Change In Average (ºC Per Century) Indicators Of Climate .
NORTHERNBOREALMOUNTAINS 2.0 1.6TAIGAPLAINS 1.8 1.1COAST ANDMOUNTAINSSUBBOREALINTERIORBOREALPLAINS 1.7 1.0 1.1CENTRALINTERIOR 0.9Change in AverageTemperature1900-2013(ºC per SOUTHERNINTERIOR 0.8Indicators ofClimateChangefor British Columbia2016 Update
Indicators ofClimateChangefor British Columbia2016 UpdateRevisedJ U N E2 0 1 6
ABOUT THE COVERAir temperature is an important property of climate and the most easily measured, directly observable,and geographically consistent indicator of climate change. Historical data show that the average annualtemperature increased in most parts of British Columbia between 1900 and 2013. Temperatures increasedby 0.8 C to 2.0 C throughout BC. Northern and interior regions of BC have warmed more rapidly thancoastal regions. Atmospheric warming of this magnitude affects other parts of the climate system, includingprecipitation, air, wind and ocean currents, and the hydrological cycle. Climate change affects ecosystems andspecies, and has both positive and negative impacts on human communities.National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication DataMain entry under title:Indicators of climate change for British Columbia, 2002Cover title.Also available on the Internet.ISBN 0-7726-4732-11. Climatic changes - British Columbia. 2. Greenhouseeffect, Atmospheric. 3. Global warming. I. BritishColumbia. Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection.QC981.8.C5I52 2002 551.69711C2002-960055-3PRODUCTION TEAM2002: Dr. Risa Smith, Jenny Fraser, Beacon Hill Communications Group Inc.2015: Thomas White, Kari Tyler, Dr. Faron Anslow, Reber Creative2016: Thomas White, Dr. Johanna Wolf, Dr. Faron Anslow, Arelia Werner, Reber CreativePlease email comments to: climateactionsecretariat@gov.bc.ca
CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS2INTRODUCTIONIndicators of Climate Change for British ColumbiaAbout the Trends36CHANGES TO TEMPERATUREAND PRECIPITATIONAverage Temperature, rev. 2015Maximum and Minimum Temperature, rev. 2015Precipitation, rev. 2015Snow, rev. 20168111417CLIMATE CHANGE ANDFRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMSGlaciers, rev. 2015Freezing and ThawingTiming and Volume of River Flow, rev. 2016River TemperatureSalmon in the River2022242729CLIMATE CHANGE ANDMARINE ECOSYSTEMSSea Level, rev. 2016Sea Surface Temperature, rev. 2016Salmon at SeaSeabird Survival31333638CLIMATE CHANGE ANDTERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMSGrowing Degree Days, rev. 2015Mountain Pine Beetle Range4042CLIMATE CHANGE ANDHUMAN COMMUNITIESHeating and Cooling Requirements, rev. 2015Human Health4446APPENDICESAppendix A: Climate Change: Past Trends andFuture ProjectionsAppendix B: Data and Methods: Long-term Trendsin Temperature, Derived Temperature Variables,Precipitation, and Glacier ChangeAppendix C: Data and Methods: Snow, Timing andVolume of River Flow, Sea Level, and Sea SurfaceTemperature, new 20164815153
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS2015/2016 Report Updates:The Ministry of Environment thanks the following individuals who haveprovided analysis, reviewed drafts, and contributed their time, ideas, andsupport to the update of this document:Faron Anslow, Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium; Patrick Cummins,Department of Fisheries and Oceans; Thomas James, Natural ResourcesCanada; Brian Menounos, University of Northern British Columbia; TrevorMurdock, Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium; Arelia Werner, Pacific ClimateImpacts Consortium; Francis Zwiers, Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium.2002 Report:The Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection thanks the followingindividuals, who have provided technical papers, reviewed papers and drafts,provided images, or otherwise contributed their time, ideas, and support tothe development of this document:Peter Ashmore, University of Western Ontario; Diane Beattie, Ministry of Water,Land and Air Protection; Elisabeth Beaubien, University of Alberta; DougBertram, Simon Fraser University; Allan Carroll, Natural Resources Canada;Stewart Cohen, Environment Canada; Bill Crawford, Institute of Ocean Sciences;Mike Foreman, Institute of Ocean Sciences; Howard Freeland, Institute ofOcean Sciences; Richard Gallacher, Vancouver Cancer Centre; John Garrett,2WE Associates Consulting Ltd.; Jeff Grout, Fisheries and Oceans Canada; BrianHanlon, energy consultant; Rick Lee, Canadian Institute for Climate Studies;Steve Macdonald, Fisheries & Oceans, Canada; Robin McNeil, Ministry ofSustainable Resource Management; Eva Mekis, Environment Canada; JohnMorrison, Institute of Ocean Sciences; Philip Mote, Joint Institute for the Studyof the Atmosphere and Ocean; Trevor Murdock, Canadian Institute for ClimateStudies; Michael Quick,University of British Columbia; Dr. Schwartz, Universityof Wisconsin; Walter Skinner, Environment Canada; Heather Smart, Ministryof Water, Land and Air Protection; Dan Smith, University of Victoria; DaithiStone, University of Victoria; Bill Taylor, Environment Canada; Rick Thomson,Institute of Ocean Sciences; Andrew Weaver, University of Victoria; DavidWelch, Fisheries and Oceans, Canada; Paul Whitfield, Environment Canada;Rick Williams, Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection; Bob Wilson, 2WEAssociates Consulting Ltd.This update was made possible with the support from Natural ResourcesCanada through the Adaptation Platform.2
INTRODUCTIONIndicators of Climate Changefor British ColumbiaBoth the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and theUS National Academy of Science have concluded that the global2015/2016 UPDATESatmosphere is warming. They agree, moreover, that most of thePortions of this report havewarming observed over the last 60 years can be attributed to humanbeen updated in 2015 andactivities that release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.2016 with new data andAtmospheric warming affects all parts of the climate system,analysis. Each section isincluding precipitation, air, wind and ocean currents, cloud cover,labelled to indicate whetherand the hydrological cycle. Climate change in turn affects otherthe content is from theclosely related physical systems, as well as biological systems, and2002 version or current.the human communities that depend on these systems.This report documents how the climate in British Columbia haschanged during the 20th and early part of the 21st centuries and the rates at which thesechanges are occurring. It outlines some of the potential impacts of these changes onfreshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems and on human communities.CLIMATE CHANGE TRENDSThe trends described in this report are based on a set of environmental indicators thatrepresent key properties of the climate system, or important ecological, social, oreconomic values that are considered sensitive to climate change. The report describeschanges in these indicators over time. Past trends are based on analysis of historical data.Details of these trends are presented in the body of this report, but some highlightsare as follows:Past trendsAnalysis of historical data indicates that many properties of climate have changedduring the 20th and early 21st centuries, affecting marine, freshwater, and terrestrialecosystems in British Columbia. Average annual temperature warmed by 1.4ºC per century across the province. The northern regions of BC warmed more than the provincial average. Night-time temperatures increased across all of BC in all seasons. The night-time minimum average temperature in winter in BC increased by 3.1ºCper century. Annual precipitation has been increasing across the province overall. Lakes and rivers become free of ice earlier in the spring. The bulk of river flow is occurring earlier in the year.3
INTRODUCTION Average sea level has risen along most of the BC coast. Sea surface temperatures have increased along the BC coast. Water in the Fraser River is warmer in summer. More heat energy is available for plant and insect growth.Projected impactsClimate models and scenarios suggest that the climate in British Columbia willcontinue to change throughout and beyond the 21st century. This will have ongoingimpacts on ecosystems and communities. Some of the impacts we may experience bythe final decades of the 21st century are: Average annual temperature in BC may increase by 1.7ºC to 4.5ºC from1961-1990 temperatures. Average annual precipitation may increase by 4 to 17 percent from1961-1990 levels. Most small glaciers in southern BC will likely disappear. Some of the smaller rivers in southern BC may dry up during the summer andearly fall. Salmon migration patterns and success in spawning are likely to change.The indicators presented in this report document some of the changes that haveoccurred during the past century or more. Many more potential indicators remainto be explored. For example, climate change influences the frequency of extremeweather events, the extent of permafrost, ecosystem structures and processes, andspecies distribution and survival. It will continue to affect provincial infrastructure,forestry, energy and other industries, insurance and other financial services, and humansettlements. In addition, the impacts may vary from one region, ecosystem, species,industry, or community to the next. Research into the regional impacts of climate changeis ongoing, and this report is therefore designed to be updated and expanded as newinformation becomes available.FOR MORE INFOInformation on historical trends is available on the Environmental Reporting BCwebsite (gov.bc.ca/environmentalreportingbc). More information on projectedimpacts is available through the Plan2Adapt online tool 4
INTRODUCTIONRESPONDING TO CLIMATE CHANGEThe impacts of climate change on British Columbians will depend on the time, the place,and the individual. For example, homeowners may see a warmer climate as a benefit if itmeans lower home heating bills. Resort operators may see it as a cost if it means a shorterski season. Farmers may see it as a benefit if it allows them to introduce new crops,and as a cost if it increases the need for irrigation. Overall, however, the risk of negativeimpacts increases with the magnitude of climate change.Much attention has been paid over the last decades to slowing down the rate ofclimate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Success in this area has beenmixed. Even if mitigation efforts are successful in reducing greenhouse gas emissions,they cannot prevent the impacts of climate change. The greenhouse gases humans havealready added to the atmosphere will likely continue to drive sea level rise and otheraspects of global climate change for centuries to come. British Columbia and otherjurisdictions will therefore have to adapt.In Canada, the federal, provincial, and territorial governments are developingadaptation frameworks and strategies. British Columbia’s Adaptation Strategywas developed in 2010 and is available online. Many municipal governments areincorporating potential climate change impacts into long-term plans for drinking watersupply, drainage, storm-water infrastructure and land-use.A greater understanding of climate change trends and impacts is expected to helpBritish Columbians prepare for and adapt to climate change at the same time as theprovince works to reduce the scale of future impacts through renewable energy, energyefficiency, sustainable transportation, new technology, water conservation,and other sustainable practices.GLOBAL TRENDSWhere current global trends and future global projections are mentionedthroughout the body of this report the information is from the IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR5 report (available at www.ipcc.ch/). The keytopics and trends that are referred to are easiest to find in the shorter report titled:Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report; Summary for Policymakers (available athttp://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr).5
INTRODUCTIONAbout the data and trendsThis report was originally written in 2002 to document changes over the previous centuryin some of the key properties of the climate system and in some ecological, social oreconomic values that are considered sensitive to climate change. Sections of this reportwere brought up to date in 2015 and 2016, using new information about changes intemperature and precipitation from 1900 to 2013. These changes are referred to as trends.Where possible, the report identifies trends for each region of the province. Thegeographical unit used is the ecoprovince – an area delineated by similar climate,topography, and geological history. Trends are identified when the changes are found to bestatistically significant at the 95 percent confidence interval, which means that there is a lessthan 5 percent probability that the results ocurred by random chance.For these updates the PacificEcoprovinces ofClimate Impacts ConsortiumBritish Columbia(PCIC) assessed trends inannual and seasonal meansCassiarof daily minimum, maximum,Fort NelsonNORTHERNand mean temperature, precipitation,TAIGABOREALPLAINSgrowing degree days, heating degreeMOUNTAINSdays, and cooling degree days. Trends wereBOREALPLAINScomputed for the interval from 1900 throughFort St John2013 and for both BC as a whole and the nineSUB-BOREALterrestrial ecoprovinces of BC. PCIC also suppliedINTERIORassessments, based on remote sensingPrince Rupertdata, of glacier change from roughly thePrince George1980s through the early 2000s throughQueen Charlotte CityQuesnelCENTRALa collaboration with the University ofINTERIORSOUTHERNNorthern British Columbia (UNBC). PCICCOAST ANDINTERIORMOUNTAINSalso assessed trends in snow, river flow, seaMOUNTAINSlevel, and sea surface NTERIORVancouverOne reason to update BC’s climate indicators is the increaseVictoriain the amount of data available since the original analysis. Dataquantities have increased both through the passage of time, but more importantly throughthe development of a comprehensive database of observations in BC. The Ministry ofEnvironment’s Climate Related Monitoring Program (CRMP) has negotiated an agreementto allow PCIC to assemble, store, and deliver data collected by BC Ministries, BC Hydro andRioTinto AlCan. The data set also includes de-activated historical networks. This assessmentwas conducted using the data from CRMP and Environment Canada. Altogether, the datasetcomprises 6721 measurement locations and roughly 400 million observations, roughly6Nelson
INTRODUCTIONdouble the data available in 2002. The data from Environment Canada, BC Hydro, theMinistry of Forests Lands and Natural Resource Operations Wildfire Management Branch,and Ministry of Transportation’s observational network are incorporated in near real timefor future analysis. For this analysis, only temperature and precipitation measurements wereused from the station observational dataset.This analysis requires stations with relatively long records. The early part of the analysis(early 1900’s) are based on a sparse network of stations so any understanding of the detailedclimate at that time is less certain than for more recent years when there are more stationsdistributed broadly across the province. This issue is most critical for precipitation. Precipitationdistributions are hard to estimate across a larger area, and this is further complicated by BritishColumbia’s complex topography. In this report we have chosen to report trends for the fullperiod for precipitation, but acknowledge that the statistical uncertainty in the trends may notfully capture the uncertainty that arises from changes in the observational network over time.However, the trends reported here are broadly consistent with other analyses carried out at acoarser spatial resolution and at individual stations.The changes to glaciers that have occurred in the past several decades and which areprojected to occur with climate change were intensively studied through the WesternCanadian Cryospheric Network which involved researchers from most universities in BritishColumbia. This report, relies on two separate studies; the first looked at the change in volumeof the glaciers in British Columbia from roughly 1985 until winter 1999-2000. The secondinvestigated the changes in glacier area from the period 1985 through 2005. Both resultantdatasets cover all glaciers in British Columbia and thus provide an excellent snapshot of boththe state of glaciers in the early 2000s as well as the changes those ice masses underwentduring a very warm climatological period.INTERPRETING THE TREND INFORMATION This report presents only those results that were found to be significant atthe 95 percent confidence interval. This means that there is a less than5 percent probability that the results arose randomly. Where the data do not reveal a trend that is statistically significant at the95 percent confidence interval, the report presents this as “NS” to indicatethat the trend is not statistically significant. If there is insufficient data to calculate a trend the report presents no result.7
CHANGES TO TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATIONRevised 2015Indicator:AVERAGE TEMPERATURENORTHERNBOREALMOUNTAINSAverage temperature increased overall of BC from 1900 to 2013. Winter iswarmer on average than it was 100 yearsago. Higher temperatures drive otherchanges in climate systems and affectphysical and biological systems in BC.They can have both positive andnegative impacts on human activities. 2.0 1.6TAIGAPLAINS 1.8 1.1COAST ANDMOUNTAINSNORTHEASTPACIFICSUBBOREALINTERIORABOUT THE INDICATOR 1.7Changein AnnualTemperature,1900-2013(ºC per century) 1.0 1.1CENTRALINTERIOR 0.9GEORGIADEPRESSIONSOURCE: Data from Ministry of Environment Climate Related Monitoring Programand Environment Canada. Trend Analysis for 1900 through 2013 conducted byPCIC, 2014 for the Ministry of Environment Climate Action Secretariat.NOTES: All statistically significant trends are positive and indicate ERNINTERIOR 0.8warm faster than the ocean. The IPCC 2014Climate Change Report Summary for Policy Makersidentifies the years from 1983 to 2012 as likely thewarmest 30 year period in the last 1400 years in theNorthern Hemisphere.This indicator measures changes in average annualtemperature and average temperature in each ofthe four seasons. Trends are based on availabledata from 1900 to 2013 for each of the nineterrestrial ecoprovinces. Seasonal trends are basedon averages for spring (March-May), summer(June-August), fall (September-November), andwinter (December-February).SEASONAL TEMPERATURE TRENDSMost of the annual warming trend has occurred inthe winter in BC. The average temperature increasein winter across the province is 2.2ºC per century.Winter temperatures in the north of BC have increasedby 3.0ºC to 3.8ºC per century. In the North-Centralregion, winters are 2.6ºC to 2.9ºC warmer thanthey were a century ago. In central, interior andsoutheastern BC, average winter temperatures havewarmed 1.5ºC to 1.7ºC per century.There is a province-wide warming trend in thespring and summer. The spring warming trend was1.8ºC per century in the Northern Boreal Mountainsecoprovince. The northeastern plains warmed 1.6ºCper century in the spring. Spring has warmed by1.0ºC per century in both the coastal and southerninterior mountains. Summer temperatures in most ofnorthern BC have warmed 1.4ºC to 1.6ºC per century.In southern and central BC summer temperatureshave warmed 0.6ºC to 0.8ºC per century.ANNUAL TEMPERATURE TRENDSThe province of BC has warmed an average of 1.4ºCper century from 1900 to 2013, higher than theglobal average rate of 0.85ºC per century. Southerncoastal regions of BC have warmed 0.8ºC percentury, roughly equivalent to the global average rate.The Northern regions of BC have warmed 1.6ºC to2.0ºC per century or twice the global average.Average global temperatures increased by0.85ºC from 1880 to 2012 according to theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).The higher rate of warming in BC is consistent withfindings in the IPCC reports that mid and higherlatitudes in the Northern Hemisphere are warmingfaster than the global average and that land areas8
CHANGES TO TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATIONWHY IS IT IMPORTANT?There is no statistically significant province-widewarming trend in the fall. However, the coastalregions warmed by 0.6ºC to 0.8ºC per centuryin the fall and the sub-boreal interior warmed by1.0ºC per century. There was no significant trendfor the rest of the province in the fall.The date when each season arrives varies fromone part of BC to the next, depending on climate,latitude, and elevation. Spring comes earlier to thecoast, to southern BC, and to valley bottoms, forexample, than it does to the north and alpine areas.The seasonal trends described in this document arebased on calendar months, and as such may notreflect the way that disparate seasons are experiencedin different parts of BC.NORTHERNBOREALMOUNTAINSChange inSeasonalTemperature,1900-2013(ºC per century) 1.8 1.5 3 NS 2.6 1 1.7 .6spring summerwinter fallNS 1.4 2.9 NSSUBBOREALINTERIORnotrend .8 .8 1.6 NSCOAST ANDMOUNTAINSLEGENDTAIGAPLAINSBOREALPLAINS 1.6 1.6 1 1.1NORTHEASTPACIFIC 1.6 1.5 3.8 NSAir temperature is one of the main properties ofclimate and the most easily measured, directlyobservable, and geographically consistent indicatorof climate change. Atmospheric warming affectsother parts of the climate system, and in BC is linkedto sea surface warming and increased precipitation insome regions.Changes in climate can affect other physicalprocesses, including the duration of ice on rivers andlakes, the proportion of snow to total precipitation,and temperature in freshwater ecosystems. Suchchanges can in turn affect biological systems.Water temperature, for example, affects the dateof emer gence of the young of many aquatic species.Warming may drive broad-scale shifts in thedistribution of ecosystems and species. Trees maybe able to grow in areas once too cold for them.Some alpine meadows may disappear as highelevation areas become warmer. Beneficial andpest species may appear further north, or higherin elevation, than their historic range.The impacts of warmer temperatures will varyfrom one part of BC to another and from one seasonto another. They will have both positive and negativeimpacts on human activities.Warmer springs may promote earlier break upof lake and river ice, and resulting changes in riverhydrology including possible flooding. They maymean a longer season for warm-weather outdoorrecreation activities and a longer growing seasonfor crops.Warmer summers may increase rates ofevaporation and plant transpiration. Reduced moisturemay contribute to dust storms and soil erosion,increased demand for irrigation, loss of wetlands,slower vegetation growth, forest fires, and theconversion of forest to grasslands. It may contri buteto declines in ground-water supplies and in waterquality in some areas. Higher temperatures mayincrease temperatures in freshwater ecosystems,creating stressful conditions for some fish species.CENTRALINTERIORGEORGIADEPRESSION 1 .8 1.7 NSNS .6 1.5 NS .6 .7SOUTHERNINTERIORMOUNTAINSSOUTHERNINTERIOR 1.2 .8SOURCE: Data from Ministry of Environment Climate Related MonitoringProgram and Environment Canada. Trend Analysis for 1900 through 2013conducted by PCIC, 2014 for the Ministry of Environment Climate ActionSecretariat. NOTES: All statistically significant trends are positive andindicate warming. NS indicates that trend is not statistically significant.9
CHANGES TO TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATIONWHAT CAN WE EXPECT IN FUTURE?Warmer winters may mean that less energy isrequired to heat buildings. They may mean a shorterseason for skiing and other winter sports and lossesin the winter recreation sector.Average annual temperature across BC will continueto vary from year to year in response to natural cyclesin air and ocean currents. However, what are nowconsidered to be relatively warm years will almostcertainly increase in frequency.Plan2Adapt projects further warming in BCof 1.7ºC to 4.5ºC by the 2080s compared to the1961-1990 historical average. The interior ofthe province will warm faster than other areas andwill experience higher rates of warming than inthe past. The north will continue to warm at ratesconsider ably greater than the global average. Oceantempera tures have a moderating effect on the climateof the coast, which will warm more slowly than therest of BC. More information about expected futureclimate indicators in BC is available at lan2adapt).Although temperature increases of a few degreesmay seem small, they are associated with importantphysical and biological changes. A rise in averagetemperature of 5ºC about 10,000 years ago wasenough to melt the vast ice sheets that once coveredmuch of North America.WHY IS TEMPERATURE INCREASING?Air temperature in BC is strongly affected byEl Niño and other natural changes in air and oceancurrents (see Appendix), which cause year-to-yearand decade-to-decade variability in weather andclimate across the province. The warming trendsobserved during the 20th and 21st century areabove and beyond trends that could have beenproduced by such natural variability, and almostcertainly reflect long-term climate change. The rateof warming is greater in more northerly regions.As air temperature increases, snow and ice melt,exposing more of the ground and sea surface. Whilesnow and ice tend to reflect solar energy back intospace, newly exposed rocks, soil, and water tend toabsorb and retain it as heat.The IPCC has concluded that most of theobserved global atmospheric warming of the last50 years is due to increases in atmosphericgreenhouse gas concentrations. Greenhouse gasemissions resulting from a variety of humanactivities, including the burning of fossil fuelsand the clearing of land for agriculture and urbandevelopment, are responsible for this increase.10
CHANGES TO TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATIONRevised 2015Indicators:MAXIMUM AND imum 1.3 2.6TAIGAPLAINS .9SUB 2.6 BOREALminimumNight-time minimum temperatures in BC arewarmer on average than they were a centuryago. The increase in minimum temperatureis particularly noticeable in the winter seasonand the northern regions of BC. In winter andspring, higher minimum temperatures mayreduce heating costs and in some parts of BCmay also increase the frequency of freezethaw cycles. In the summer they may preventbuildings from cooling down during the night. 1 2.0NS 1.5NORTHEASTPACIFICChangein AnnualMaximumand MinimumTemperature,1900-2013(ºC per century) .9 2.8BOREALPLAINSINTERIORNS 2.0 CENTRALCOAST ANDMOUNTAINS .7 2.1INTERIORGEORGIADEPRESSIONNS 1.2 .6 : Data from Ministry of Environment Climate Related Monitoring Programand Environment Canada. Trend Analysis for 1900 through 2013 conducted by PCIC,2014 for the Ministry of Environment Climate Action Secretariat. NOTES: All trendsare positive and indicate warming. NS indicates that trend is not statistically significant.ABOUT THE INDICATORSSeasonal data indicate that day-time maximumwinter temperatures increased across most of BC.The average winter day-time maximum temperatureincreased by 1.9ºC per century. Maximum day-timespring temperatures are increasing in the north ofBC, but data do not reveal a statistically significanttrend in the southern half of the province. For all ofBC, data do not reveal a trend in day-time maximumtemperature in the summer and fall.The greatest increases in maximum day-timetemperatures are found in the north. Winter daytime maximum temperatures increased by 3.0ºCto 3.3ºC per century in the Boreal Plains and TaigaPlains ecoprovinces. In the Sub-Boreal Interior andthe Northern Boreal Mountains ecoprovinces thewinter day-time maximum temperatures increasedby 2.3ºC to 2.6ºC per century. In the three interiorecoprovinces the winter day-time maximumtemperature increased by 1.2ºC to 1.6ºC per century.In the spring the northern ecoprovinces (Sub-borealInterior, Boreal Plains, Taiga Plains, Northern BorealMountains) warmed by 1.1ºC to 1.5ºC per century.The southern half of BC showed no trend in the springfor changes in day-time maximum temperature.In the Georgia Depression ecoprovince therewas no trend in the data for day-time maximumtemperature for any season.The indicators measure change in the annualaverage daily (day-time) maximum temperatureand the annual average daily (night-time) minimumtemperature. They also measure changes inmaximum and minimum temperature in each ofthe four seasons. Trends are based on available datafrom 1900 to 2013. Seasonal trends are based onaverages for spring (March-May), summer (JuneAugust), fall (September-November), and winter(December-February).TRENDS IN MAXIMUM TEMPERATUREFrom 1900 to 2013, annual day-time maximumtemperatures increased in BC by an averageof 0.7 C per century. Annual day-timemaximum temperatures increased by 1.0ºCto 1.3ºC per century in the Taiga plains andNorthern Boreal Mountains ecoprovinces. Inthe Sub-Boreal and Boreal Plains ecoprovincesthe annual day-time maximum temperaturesincreased by 0.9ºC per century. In three otherecoprovinces (Georgia Depression, Coast andMountains, Central Interior) the data do notreveal statistically significant trends in annualmaximum temperature.11
CHANGES TO TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATIONTRENDS IN MINIMUM TEMPERATUREAnnual night-time minimum temperaturesincreased across BC an average of 2.0ºC percentury from 1900 to 2013. The greatestincrease in minimum temperature has beenrecorded in the Boreal Plains ecoprovince, wheredaily minimum temperature increased at a rateequivalent to 2.8ºC per century. In the TaigaPlains and Sub-Boreal Interior ecoprovinces theannual daily minimum temperature increased2.6ºC per century. On the coast (GeorgiaDepression and Coast and Mountains) theannual night-time m
CHANGES TO TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION Average Temperature, rev. 2015 Maximum and Minimum Temperature, rev. 2015 Precipitation, rev. 2015 Snow, rev. 2016 8 11 14 17 CLIMATE CHANGE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS Glaciers, rev. 2015 Freezing and Thawing Timing and Volume of River Flow, rev. 2016
Source: Ziegler National CCRC Listing (12/31/17) LIFE PLAN COMMUNITIES - MONTHLY FEE INCREASES 2013 Average Annual Change in Monthly Fees: 2.94% 2014 Average Annual Change in Monthly Fees: 3.05% 2015 Average Annual Change in Monthly Fees: 3.16% 2016 Average Annual Change in Monthly Fees: 3.09% 2017 Average Annual Change in Monthly Fees 3.12%
Winder, GA 30680 Paradigm Construction Company 770-867-4939 n/a ASAP TBD by Seller per code per code per code per code per code per code per code per code per code per code per code per code Angela Eavenson
Healthcare Quality Reporting Program Nursing Home Summary Report Much Below Average, Below Average, Average, Above Average, Much Above Average, n/a Facility not asked to submit this information, I Insufficient data sent to obtain adequate rating, N/A 10 or fewer people provided responses, Worse Worse than state average, Same Same as state average, Better Better than state .
PORK BELLY BONE IN RIND ON Average weight: 5kg. 23 24 PORK BELLY 021 022 PORK BELLY BONELESS RIND ON Average weight: 3kg PORK BELLY BONELESS RINDLESS Average weight: 3.2kg. 25 26 . NECK/V FAT Average weight: 0.2kg CUTTING FAT (RINDLESS) Average weight: 0.17kg. 33 34 PORK OFFALS 031 032 PORK LIVER Average weight: 1.7kg PORK HEARTS Average .
AC - Average per analysis unit processed as a count AP - Average per analysis unit processed as a percentage or indexed value .01 – 1 AA - Average per analysis unit processed as an average value ACD - Average of cost distance (Note – these are calculated as a function of distance via highway and road for all state and federal highways in feet (all other values
Greenway at an average spend of 27.31 per visit or use; average of 49.85 per day with an average length of stay of 4.8 days; average of 50.71 per day with an average length of stay of 6.8 days. The Greenway, meanwhile, also contributes to a projected local economic impact of about 6.3 mn, which
for PCM Comprised of Palm-Oil and Soy-Oil Mixture Samples Cycles Melting Freezing Onset ( C)Average Melting Point ( C)Average Latent Heat (J/g)Average Onset ( C)Average Freezing Point ( C)Average Latent Heat (J/g)Average POSO 1* 0 22.46 26.37 130.55 22.19 21.04 131.25 212 23.01 24.61 92.85 22.33 21.24 97.
Table 3.2 Cattle holdings and average herd size by region, June 2017 2017 Change on year (%) England Average dairy herd size (head) 93 3.1 Average beef herd size (head) 27 1.1 Total cattle holdings Wales Average dairy herd size (head) N/A N/A Average beef herd size (head) N/A N/A Total cattle holdings Scotland Average dairy herd size (head) 96 .
