THE PLANET MARS AND IT’S 2 MOONS
MARS, IT’S 2 MOONS AND SPACECRAFT THAT HASAND IS GOING THERECOMPILED BY HOWIE BAUM
MARS The 4th planet from the Sun The second-smallest planetin the Solar System, afterMercury. Called the "Red Planet"because the iron oxideprevalent on its surfacegives it a reddishappearance. It has a thin atmospherewhich is mostly carbondioxide (CO2 Has valleys, deserts, andpolar ice caps, like Earth.
Mars is a dusty, cold, desert world.This dynamic planet has seasons, polar ice caps and weather and canyons and extinctvolcanoes, evidence of an even more active past.Mars is one of the most explored bodies in our solar system, and it's the only planet where we've sentrovers to roam the alien landscape. NASA currently has three spacecraft in orbit, one roverand one lander on the surface and another rover under construction here on Earth. Indiaand ESA also have spacecraft in orbit above Mars.These robotic explorers have found lots of evidence that Mars was much wetter andwarmer, with a thicker atmosphere, billions of years ago.
Mars is tilted on its axis 25.2 (Earth is23.4 ) so it has daily and seasonalcycles like we do.The surface features of Mars changefrom season to season.The dust on Mars is blown by strongwinds often reaching over 60 – 80 milesper hour (hurricane force). The stormsare so strong that sometimes they cancover the whole planet with dust.Mariner 9 visited Mars in 1971.When it arrived, there was a planetwide dust storm. If it had been afly-by mission to take photos, itwould have been a failure.
MARS ALSO HAS DUST DEVILS: SMALL, TORNADO-LIKE WEATHER EVENTS
Earth and Mars ComparisonImage Courtesy of NASA/JPL-Caltech
THE MARTIANDICHOTOMYThe most conspicuousfeature of Mars is a sharpcontrast between theSouthern and the Northernhemispheres.Notice the craters andvolcanoes in thesouthern hemisphereand the smooth surfacein the North.The thickness of theMartian crust is 19.9 miles(32 kilometers) in thenorthern lowlands region,and 36 miles (58kilometers) in the southernhighlands.
Mars Surface Features The surface Color is somewhat red Features: Impact Craters Largest volcano in the solar system(Olympus Mons) Largest Canyon in the Solar System(Valles Marineris) Ancient river channelsValles Marineris Lava Rocks Lots of reddish DustImage Courtesy of NASA/JPL-Caltech
The 2 moons of Mars Mars has 2 tiny moons named“Deimos” (Panic) & “Phobos”(Fear)DeimosPhobos The moons are irregular and verysmall in size They are probably asteroidscaptured by MarsImages Courtesy of NASA
Two small moons: Phobos andDeimos.Too small to pull themselves intospherical shape.Typical of small, rocky bodies: Darkgrey and low density.PhobosVery close to Mars; orbits around Mars fasterthan Mars’ rotation.Deimos
A comparison of Mar’sMoon Phobos, if it camedown to Earth !!
How Mars moonDeimos wouldlook if it hoveredover Paris,France.Credit and copyright: CiroVilla
Methane in the Martian Atmosphere Methane gas was recently detected in Mars’atmosphere using ground-based telescopes The methane gas distribution is patchy andchanges with time Most methane in Earth’s atmosphere isproduced by life, raising questions about itsorigin on MarsView of Mars colored according to themethane concentration observed in theatmosphere. Warm reddish colorsdepict high concentrations.
Recent Release of Methane The Methane in theatmosphere should bedestroyed by Ultraviolet lightwithin a few hundred years. The Methane observed nowmust therefore have beenproduced recently. Variations in space and timesuggest that it was recentlyreleased from the subsurfacein localized areas.Ultraviolet photons (light particles) have enoughenergy to break molecules apart
surfacemethaneWhere can the methane come from? From an analogy with Earth, there are twoleading theories for the origin of recentsubsurface methane at Mars:liquid waterhot rock1.Methane is produced by water-rockinteractions 2 µm2.Methane is produced by bacteria, in regionswhere liquid water is foundEither theory implies that the Martian subsurfaceis dynamic Future observations can test for trace chemicalsassociated with each processmethanebacteriaMethane on Mars could be produced chemicallythrough liquid/rock interactions (top) orbiologically (bottom)
Marvin, the Martian !!
TALES OF CANALS AND LIFE ON MARSEarly observers (Schiaparelli, Lowell) believed that theysaw canals on Mars, through early telescope designs.This, together withgrowth/shrinking of polar cap,sparked imagination and sci-fi talesof life on Mars.We know today: The “canals” werean optical illusion and do not exist!There is no evidence of life onMars at this time.
THE ATMOSPHERE OF MARSMost of the Oxygen is bound in oxides in rocksIron Oxide is what produces the Reddish color of the surface
THE GEOLOGY OF MARSGiant volcanoesValleysImpact cratersReddish deserts of broken rock,probably smashed by meteoriteimpacts.VallisMarineris
THE GEOLOGY OF MARSNorthern Lowlands: Free of craters;probably re-surfaced a few billionyears ago.Possibly once filled withwater.Southern Highlands: Heavily cratered;probably 2 – 3 billion years old.
VOLCANISM ON MARSVolcanoes on Mars are shieldvolcanoes, which are broaddomed volcanoes with gentlysloping sides,Olympus Mons:Highest and largest volcanoin the solar system.
VOLCANISM ON MARSTharsis rise (volcanic bulge):Nearly as large as in the U.S.Rises about 6 miles above themain surface of Mars.Rising magma has repeatedlybroken through the crust toform volcanoes.
HIDDEN WATER ON MARSNo liquid water on the surface:It would evaporate due to low pressure.But evidence shows liquid water in the past:Outflow channels from sudden, massive floodsCollapsed structures after withdrawal of subsurface waterSplash craters and valleys resembling meanderingriver bedsGullies, possibly from debris flowsCentral channel in a valley suggests long-termflowing water
HIDDEN WATER ON MARSGusev Crater and Ma’adim Vallis:Giant lakes might have drained repeatedlythrough the Ma’adim Vallis into the crater.
ICE IN THE POLAR CAPSThe Polar caps containmostly Carbon Dioxide ice(like our Dry Ice), andalso water.Multiple ice regions areseparated by valleys freeof ice.Boundaries of polar capsreveal multiple layers ofdust, left behind byrepeated growth andmelting of polar-capregions.
EVIDENCE FOR WATER ON MARSGalle,the “happy face crater”Meteorite ALH84001Identified as an ancient rock from MarsLarge impacts may haveejected rocks into space.Some minerals in this meteorite weredeposited in water so the Martiancrust must have been richer in waterthan it is today.
SUCCESSFUL MISSIONS TO MARSUnmanned missions to Mars began in 1960.There have been 56 Mars missions so far, of which26 have been successful — 46%, a testament tothe difficulty in reaching the red planet.The Russians took the early lead and the U.S. caught upand overtook them with more missions as well as morecomplexity too.This is a list of how many of each type, weresuccessful to get there: Fly-By spacecraft – 4 Landers – 6 Orbiters – 12 Rovers – 4
Currently operating missions to Mars. This program architecture provides a high degree ofsynergy and scientific leverage between missions.The upcoming sending of the new Rover Perseverance and other items will be discussed onanother slide.
MARS ROVERSOJOURNERThe first Mars rover,Sojourner, landed on Mars onJuly 4th, 1997.It has front and rear camerasand hardware to conductseveral scientific experiments.it was active for 85 days andtraveled a distance of justover 330 ft., by the timecommunication was lost.It is the first wheeled vehicleto rove another planet.
MARS ODYSSEYSent up in 2001 and named after the iconicsci-fi novel and film 2001: A Space OdysseyIt is a NASA orbital satellite that is currentlyabout 2,400 miles above Mars’ surface.It holds the record as the longestoperating spacecraft orbiting Mars.Mars Odyssey’s mission was to find proof ofpast or present water on Mars which wassuccessfully proven on July 21, 2008, by thePhoenix lander.It also serves as a communications relaybetween Earth and Martian rovers, the MarsScience Lab, and the Phoenix lander.It is projected to remain in operation until 2025.
MARS EXPRESSIt was launched on June 2, 2003, alongwith the Beagle 2 lander (which failedto work) by the European SpaceAgency.Mars Express was launched with theintent of surveying Mars’ surface usinghigh-resolution cameras, radars, andspectrometers which looks for the typesof elements on the surface and forwater.So far it has discovered water iceand carbon dioxide ice in Mars’southern ice cap, along with anarea of liquid water underneathIt’s currently scheduled to remain inoperation until the end of 2026.
MARS SPIRIT ANDOPPORTUNITYThe Spirit and Opportunity roversrepresent one of the biggest success storiesof the current NASA space program.Launched separately in summer 2003, thepair of rovers arrived on the red planet afterabout six months.Initially, the plan was for a 90-day missionto study the geology and atmosphere ofMars.Spirit continued to transmit until March2010, and Opportunity until June 2018!They are credited with providing thefirst solid “ground truth’ that at onetime” Mars was much wetter than it istoday.
MARS RECONNAISSANCEORBITER (MRO)On August 12, 2005, NASAlaunched the orbiter, whichentered Mars’ orbit on March 10,2006.It has been observing thelandscape there and has madenumerous high-profilediscoveries, including the recentobservance of flowing saltwateron the surface and subsurface ofthe planet.It was also used to find a landingzone for the Phoenix Lander, andacts as a relay forcommunications between activerovers and Earth.
PHOENIX ROBOTICLANDERPhoenix was a roboticspacecraft that landed onMars on May 25, 2008 andoperated until November 2.Its instruments were usedto assess the localhabitability and to researchthe history of water onMars.The multi-agency programwas led by the Lunar andPlanetary Laboratory at theUniversity of Arizona, withproject management byNASA's Jet PropulsionLaboratory (JPL).
THE CURIOSITY ROVERNASA’s Curiosity has been on Mars since2012 and was made to study thelandscape and climate of Mars,comprising the rover portion of NASA’sMars Science Laboratory (MSL).It was launched from CapeCanaveral on November 26, 2011and landed inside the Gale crater onAugust 6, 2012.It is still operating fine, after almost7 years on the planet !! So far, ithas traveled 12.5 miles !It’s most notable find so far isthe discovery of organicmolecules on the planet’s surface in2018.
Two Jet Propulsion Laboratory engineers stand with three vehicles, providing a size comparison ofthree generations of Mars rovers.Front and center is the flight spare for the first Mars rover, Sojourner, which landed on Mars in 1997as part of the Mars Pathfinder Project and is 2.13 feet long.On the left is a Mars Exploration Rover (MER) test vehicle that is a working sibling to Spirit andOpportunity, which landed on Mars in 2004 and are 5.2 feet long.On the right is a test rover for the Mars Science Laboratory, the same size and design of Curiosity onMars in 2012, which is 9.8 feet long.
MANGALYAAN (MARSORBITER MISSION)The Indian Space Research Organization(ISRO) launched its first interplanetarymission on November 5, 2013.Dubbed “Mangalyaan,” the craft is anorbiter that has primarily been used asa proof of concept for ISRO’sinterplanetary tech capabilities, testingvarious flight and communicationssystems, and providing telemetry data.Mangalyaan is also outfitted with asmall suite of research instrumentsdesigned to capture atmospheric data.It is also the cheapest Mars mission todate, costing only 73 million U.S.
MAVENThe Mars Atmosphere and VolatileEvolution Mission (MAVEN) iscurrently searching forexplanations for how and whyMars’ water and atmosphere havebeen slowly deteriorating andescaping.After entering orbit in 2014, it wasquickly able to confirm that Mars’atmosphere was escaping intospace, and further observationsfound the planet’s magnetic fieldis more like a tail, disrupted bythe solar wind.This could explain the Red Planet’sloss of atmosphere, but scientistsare still investigating.
EXOMARS TRACE GASORBITERLaunched in 2016, ExoMars is the firstin a series of joint Mars missionsthrough a partnership between theEuropean Space Agency and Russia’sRoscosmos.The mission actually included twoprobes, the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter(TGO) and the Schiaparelli EDM Lander,however the lander crashed on theMars surface after being delivered bythe TGO.Researchers hope to gain a betterunderstanding of methane and othertrace gases present in the Martianatmosphere that could be evidence forpossible biological activity.
The INSIGHT lander - Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and HeatTransport mission is a robotic lander designed to study the deep interior of the planet Mars.It was manufactured by Lockheed Martin, is managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and most ofits scientific instruments were built by European agencies.The mission launched on May 5, 2018, aboard an Atlas V-401 rocket and successfully landedat Elysium Planitia on November 26, 2018.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v MusWmN1i5vE 4.5 minutes
PROBLEM WITH PUTTING THE MOLE PROBE INTOTHE SURFACEEngineers are continuing to work to free an instrumenton NASA’s InSight Mars lander that remains stuck justbelow the surface.The Heat Flow and Physical Properties Probe (HP3), oneof the two main instruments on the spacecraft, featuresa probe, or “mole,” designed to hammer its way into thesurface to a depth of about 16.4 feet.Once in place, it will measure how much heat is flowingout of the planet’s interior.The instrument, placed on the surface weeks after thespacecraft’s landing last November, started thehammering process in late February, but projectscientists stopped that work, days later when itappeared the mole was stuck about 11.8 inches belowthe surface. Engineers have since been trying todetermine why the mole is stuck and how to get itmoving again.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v o5q7AugWo3o
PLANNED MISSIONSThanks to a launchwindow when Mars iscloser to the Earth,enabling shorter trips,and a bit of coincidence,there are 3 Mars missionlaunches scheduled forsummer, 2020.The ones that will beshown are by no means theonly ones. There are noless than seven alreadyconfirmed missions through2024, and at least a dozenmore through the mid2040s.
3 MARS MISSIONSWILL BE LAUNCHINGTO THE RED PLANET INJULY 2020(THE 4TH ONE ISDELAYED)Earth and the Red Planetalign favorably forinterplanetary travel justonce every 26 months, fora few weeks at a time.The next such window opensin mid-July 2020, and 3 bigticket missions aim to takefull advantage to get there.1) NASA's car-size Mars2020 roverPerseverance isscheduled to lift off onJuly 17.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v 987RDiG63h0 4.5 minutes
PERSEVEARANCE DESIGN AND GOALSRoughly 85% of the new rover will be heritage designs — thechassis, the power and communications systems and otherelements are copied from those of Curiosity.What’s new are the parts that will do science: The tools that will make measurements on Mars Those that will gather and store the rock samples. This includes 7 instruments, all either brand new orimproved designs. The panoramic camera atop the rover’s mast will have a zoom function to zero in on areas of interest. The vehicle’s laser instrument will add extra wavelengths tohelp with investigations of rock chemistry and mineralogy. The rover’s robotic arm will sport ultraviolet and X-rayspectrometers that will map rocks in more detail than theinstruments on Curiosity can.
The Perseverance rover has 4 science objectives that support the Program'sscience goals:1) Looking for Habitability - Identify past environments capable of supporting microbial life2) Seeking Biosignatures - Seek signs of possible past microbial life in those habitableenvironments, particularly in special rocks known to preserve signs of life over time3) Caching Samples - Collect core rock and "soil" samples and store them on the Martiansurface4) Preparing for Humans - Test oxygen production from the Martian atmosphere
GOAL 1:DETERMINE WHETHER LIFEEVER EXISTED ON MARSThe mission of the Mars 2020Perseverance rover focuses onsurface-based studies of the Martianenvironment, seeking preservedsigns of biosignatures in rocksamples that formed in ancientMartian environments withconditions that might have beenfavorable to microbial life.It is the first rover mission designedto seek signs of past microbial life.Earlier rovers first focused on andconfirmed that Mars once hadhabitable conditions.
GOAL 2:CHARACTERIZE THECLIMATE OF MARSPast Martian climateconditions are a focus ofthe Perseverance rovermission.The rover's instrumentsare looking for evidenceof ancient habitableenvironments wheremicrobial life could haveexisted in the past.Scientists
GOAL 3CHARACTERIZE THE GEOLOGYOF MARSThe Perseverance rover is designedto study the rock record to revealmore about the geologic processesthat created and modified theMartian crust and surface throughtime.The rover seeks evidence of rocksthat formed in water and thatpreserve evidence of organics, thechemical building blocks of life.It will collect samples of soil inmany different locations andput them into sealed tubes foreventual return to Earth.
The rover will carry enough supplies to filland seal at least 31 titanium tubes, eachroughly 5.5 inches long and 8/10 of aninch across and carries several spares incase of problems.Some will serve as ‘witness’ tubes, filledwith material such as aluminum mesh orceramics to trap environmentalcontaminants.On the way to Mars, one of the tubes willbe left uncovered to capture whatevermight vaporize off the spacecraft duringflight. That tube will be sealed on arrival.Other tubes will be exposed sequentially onthe Martian surface to gather samples ofanything that happens to be blowing in theair at each location. Later, scientists will beable to use the witness tubes to work outwhether the drilled samples werecontaminated and when.
GOAL 4PREPARE FOR HUMANEXPLORATIONThe Perseverance rover is demonstratingkey technologies for using naturalresources in the Martian environment forlife support and fuel.It is also monitoring environmentalconditions, so mission plannersunderstand better how to protect futurehuman explorers, who are planned to besent to Mars in the 2030’s.Similar to the history of the explorationof Earth's moon, robotic missions toMars provide a crucial understanding ofthe environment and test innovativetechnologies for future humanexploration.
MARS HELICOPTERThe Mars Helicopter has been attachedunderneath Perseverance and it will bethe first aircraft in history to attemptpower-controlled flight on anotherplanet. It was named Ingenuity by ateenage girl, in a contest by NASA.The helicopter, which weighs only 4 pounds(1.8 kilograms) and features Carbon fiberpropellers 4 feet (1.2 meters) in diameter,and is cocooned within the delivery system.In one of the first steps in the day-longprocess on April 6, technicians and engineersmade 34 electrical connections between therover, the helicopter and its delivery systemon the rover's belly.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v oOMQOqKRWjU
When the Mars Perseverancerover begins its seven-monthjourney to the Red Planet in midJuly of 2020, it will be carryingthe names of more than 10million people throughout theworld.Those names were etched ontothree microchips, which wereplaced aboard Perseverance.Those who took advantage of aspecial public promotion also hadthe opportunity to receive asouvenir boarding pass andobtain “frequent flyer points” aspart of humanity’s first roundtrip to another planet.The “Send Your Name to Mars” logo was installed onthe Mars Perseverance rover on March 16, 2020, atNASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Photocredit: NASA/JPL
2) THE ROSALINDFRANKLIN EUROPEANRUSSIAN ROVERThe European-Russian ExoMarsrover, named RosalindFranklin after the renownedscientist who was the firstperson to learn about DNA butwasn’t recognized for it, at thetime.It was to be sent 8 days afterPerseverance goes to Mars, butthey delayed the mission to2022 because there was notenough time to qualify thespacecraft’s avionics andparachutes, due to theCovid-19 virus situation.It will look for signs of Martian lifeand perform a variety of othertasks.
3) THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (UAE) ISALSO GOING TO MARS, USING IT’SHOPE ORBITERThe Emirates Mars Mission, an orbiter alsoknown as Hope, is scheduled to launch on anH-2A rocket from Japan during a three-weeklaunch window that opens July 14.The spacecraft will go into orbit around Mars inearly 2021 to do a detailed study of theMartian atmosphere.The mission is also timed to celebrate theUAE nation's 50th anniversary.The spacecraft completed environmentaltesting in the United States last December andwas then transported to Dubai for a final set -hope-mars-mission.html6 minutes
4) CHINA’S HX-1GLOBALORBITER & ROVERChina also aims to hit themid-2020 launch windowwith its Mars GlobalRemote Sensing Orbiterand Small Rover mission,known as HX-1.Between them, they willcarry 13 scienceinstruments.The solar-powered roverwill weigh 530 pounds(240 kilograms).THE END
YOU HAVE BEEN CHOSEN AS ONE OF THE FIRST GROUPOF PERSONS TO GO TO MARS !!All of the 21 students in our class, myself, and some OLLI Staff have been chosen as the firstCohort, to go to Mars !! We will be leaving Earth in 2021 !!Your official Boarding Pass is shown below.Your ticket and all non-personal supplies have been paid for and approved, as I know you want to beone of the first persons to go there !!You will also get some frequent flier points too, to use for future flights !!OLLI STUDENT
The trip to Mars will take 7 months and persons will have to stay there for 500days (1.4 years) so the trip back will be at the right time when the Earth andMars align correctly for the return trip, which will also be 7 months. This meansyou will be gone for 2-1/2 years.PURPOSE OF THIS PROJECT: MAKE A LIST OF THE PERSONAL ITEMS YOUWANT TO TAKE THAT WILL FIT IN A 1 METER CUBE BOX !!
BIBLIOGRAPHYWikipediaNational Geographic magazineNational Aeronautics and Space Administration re-mars-missions/
MARS ODYSSEY Sent up in 2001 and named after the iconic sci-fi novel and film 2001: A Space Odyssey It is a NASA orbital satellite that is currently about 2,400 miles above Mars’ surface. It holds the record as the longest operating spacecraft orbiting Mars. Mars Odyssey’s mission was
Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
̶The leading indicator of employee engagement is based on the quality of the relationship between employee and supervisor Empower your managers! ̶Help them understand the impact on the organization ̶Share important changes, plan options, tasks, and deadlines ̶Provide key messages and talking points ̶Prepare them to answer employee questions
Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have
On an exceptional basis, Member States may request UNESCO to provide thé candidates with access to thé platform so they can complète thé form by themselves. Thèse requests must be addressed to esd rize unesco. or by 15 A ril 2021 UNESCO will provide thé nomineewith accessto thé platform via their émail address.
Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
Venus and Mars Chapter 22 I. Venus A. The Rotation of Venus B. The Atmosphere of Venus C. The Venusian Greenhouse D. The Surface of Venus E. Volcanism on Venus F. A History of Venus II. Mars A. The Canals of Mars B. The Atmosphere of Mars C. The Geology of Mars D. Hidden Water on Mars E. A History of Mars
August 31, 2017 Page 5 Step 4: Launch MARS To launch the MARS software application, click Start All Programs MARS MARS or double- click the MARS desktop shortcut (Figure 1) that was created during installation. Figure 1: MARS desktop icon If the following message (Figure 2) appears upon startup, please use the link to contact MARS Sales,
