Jail Information Model - National Sheriffs' Association
U.S. Department of JusticeOffice of Community Oriented Policing ServicesJail Information ModelBy:John Matthewswww.cops.usdoj.gov
Jail Information ModelThis project was supported by cooperative agreement#2004CKWXK016 by the Office of Community OrientedPolicing Services, U.S. Department of Justice. Theopinions contained herein are those of the author and donot necessarily represent the official position of the U.S.Department of Justice. References to specific companies,products, or services should not be considered anendorsement thereof by the author(s) or the U.S. JusticeDepartment. Rather, the references are illustrations tosupplement discussion of the issues.
Jail Information ModelAcknowledgmentsThe author gratefully acknowledges Carl Peed, director ofthe COPS Office, for his vision in seeing the tremendousbenefit to communities throughout the nation indeveloping and implementing a jail information project.A special note of gratitude is reserved for Fred Wilson,director of training, National Sheriffs’ Association, forhis unyielding support throughout the years on innovativepublic safety projects. Sincere thanks are also in orderto Cynthia Pappas, COPS Office project manager; and toSergeant Marty Parsons and Corporal Randy Shelton ofthe Forsyth County (North Carolina) Sheriff’s Office fortheir invaluable contributions to this project.iii
Jail Information ModelAbstractThe Jail Information Model is a new process designedto cultivate jail-based information about internal andexternal safety and security issues, and to disseminate itto the appropriate offices or agencies in order to solve orprevent crimes and improve public safety.This Jail Information Model encourages and promotesa paradigm shift from traditional corrections activitiesto proactive public safety capabilities. This shift helpsto solve current crimes, prevent future crimes or reducetheir impact, save lives and property in the jail and thecommunity, and improve community quality of life.In jails where this model or similar models have beeninstitutionalized, officers’ lives have been saved, drugdistribution networks have been seized, and potentialcrimes have been stopped. In the three pilot sites used inthis project, more than one dozen homicides have beensolved, rapists brought to justice, theft rings disbanded,and serial robbers arrested based on information thatwas collected, disseminated, and acted on using the JailInformation Model.
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsSectionPageAcknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iiiAbstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vI. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Assessment of the Existing Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1II. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3A. Project Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5B. Basic Project Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Process vs. Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Staffing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Information Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Paradigm Shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Information vs. Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9C. Obstacles to Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9III. Jail Information Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11A. Information-Gathering Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Data Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Information Gatherers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14B. Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15C. Dissemination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18D. Evaluation, Use, and Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19vii
COPS InnovationsIV. Work Kit Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23A. Jail Information Monograph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23B. Forms and Templates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23C. Training. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24D. Training Posters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26E. CD-ROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27V. Jail Information Model Pilot Sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29A. Organizational Acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29B. Pilot Site Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29C. Pilot Site Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Tulsa County, Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Pierce County, Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Bergen County, New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33D. Pilot Site Training and Jail Information ModelImplementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34E. Summary of Pilot Site Results: the First 6 Months. . . 37F. Key Findings from the Pilot Sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38G. Key Benefits of the Jail Information Model . . . . . . . . 39VI. The Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41For More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43viii
Jail Information ModelI. Introduction“I only ask for information.”§ The HeritageFoundation, HeritageLecture 764, October 11,2002.§§ 9/11 CommissionReport: Reorganization,Transformation andInformation Sharing, GAO,August 3, 2004.David Copperfield (Charles Dickens)Assessment of the Existing ProblemIn the post-9/11 era, information collection and sharinghas become of vital importance to this nation. PeterBrookes, former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense,stated that “Information is our first line of defense, and itmust be shared both vertically within organizations andhorizontally across organizations involved in homelandsecurity.”§The 9/11 Commission also agreed that the needfor information collection and sharing is of criticalimportance and that “the purpose of improvinginformation analysis and sharing is to provide betterinformation throughout the federal government andultimately to state and local governments, the privatesector, and our citizens so that collectively we arebetter prepared.”§§ Whether information is obtained byfederal agencies at the national level, gathered by locallaw enforcement organizations, or collected by citizensjust trying to protect their neighborhoods, informationinvolving public safety is of critical importance.One environment rich in public safety information thathas been largely ignored is this nation’s county and localjails. These facilities, ranging from a few beds in smalland rural counties to tens of thousands in our majormetropolitan areas, house individuals who are involvedto some degree in a wide range of past, present, andpotential future criminal activities. These inmates are thekey to a tremendous repository of criminal and terroristinformation.County jails are central to local public safety operationsand criminal justice involvement. They house theinmates involved in a wide variety of offenses, are usedby many (if not all) of the local jurisdictions, includingsheriffs’ offices, municipal police departments, statepolice, and in many cases even federal agencies. Thejails are accessed by the courts on a regular basis,and often the district attorney’s investigators or stateprosecutor’s office representatives can be found workingon active cases within the confines of these correctionalinstitutions.
COPS InnovationsInformation developed in local and county jail systemscan have an impact on past, current, and future cases.It has the potential to give some families closure andprevent others from experiencing the loss of a loved one.Information developed in holding cells, workout areas,recreation yards, and in dorms can save lives both insidethe facility (inmates and corrections officers) and outsideby preventing crimes or stopping a planned terroristattack.The potential upside to the formal collection andappropriate dissemination of jail information is oftengreater than can be measured (such as the saving oflives), while the cost of implementing a formalizedsystem is almost nonexistent. Each and every day, localcorrections officers overhear important information thatcould change or save lives. By adopting and using aformal jail information collection and disseminationsystem, corrections officers are no longer just casualparticipants in the local criminal justice system; theynow become key players in community safety andsecurity.
Jail Information ModelII. OverviewA. Project Development§ New Realities: LawEnforcement in the Post9/11 Era, IntelligenceLed Policing: The NewIntelligence Architecture.Bureau of JusticeAssistance, 2005.In December 2004, the National Sheriffs’ Associationhosted a series of roundtable meetings withrepresentatives of small, medium, and large jails tocollect primary information about the current status oftheir information collection and dissemination activitiesor programs.Researchers discovered that while sheriffs are chargednationally with overseeing jail operations (more than 80percent of the nation’s jails are operated by sheriffs), andjail directors are responsible for the safety and security ofthose facilities, only a small percentage of local jails havea formal information collection and distribution system.According to New Realities: Law Enforcement in the Post9/11 Era, “Information sharing must become a policy,not an informal practice”§ and more often than not, jailofficials stated that they either used informal systems togather information or that they had no system at all inplace.Even in some larger jurisdictions where formal systemsexisted, referral forms were rarely used by line-levelcorrections officers, so only a few designated individualswere assigned to collect information or follow up on jailbased leads. At these facilities, only a limited amountof important information was being collected becausea majority of the information gatherers had no formalauthority and were not being used. In other facilitieswhere formal information was being collected, it wasonly through passive collection where the inmate throughsome type of anonymous reporting procedure voluntarilyprovided information. Although this type of collectioncan yield valuable results, by its very nature a significantportion of important information may never be collectedor acted upon. Often, active information collection wasnot being conducted because there was no formal system,proper awareness among corrections officers, little or notraining programs, and no officer or employee recognitionprograms.Although a few major facilities, such as the Los AngelesCounty Jail, use their own information-collectionprocess, the majority of the jails had no formal system toconsistently gather, validate, and refer vital informationthroughout the local public safety system. This lack ofa formal process is especially significant in light of the
COPS Innovationsfact that when jail representatives were queried aboutthe need for such a system, they continually pointed tothe influx of organized activities within jails that affectthe safety and security of the facility and the community.Respondents cited issues such as gangs, drugs, andterrorist activities when asked about challenges to theirjail operations and to community safety.Based on the information developed by the NationalSheriffs’ Association through its roundtable sessions withjail administrators, and personal interviews conductedwith sheriffs throughout the country, researchersdetermined that jail administrators must have proactiveand formalized jail information-gathering systems thatresult not only in obtaining information but in using anddisseminating it properly. Armed with this informationgathered through a formal data-collection system,personnel will be better equipped to make decisions aboutinternal jail operations and improve communication withexternal entities to assist with community safety.Issues ranging from in-house gangs to external threatssuch as organized crime and terrorism can be moreappropriately addressed using a formal, structured,information-gathering process. When in place, a JailInformation Model will offer a win/win situation for thejail, corrections officers, local law enforcement agencies,and the community. Jail directors and National Sheriffs’Association officials agreed that the benefits of this newprocess include the following: Improved jail security and officer safety Improved communications with staff and betweenjail and local law enforcement agencies Improved involvement of corrections officers inpublic safety efforts Improved community safety.Project MissionBased on the information gathered during theinitial stages of the Jail Information Collection andDissemination project and using grant funding providedby the COPS Office, the National Sheriffs’ Associationestablished the following as its project mission statement:“To develop a national model to collect jail-basedinformation and disseminate it to appropriate lawenforcement agencies in order to solve and/or preventcrimes and improve public safety.”
Jail Information ModelProject GoalsTo support the project mission statement, the NationalSheriffs’ Association established the following projectgoals: Collect information in the jail regarding:– Internal jail safety and security issues– Criminal activity within the jail– Criminal activity outside of the jail Route the information to the appropriate office oragency for action.Project ObjectivesTo attain the stated project goals and fulfill the project’smission, the National Sheriffs’ Association establishedtwo project objectives:1. Develop, within 1 year, an innovative jail-basedinformation gathering and sharing model processthat can be replicated by law enforcement agenciesnationwide.2. Encourage a paradigm shift from traditional guard toproactive peacekeeper to prevent crimes, save lives, andimprove community quality of life.B. Basic Project ParametersDuring the development of the Jail Information Modelprocess, certain project parameters became apparent. Ifmost local jails were going to be able to implement thisinnovative initiative, the model had to be user-friendlyand require little or no additional training of personnelor costs. Further, because of limited budgets, the modelhad to be designed to require no additional staffing andno major capital expenditures. Jail officials needed to beable to focus on basic information collection instead ofconcerning themselves with investigative technique andinformation analysis. Administrators desired a model thatthey could tailor to their own specific jail demographics,the existing local public safety culture, and their uniquecommunity concerns. The following paragraphs detailsome of these basic project elements.
COPS InnovationsProcess vs. ProgramFrom the initial meetings regarding the developmentof a Jail Information Model, program administratorsagreed on the need to design a generic, replicable processthat could be tailored successfully to the jail and itscommunity, instead of to a static and inflexible programthat may or may not be implemented in a county jail ormunicipal facility.Developers believed that this important distinctionbetween a process and a program would have a directimpact on the use of this model at the pilot site locationsand, in turn, would result in a highly successful initiative.Whereas many jail administrators may not want toimplement some prepackaged federal program, mostwere open to examining a process that could be tailoredspecifically to their own unique demographics andorganizational culture, and implemented under guidelinesthat they felt best suited their needs. Because programadministrators offered a process instead of a program, thepilot agencies were much more open to learning aboutand ultimately implementing this innovative public safetyinitiative.StaffingNo additional staffing is required to implement the JailInformation Model successfully. Although additionalstaff is certainly an option and no facility is prohibitedfrom hiring additional personnel to staff positions suchas a jail information officer, no additional positions arerequired to implement this model. Corrections officersand staff collected and documented information as part oftheir regularly assigned duties, and selected supervisorsvalidated and disseminated the information to externaland internal resources.EquipmentNo additional capital equipment purchases are requiredto implement the Jail Information Model successfully.All forms, background materials, and training aids areincluded in the Jail Information Model Work Kit, so jailadministrators only need to make copies. In some cases,the forms are specifically tailored to the agency, but thereis no need for the acquisition of any capital equipment orof major expenditures to support the initiative.
Jail Information ModelInformation FlowWhile it could be argued that information is thecentral and most essential element of this initiative,most practitioners advise that it is actually the flow ofthe information that is the most crucial aspect of theprogram. This action-oriented process of continual flowof information throughout the local public safety systemdrives the entire model. The flow is initiated wheninmates provide information to the corrections officers orjail staff. From there it flows by a formal documentationto the designated jail information officer, who codesand validates the information and disseminates it to theappropriate internal or external agency. The final stepin the process is completed when the receiving agenc
The Jail Information Model is a new process designed to cultivate jail-based information about internal and external safety and security issues, and to disseminate it to the appropriate offices or agencies in order to solve or prevent crimes and improve public safety. This Jail Information Model encourages and promotes
special rules if you roll doubles. Modify the matrix to include 3 special rows/columns for jail: Steps to create Monopoly’s transition matrix: 2. jail—1st rdturn, jail—2nd turn, and jail—3 turn. 3. Make changes to account for the fact that the Go-to-Jail square acts like a slide to the jail (1st turn) square. 4.
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administrators of jails in the State of Missouri formed the Missouri Jail Standards and Training Committee. The Committee represents a cross section of all classes of counties and municipalities. One sheriff, who sits on the Jail Sub-Committee of the Missouri Sheriffs' Association, and one jail administrator co-chair this Committee. The
Running an Intelligent Jail: A Guide to the Development and Use of a Jail Information System . encour-ages jail administrators to consider the design and implementation of a jail management information system (MIS) that is tailored to the specific needs of their institutions, is more cost-effective, and is easier to use.
rights policies and practices in recent U.S. history. At Least 23 287(g) Sheriffs Believe They Are Supreme Arbiters of the Law By comparing the results of an in-depth investigation by think tank Political Research Associates with ICE's list of 287(g)-participating sheriffs, we found 23 (17%) 287(g)-participating sheriffs 162 who are
2 Profile of Jail Inmates, 2002 . More than 6 in 10 jail inmates were racial or ethnic minorities, unchanged since 1996. As defined in this report, jails are locally operated correctional facilities that confine persons before or after adjudication. Inmates sentenced to jail usually have a sentence of a
County Jail ("Jail''') and Garfield, County Work Center ("Work Center"), pursuant to the Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1997. The DOJ toured the Jail with consultants in the fields of corrections, medical care, fire safety and environmental health and safety on July 23-25, 2002, and September 19-21, 2002.
M. Peskin and D. Schroeder, An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory This is a very clear and comprehensive book, covering everything in this course at the right level. It will also cover everything in the \Advanced Quantum Field Theory" course, much of the \Standard Model" course, and will serve you well if you go on to do research. To a large extent, our course will follow the rst section of .
