Measuring Impacts And Enabling Investments In Energy-Smart .
Measuring Impacts andEnabling Investmentsin Energy-Smart AgrifoodChainsA. FLAMMINI, S. BRACCO, R. SIMS, J. COOKE, M. GOMEZ SAN JUANFINDINGS FROM FOUR COUNTRY STUDIESROME, 2019
FAO and GIZ. 2019. Measuring Impacts And Enabling Investments In Energy-Smart Agrifood ChainsFindings From Four Country Studies. Rome. 312 pp. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGOThe designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply theexpression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations (FAO) or Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH concerning the legal ordevelopment status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitationof its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether ornot these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAOor GIZ in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflectthe views or policies of FAO or GIZ.ISBN 978-92-5-131371-8 (FAO) FAO, 2019Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; igo/legalcode).Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercialpurposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be nosuggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the FAO logois not permitted. If the work is adapted, then it must be licensed under the same or equivalent CreativeCommons license. If a translation of this work is created, it must include the following disclaimer along withthe required citation: “This translation was not created by the Food and Agriculture Organization of theUnited Nations (FAO). FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The originalEnglish edition shall be the authoritative edition.”Disputes arising under the licence that cannot be settled amicably will be resolved by mediation andarbitration as described in Article 8 of the licence except as otherwise provided herein. The applicablemediation rules will be the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules and any arbitration will be in accordance with the Arbitration Rules ofthe United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL)Third-party materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, suchas tables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuseand for obtaining permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of anythird-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user.Sales, rights and licensing. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through publications-sales@fao.org. Requests for commercial use shouldbe submitted via: www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request. Queries regarding rights and licensing should besubmitted to: copyright@fao.org.This information product was funded by GIZ.
Measuring Impacts andEnabling Investmentsin Energy-Smart AgrifoodChainsA. FLAMMINI, S. BRACCO, R. SIMS, J. COOKE, M. GOMEZ SAN JUANFINDINGS FROM FOUR COUNTRY STUDIESPublished bythe Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations andDeutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbHROME, 2019
ABOUT PAEGCIn 2012, The United States Agency for International Development (USAID), theSwedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), the Federal Ministryfor Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), Duke Energy Corporation,and the United States Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) (collectively,the “Founding Partners”) combined resources to create the Powering Agriculture:An Energy Grand Challenge for Development (PAEGC) initiative. The objective ofPAEGC is to support new and sustainable approaches to accelerate the developmentand deployment of clean energy solutions for increasing agricultural productivity and/or value for farmers and agribusinesses in developing countries and emerging regionsthat lack access to reliable, affordable clean energy.PAEGC utilizes the financial and technical resources of its Founding Partners tosupport its innovator cohort’s implementation of clean energy technologies andbusiness models that: (i) Enhance agricultural yields/productivity; (ii) Decrease postharvest loss; (iii) Improve farmer and agribusiness income generating opportunitiesand revenues; and/or (iv) Increase energy efficiency and associated savings withinthe operations of farms and agribusinesses - while stimulating low carbon economicgrowth within the agriculture sector of developing countries and emerging regions.For more information, visit PoweringAg.orgii
ContentsBACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1ivviviiixixivxviiFROM INTERVENTION-LEVEL TO COUNTRY-LEVEL ASSESSMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12METHODOLOGY FOR A COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS AT COUNTRY LEVEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.1 Gender-sensitive value chain approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2 Impact indicators for country-level assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2.1 Environmental impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2.2 Socio-economic impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2.3 Relevance of impact indicators for Sustainable Development Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3 Limitations of the methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91215161723243COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS AT THE COUNTRY LEVEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.1 Milk value chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.1.1 Tunisia: Energy interventions in the milk chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.1.2 Tanzania: Energy interventions in the milk chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.1.3 Kenya: Energy interventions in the milk chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.2 Vegetable value chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.2.1 Kenya: Energy interventions in the vegetable chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.3 Rice value chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.3.1 Philippines: Energy interventions in the rice chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27323363961361371621634INSTRUMENTS TO OVERCOME BARRIERS AND DELIVERY MODELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1 Main thematic policy and regulatory areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.2 Financing instruments to hedge risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.3 Barriers, support interventions and business models to encourage energyinterventions for the selected value chains and technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.3.1 Milk value chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.3.2 Vegetable value chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.3.3 Rice value chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1992012045LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE CASE STUDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.1 Instruments to prioritize energy interventions based on their net co-benefits . . . . . . . . . . . .5.2 Instruments to determine level of public support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.3 Gender analysis for clean energy interventions in agrifood chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.4 Data availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.5 Instruments to foster investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2292292362422472496POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255207207214218224REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261Annex: Organizations and people met during the data collection missions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272MEASURING IMPACTS AND ENABLING INVESTMENTS IN ENERGY-SMART AGRIFOOD CHAINSiii
BACKGROUNDThis report summarizes the analysis and main findings from Phase 2 of the project“Investing in Sustainable Energy Technologies for the Agrifood Sector” (INVESTA),targeting to measure impacts and enable investments in energy-smart agrifood chains.The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has beenworking together with the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit(GIZ) GmbH and the partners of the international initiative Powering Agriculture: AnEnergy Grand Challenge for Development (PAEGC) on energy-smart agrifood chainssince 2014. The PAEGC partners are The German Federal Ministry for EconomicCooperation and Development (BMZ), the United States Agency for InternationalDevelopment (USAID), the Swedish International Development Agency (Sida), theUnited States Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) and Duke Energy.PAEGC supports the development and deployment of clean energy innovations thatincrease agriculture productivity and stimulate low carbon economic growth in theagriculture sector of developing countries to help end extreme poverty and extremehunger.In 2015, the report “Opportunities for Agrifood Chains to become Energy-Smart” wasco-published by FAO and USAID with the support of GIZ. The study highlighted morethan 100 possible technologies and measures that could be introduced to make themilk, rice and vegetable value chains cleaner and less dependent on fossil fuels. Thefindings showed that the current dependence on fossil fuel inputs by the agrifoodindustry results in around 7 to 8 percent of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Underbusiness as usual, even with steady technological development and energy efficiencyimprovements, the total energy needed to power agriculture will be 8 percent higherin 2030, compared to 2012 (FAO and USAID, 2015). Emissions can be reduced byboth improved energy efficiency along the agrifood chain and the deployment ofrenewable energy systems. Various co-benefits associated with these energy solutionswere identified, including saving water.The INVESTA project went one step further by devising a methodology to assess thecosts and benefits of energy interventions in the agrifood chain. This methodology wasapplied to specific case studies that involved a range of clean technologies in selectedcountries. A first report, “Costs and Benefits of Clean Energy Technologies in the Milk,Vegetable and Rice Value Chains – Intervention Level”, was co-published by FAO andGIZ in 2018. The study summarized the results of Phase 1 of the INVESTA project,explaining the methodology and the set of indicators used to quantify non-monetizedco-benefits. It drew findings from applying the methodology to six case studies atintervention level of the farmer or processor.ivMEASURING IMPACTS AND ENABLING INVESTMENTS IN ENERGY-SMART AGRIFOOD CHAINS
This second report builds upon this work and presents an extension of the methodologyto the country level. The indicators presented in Phase 1 were adapted to this macroanalysis. Specific case studies were drafted: Milk value chain technologies are consideredfor Kenya, Tanzania and Tunisia; interventions in the vegetables value chain areconsidered for Kenya; and rice technologies are analysed for the Philippines. Thereby,the different technologies presented in Phase 1 are assessed where appropriate. Ineach country-specific value chain, the technical potential to adopt a certain cleanenergy technology was estimated, to then calculate the associated investment togetherwith the investment’s net economic benefits (beyond financials). Aimed at policymakers, international finance institutions (IFIs) and investors, the report focuses onidentifying the main barriers impeding the full deployment of clean energy technologiesin the case study countries and recommends possible solutions to overcome them.MEASURING IMPACTS AND ENABLING INVESTMENTS IN ENERGY-SMART AGRIFOOD CHAINSv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe report summarizes the work carried out in the context of Phase 2 of the FAOproject “An Enabling Environment to Foster Investments in Sustainable EnergyInterventions in the Agrifood Sector” (GCP/GLO/667/GER) (INVESTA). The projectwas funded by GIZ on behalf of BMZ as an in-kind contribution to the initiativePAEGC.The report was prepared by Alessandro Flammini, Natural Resources Officer, FAOInvestment Centre; Stefania Bracco, Expert in Energy-Smart Food, Economist, FAOClimate and Environment Division; Ralph Sims, Professor of Sustainable Energy,Massey University; Jeanette Cooke, Gender Expert, FAO; and Marta Gómez SanJuan, Agricultural Engineer, FAO Climate and Environment Division. It was completedunder the overall supervision of Olivier Dubois, Leader of the FAO Energy Team andunder the technical supervision of Alessandro Flammini. Mkani David Waziri andThomas P. Mkunda, FAO Consultants, contributed to the preparation of the report.A special thanks goes to GIZ staff and PAEGC partners who provided backstoppingto the project and reviewed the study, including Katharina Meder, Hub Manager EastAfrica, GIZ; Maria Weitz, Project Coordinator, GIZ; Mischa Bechberger, Advisor, GIZ;Macben Makenzi, Project Advisor, East Africa Hub, GIZ; Robert Schultz, Advisor, GIZ;Kerstin Lohr, Advisor, GIZ; Hannah Posern, Advisor, GIZ; Janna Schneider, JuniorAdvisor, GIZ; Laura Jakobeit, freelancer, as well as the several FAO colleagues andstakeholders who provided useful inputs (in particular Sanne Castro, SimGas; ChirazLoukil, GIVLAIT; Ben Salem Mondher, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomiquede Tunisie (INRAT); Evgenia Sokolowa, Actikera Co.; Feddy Tesha, Tanzania MilkProcessors Association (TAMPA); and Sana Zitouni, Office de l’Elevage et desPaturages (OEP)).The findings of the report build extensively upon the information collected duringfield missions in the four case-study countries: Tunisia, Tanzania, Kenya and thePhilippines. The authors would like to thank the several national experts, governmentrepresentatives, organizations operating in the agrifood sector and FAO colleagueswho have participated in the national stakeholder meetings and contributed to thediscussion around the findings of this study.In Tunisia: Marwa Abdelli, Union Tunisienne de l’Agriculture et de la Pêche (UTAP);Moumni Ahlem, Ministère de l’Agriculture, des Ressources Hydrauliques et de la Pêche(MARHP); Mohamed Amrani, FAOSNE (FAO Subregional Office for North Africa);Afef Ben Abda, FAOSNE; Ali Ben Abdellah, GIZ; Ayadi Ben Aïssa, Tunesian engineeringServices Company (TESCO); Adel Besbes, OEP; Mohamed Bougacha, FAOSNE;Maher Bouzaien, Banque de Financement des Petites et Moyennes Enterprises(BFPME); Mouna Challouf, MARHP/BPEH; Dalila Dalhoumi, Agence de Promotiondes Investissements Agricoles (APIA); Mannoubi Darghouth, Syndicate National desagriculteurs de Tunisie (SYNAGRI); Adel Ezzine, MARHP; Sharma Fitomi, TESCO;Jean Jaques Franc De Ferriere, FAOSNE; Donoizi Halima, MARHP; Monia Hammani,MARHP; Selim Kanzari, Methania; Kouki Kaouther, Agence de Promotion desinvestissements Agricoles (APIA); Yasmine Karoui, Zitouna Tamkeen; Ben SalemviMEASURING IMPACTS AND ENABLING INVESTMENTS IN ENERGY-SMART AGRIFOOD CHAINS
Lornia, OEP; Rafaa Marouki, African Development Bank (BAD); Ben Salem Mondher,INRAT; Ben Amor Noura, Reseau Entreprendre Tunisie (RET); Karim Nefzi, AgenceNationale pour la Maitrise de l’Energie (ANME); Oussama Ouedrani, Methania;Belkhiriya Yacin, SYNAGRI; Dhraief Zied, INRAT; Tarek Zrelli, Ministere del’Environment et du Developpement Durable; and Mohamed Ikbal Souissi, SYNAGRI.In Tanzania: Abubakar Faraji, Milkcom Dairies Ltd; Herry John, TAMPA; Fred Kafeero,FAO Representative in United Republic of Tanzania (FAOTZ); Nelson Kilongozi,Tanzania Dairy Board (TDB); Doreen Maro, Tanzania Milk Producers Association(TAMPRODA); Eunice R. Mbwambo, Tanzania Agricultural Development Bank Limited(TADB); Nathaniel Mbwambo, Ministry of Agricultural Livestock and Fisheries (MALF);Thabit Mikidadi Kitamu, National Gender Sustainable Energy Network; DeogratiusMlay, TDB; Devongusa Mmari, TAMPA; Andrew Muguwa, African Development Bank(AfDB); Fabian Mwakatuma, Fabian and Family Co. Ltd; Henry M. Mwimbe, TanzaniaFederation of Cooperatives (TFC); Salim Nahdi, Milkcom Dairies (T) Ltd; DrueanRusule, Rural Energy Agency (REA); Alicia Rutajubukilsoa, Erosol Ltd; Ajuaye Sigalla,FAOTZ; Mayasa A. Simba, TDB; and Feddy P. Tesha, TAMPA.In Kenya: James Eason, Aldelano/GCCA; Stephen Karekesi, Afrepren/FWSS; SamuelKarongo, Horticulture Crops Directorate (HCD); Peter Kiboi, New Kenya Cooperative Creameries Ltd (New KCC); Chris Murunga, National Irrigation Board(NIB); Johnson Mwove, Egerton University; Bernard Ngetich, Winrock International;Okisegere Ojepat, Fresh produce exporters association of Kenya (FPEAK)/TFC; ChrisWebo, CARE Kenya; and Chris Wilson, Kilifi plantation/Biopower/Kenya Private SectorAlliance (KEPSA).In the Philippines: A.S. Bello, Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA); Jay Bermas, Bureauof Agricultural Research (BAR); Gigi Calica, Philippine Center for PostharvestDevelopment and Mechanization (PhilMech); Edgardo C. De Guzman, Land Bank ofthe Philippines (LBP); Raymond De La Cruz, Full Advantage Phils International; TamaraPalis Duran, FAO Philippines (FAOPH); Ron Lester S. Dur
MEASURING IMPACTS AND ENABLING INVESTMENTS IN ENERGY-SMART AGRIFOOD CHAINS. BACKGROUND. This report summarizes the analysis and main findings from Phase 2 of the project “Investing in Sustainable Energy Technologies for the Agrifood Sector” (INVESTA), targeting to measure impacts and enable investments in energy-smart agrifood chains.
3.2.2 measuring investments for mdgs 3.2.3 measuring investments for climate actions 3.2.4 measuring investments in the t21 model 4 Identification of enabling policies 4.1 investment and enabling policies 4.2 Public expenditure 4.2.1 financing the provision of green public goods 4.2.2 stimulating green markets 4.2.3 fiscal policy
2.2 Impacts of sea-level rise and remote climate 9 2.3 Impacts of extreme weather events 11 3. Climate impacts on food security 15 3.1 Climate change and food production 15 3.2 Climate change impacts on food access and livelihoods 16 3.3 Climate change impacts on nutrition and utilis
per IEC 60751 Class A Measuring deviation of the transmitter per IEC 60770 0.25 K Total measuring deviation according to IEC 60770 Measuring deviation of the measuring element the transmitter Measuring span Minimum 20 K, maximum 300 K Basic configuration Measuring range 0 . 150
Measuring Achievements 7 Health Innovation Strategies 8 Strategic Investments 8 Provincial Platforms 9 Collaborations and Partnerships 9 PROGRESSING TO IMPACTS 10 Building Research and Innovation Capacity 10 Strategic Investments 10 Provincial Platforms 15 Translating Evidence 21 Enabling Decisions: Implementing Innovations 28
Enabling impacts: ICTs affect how other products are designed, produced, consumed, used and disposed of. Enabling impacts of ICTs (“second-order effects”) come from ICT applications that reduce environmental impacts across economic and social activities outside of the ICT-producing sector and straightforward ICT applications. But potential
Measuring the economic impacts of violence matters because it . flight, or postponing of investments. There can also . prevention strategies and enabling growth. The impacts of a conflict on the economy depend on two key dimensions: its duration and intensity.
measuring impacts can be challenging even for large companies and provides . including enabling them to . meet regulatory requirements, secure a social license to operate, improve reputation, attract talented employees, . social investments; Measuring and quantifying social or environmental .
2016 Baldrige Performance Excellence Program www.nist.gov/baldrige It’s all about ‘Results’ 45% of the scoring is results
