FOURTH EDITION INTRODUCTION MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION
FOURTH EDITIONINTRODUCTION TOMEASUREMENTS ANDINSTRUMENTATIONARUN K. GHOSH
Introduction toMeasurements and InstrumentationFOURTH EDITIONARUN K GHOSHVisiting ProfessorSir J.C. Bose School of Engineering, HooghlyFormerlyHead, Instrumentation Centre, University of KalyaniPrincipal, Murshidabad College of Engineering and Technology, BerhamporePrincipal, Bengal College of Engineering and Technology, DurgapurNew Delhi-1100012012
INTRODUCTION TO MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION, Fourth EditionArun K Ghosh 2012 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book maybe reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing fromthe publisher.ISBN-978-81-203-4625-3The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.Ninth Printing (Fourth Edition) October, 2012Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus,New Delhi-110001 and Printed by Mohan Makhijani at Rekha Printers Private Limited,New Delhi-110020.
Tothe memory of my elder brotherAMIYA
ContentsForeword ixPreface xiPreface to the First EditionList of Abbreviations ruments2STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF INSTRUMENTS4–282.1Desirable Characteristics42.2Undesirable Characteristics 9Review Questions 243.ESTIMATION OF STATIC ERRORS AND RELIABILITY29–793.1Definition of Parameters293.2Limiting Error313.3Statistical Treatment343.4Error Estimates from the Normal (or Gaussian) Distribution3.5Chi-Square Test 493.6Curve Fitting Methods513.7Reliability Principles 65Review Questions 754.DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF INSTRUMENTS4.14.24.34.4Transfer Function 80Standard Inputs to Study Time Domain ResponseDynamic Characteristics 84Zero Order Instrument85v4180–11282
viContents4.5First Order Instrument864.6Second Order Instrument 96Review Questions 1085.TRANSDUCERS5.1Classification of Transducers1135.2A Few Phenomena 1165.3Selection of Transducers 1655.4Smart Sensors and IEEE 1451 StandardReview Questions 1686.113–169166DISPLACEMENT MEASUREMENT170–2376.1Pneumatic Transducers 1706.2Electrical Transducers 1736.3Optical Transducers 2006.4Ultrasonic Transducer2116.5Magnetostrictive Transducer2156.6Digital Displacement Transducers2166.7Proximity Sensors220Review Questions 2327.STRAIN MEASUREMENT238–2797.1Stress-Strain Relations 2387.2Resistance Strain Gauges 2417.3Fibre-optic Strain Gauges264Review Questions 2758.PRESSURE MEASUREMENT8.1Definitions 2808.2Pressure Units and Their Conversions8.3Comparison with Known Dead-weights8.4Force-summing Devices 2918.5Secondary Transducers 2968.6Vacuum Measurement3068.7Accessories 318Review Questions 3249.280–329282283ACCELERATION, FORCE AND TORQUE MEASUREMENT9.1Acceleration Measurement3309.2Force Measurement3399.3Industrial Weighing Systems 3469.4Torque Measurement3509.5Tachometers359Review Questions 369330–371
viiContents10. TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT372–44410.1 Temperature Scale 37210.2 Change in Dimensions 37610.3 Change in Electrical Properties38010.4 Thermoelectricity 39910.5 Fibre-optic Sensors 41310.6 Quartz Thermometer41910.7 Change in the Velocity of Sound Propagation10.8 Radiation Pyrometers42110.9 Thermowells 435Review Questions 43742011. FLOW MEASUREMENT445–49011.1 Reynolds Number and Flow Patterns44611.2 Head-type Flowmeters 44711.3 Velocity Measurement-type Flowmeters 45911.4 Mass Flow Measurement Type Flowmeters47311.5 Positive Displacement Flowmeters 47911.6 Open Channel Flowmeters 48211.7 Turndown and Rangeability of Flowmeters 483Review Questions 48412. LEVEL MEASUREMENT491–52112.1 Mechanical Level Indicators49112.2 Optical Level Indicators 50312.3 Electrical Level Indicators 50512.4 Radiative, Other Than Optical, Methods12.5 Level Switches 514Review Questions 51851013. MISCELLANEOUS MEASUREMENTS13.1 Humidity and Moisture Measurement13.2 Density Measurement 53513.3 Conductivity Measurement 54413.4 Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP)13.5 pH Measurement56213.6 Polarography57113.7 Viscosity Measurement57713.8 Consistency Measurement58613.9 Turbidity Measurement 58813.10 Opacity Measurement595Review Questions 60014. ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTATION14.114.2Industrial Gas 24
viiiContents14.3 Mass Spectrometer 63214.4 Infrared Analyser 65314.5 Atomic Spectrometry66614.6 UV-visible Absorption Spectrophotometer 68214.7 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy68414.8 Electron Spin Resonance Spectrometer 69014.9 X-ray Methods69514.10 Radiation Detectors71414.11 Sample Handling Systems 715Review Questions 71915. HAZARDOUS AREAS AND INSTRUMENTATION15.1 Classification 72515.2 Explosion Protection of Electrical Apparatus15.3 Intrinsically Safe Instrumentation 730Review Questions 74016. SIGNAL CONDITIONING725–741728742–81916.1 Bridge Circuits 74216.2 Conditioning Processes 75416.3 Recovery of Signals 79316.4 Signal Conversion 796Review Questions 81217. DISPLAY DEVICES AND RECORDING SYSTEMS820–85617.1 Classification and Comparison82017.2 Characteristics of Digital Display 82117.3 Digital Display Elements 82217.4 Recording 83517.5 Data Acquisition Systems 84717.6 Vitual Instrumentation851Review Questions 854Appendix AVariance of CombinationsAppendix BLinear Time-invariant Systems858–860Appendix CLaplace Transform861–864Appendix DStatistical Tables865–866Appendix E Psychrometric Table857867Appendix FMiscellaneous Data868–873Appendix GSolutions to Numerical Problems874–907Index909–919
ForewordMetrology is the science and technology of measurement. Since time immemorial, reliablemeasurement of various commodities and quantities has been important for trade andcommerce as well as for agricultural and industrial activities. The present-day drive towardsglobalisation of the economy has made this to be a priority task both at national andinternational levels. Modern engineering practices require sufficiently precise and fastmeasurements. Science is breaking new ground in measuring the very tiny and the very big.Therefore, an introductory course on instrumentation principles, with an appreciation of thepossible errors in the measurements, constitutes an important part of learning for bothscience and engineering students.Although many voluminous treatises on this subject are available, Dr Ghosh’sIntroduction to Instrumentation and Control is a well-focussed textbook covering thephysical principles rather than the engineering details, which can be taught in one semesterof the undergraduate curriculum. The contents of the book cover most of the requirementsof the students. Of course, each topic can become the subject of a detailed discussion. Forexample, the topic of signal conditioning is by itself a vast area of research work. Studentsspecialising in various subjects will however find a common minimum amount of learningin this book.Dr Ghosh’s presentation is lucid and the style is not verbose. I am sure that the bookwill be welcomed by the student community and become a success in its area.Prof ES Raja GopalEmeritus ScientistDepartment of PhysicsIndian Institute of Science, BangaloreFormerly, DirectorNational Physical LaboratoryNew Delhiix
Introduction To Measurements AndInstrumentationPublisher : PHI LearningISBN : 978812034 6253Author : Arun K GhoshType the URL : http://www.kopykitab.com/product/6190Get this eBook
measurements. Science is breaking new ground in measuring the very tiny and the very big. Therefore, an introductory course on instrumentation principles, with an appreciation of the possible errors in the measurements, constitutes an important part of learning for both science and engineering students.
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