus longhorned beetleCSREESCooperative State Research Education andExtension Service (USDA)DEDDutch elm diseaseDODDepartment of DefenseEAEnvironmental AnalysisEISEnvironmental Impact StatementEPAEnvironmental Protection AgencyFAAFederal Aviation Administration (USDOC)FHMForest Health MonitoringFHWAFederal Highway Administration (USDOT)FICMNEWFederal Interagency Committee for theManagement of Noxious and Exotic WeedsFIFRAFederal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide ActFSForest Service (USDA)FWSFish and Wildlife Service (USDI)FYFiscal YearGISGeographic Information SystemGPSGlobal Positioning SystemHEARHawaiian Ecosystems at Risk ProjectIPMIntegrated Pest ManagementIPPCInternational Plant Protection CommissionMOUMemorandum of UnderstandingMMSMinerals Management ServiceNAPPONorth American Plant Protection Organizationix

NAWMANorth American Weed Management AssociationNEPANational Environmental Protection ActNFSNational Forest SystemNGONon-Government OrganizationNOAANational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationNPSNational Park Service (USDI)NRANational Recreation AreaNSFNational Science FoundationOMBOffice of Management and BudgetPOCPort-Orford cedarUSAIDUnited States Agency for InternationalDevelopmentUSCSUnited States Coast GuardUSDAUnited States Department of AgricultureUSDIUnited States Department of InteriorUSDOTUnited States Department of TransportationUSGSUnited States Geological Survey (USDI)WFLCWestern Forestry Leadership CoalitionWSCLBWhite spotted citrus longhorned beetleWTOWorld Trade Organizationx

Executive SummaryThis report to the Western Forestry Leadership Coalition has three purposes: Review the status and impacts of invasive insects, pathogens, and plants inWestern and Pacific Island Forests. Review the National, Federal, State and Territorial responsibilities. Identify opportunities for WFLC to address invasive species issuesAmerica’s forests are under invasion. Our rural and urban forests have fallen victim tointroductions of exotic insects, diseases, and noxious weeds/invasive plants. The primaryreasons for this inva

Staggering Impacts of Invasive Species Economic: The economic impact caused by all invasive species in the U.S. is estimated at over 137 billion per year. Forests that are damaged by invasive species will yield far fewer goods and services (e.g., timber, recreation, wildlife). The cost of managing invasive species is very high.