Profile Of Jail Inmates - Bureau Of Justice Statistics
Revised, 10/12/04 thU.S. Department of JusticeOffice of Justice ProgramsBureau of Justice StatisticsSpecial ReportJuly 2004, NCJ 201932Profile of Jail Inmates, 2002By Doris J. JamesBJS StatisticianAt midyear 2002, 665,475 personswere held in local jails: over half hadbeen convicted; a quarter weredetained awaiting arraignment or trial;and a sixth were held on a priorsentence but also awaiting arraignmentor trial on a new charge. These findings are based on information frompersonal interviews with a nationalsample of nearly 7,000 jail inmates,conducted January through April 2002.The survey provides a profile of offenders held in local jails and a comparisonto those held in 1996 when the lastsurvey was conducted.Based on the 2002 Survey of Inmatesin Local Jails (SILJ), the number ofinmates held for drug law violationstotaled 156,000, up from 114,100 in1996. The increase in drug offendersaccounted for 37% of the growth in thenation’s jail population. Overall, atmidyear 2002 the distribution of jailinmates by type of offense remainednearly unchanged: a fourth of inmatesin each of four major categories —violent, property, drug, or public-order.Two-thirds of jail inmates in 2002 saidthey were regular drug users; over halfof the convicted inmates reported usingdrugs in the month before their currentoffense. An estimated 66% of jailinmates reported using alcohol at leastonce a week for a month; 33% wereunder the influence of alcohol at thetime of the current offense. Together,77% of convicted jail inmates werealcohol or drug-involved at the time oftheir current offense.Highlightsy Jail inmates were older on averagein 2002 than 1996: 38% were age 35or older, up from 32% in 1996.y More than 6 in 10 persons in localjails in 2002 were racial or ethnicminorities, unchanged from 1996.An estimated 40% were black;19%, Hispanic, 1% American Indian;1% Asian; and 3% of more than onerace/ethnicity.y Half of all jail inmates in 2002 wereheld for a violent or drug offense,nearly unchanged from 4%24.424.724.9199626.3%26.922.024.4y 46% of jail inmates were on proba-tion or parole at the time of arrest,a slight increase from 45% in 1996.Justice statusNoneAny statusOn probationOn paroleOn 13.112.7y 39% of jail inmates in 2002 hadserved 3 or more prior sentencesto incarceration or probation,down from 44% in 1996.Prior sentenceto incarcerationor probation0123-56-1011 or 0.215.18.7y In 2002, 41% percent of jailinmates had a current or prior violentoffense; 46% were nonviolent recidivists; 13% had a current or prior drugoffense only.y The average sentence length of jailinmates increased from 23 months in1996 to 24 months in 2002; timeexpected to be served in jail droppedfrom 10 to 9 months.y Among convicted inmates, alcoholuse at the time of the offense droppedfrom 41% (1996) to 33% (2002), whiledrug use dropped from 35% to 29%.Substance abuseand treatmentAll jail inmatesRegular alcohol useRegular drug useConvicted inmatesAlcohol use at offenseDrug use in monthbefore offenseDrug use at 4.634.9Regular users treated CEver under correctionalsupervision43.4Since admission to jail 15.134.312.3y 56% of jail inmates said they grewup in a single-parent household orwith a guardian. About 1 in 9 hadlived in a foster home or institution.y 31% of jail inmates grew up with aparent or guardian who abusedalcohol or drugs; 46% had a familymember who had beenincarcerated.y Over half of women in jail said theyhad been physically or sexuallyabused in the past, compared toover a tenth of men.
Revised, 10/12/04 thMore than 6 in 10 jail inmates were racial orethnic minorities, unchanged since 1996As defined in this report, jails are locallyoperated correctional facilities that confinepersons before or after adjudication. Inmatessentenced to jail usually have a sentence of ayear or less, but jails also incarcerate personsin a wide variety of other categories. (See boxbelow.)In each year, about 6 in 10 jail inmates wereracial or ethnic minorities (table 1). In 2002blacks made up 40% of the jail inmate population; Hispanics, 19%; and whites, 36%. Thedecline in American Indian/Alaska Nativeinmates to 1.4% in 2002 from 2.4% in 1996,may reflect the change in the data collectionmethod in 2002 that allowed inmates toselect more than one racial category.Female inmates made up almost 12% of thelocal jail inmate population in 2002, up from10% in 1996.The jail population was older in 2002 than in1996. About 38% of jail inmates were age 35or older, up from 32% in 1996.An estimated 8% of jail inmates were not U.S.citizens, unchanged from 1996.Jails Cy receive individuals pending arraignment andhold them awaiting trial, conviction, orsentencingy readmit probation, parole, and bail-bondviolators and abscondersy temporarily detain juveniles pending transferto juvenile authoritiesy hold mentally ill persons pending theirmovement to appropriate health facilitiesy hold individuals for the military, for protective custody, for contempt, and for the courtsas witnessesy release convicted inmates to the communityupon completion of sentencey transfer inmates to Federal, State, or otherauthoritiesy house inmates for Federal, State, or otherauthorities because of crowding of theirfacilitiesy sometimes operate community-basedprograms as alternatives to incarcerationy hold inmates sentenced to short terms(generally under 1 year).2 Profile of Jail Inmates, 2002Table 1. Selected characteristics of jail inmates, by conviction status,2002 and 1996Percent of jail inmates, 2002Total Convicted .13.01.20.92.61.41.73.31.60.93.62.40.9--Age17 or younger18-2425-3435-4445-5455 or 28.537.423.96.31.5Marital statusMarriedWidowedDivorcedSeparatedNever .6Education8th grade or lessSome high schoolGEDHigh school diplomaSome collegeCollege graduate or .1%33.414.125.910.33.2U.S. 0.595.8%4.291.8%8.2Race/Hispanic originbWhitecBlackcHispanicAmerican Indian/Alaska NativeAsian/Pacific IslanderMore than one racedNumber of jail es inmates with a prior conviction, but no new conviction for the current charge.Excludes 0.3% of inmates in 1996 and 2002 who did not specify a race.cNon-Hispanic inmates.dIncludes 1.6% of jail inmates who specified black and other races; 1.3%, AmericanIndian/Alaskan Native and other races; and 0.1%, Asian and other races.eThe survey totals were weighted to midyear estimates from the Annual Survey ofJails in 1995 and 2001. (See Methodology.)bTable 2. Detention status of jail inmates, 2002 and 1996Reason held in jail20021996Unconvicted, new chargeaOn or awaiting trialAwaiting edNew chargesPrior charges, on probation or parole54.8%36.718.247.9%36.611.3Both convicted and unconvictedConvicted prior, with new chargesConvicted prior, technical violations16.014.71.322.112.29.90.93.0OtherbNumber of jail inmates627,288505,279Note: Excludes inmates for whom reason held in jail was unknown.--Not reported.aIncludes inmates with a new charge only or inmates who were on community orpretrial release for a prior charge but no conviction.bIncludes inmates held as a witness, for safekeeping, or other reasons.
Revised, 10/12/04 thOver half of all jail inmatesconvicted of current or priorcharges onlyIn 2002 an estimated 37% of all jailinmates were convicted of the offensethat led to their most recent admissionto jail, unchanged from 1996 (table 2).About 18% in 2002 were convicted ofprior charges for which they were onprobation or parole, compared to 11%in 1996.Among jail inmates who were bothconvicted and unconvicted, 30% had adrug offense as their most seriousconviction offense; 27% had a propertyoffense; 22% a violent offense; and19% a public-order offense.Drug trafficking (12.1%) was the mostcommon offense among jail inmates,followed by assault (11.7%) and drugpossession (10.8%).Over 6% of jail inmates in 2002 wereheld for burglary, larceny/theft, ordriving while intoxicated.Although 46% of all jail inmates wereon probation or parole at the time oftheir arrest, about 3% reported aprobation or parole violation as theirmost serious charge.Table 3. Most serious offense of jail inmates, 2002 and 1996Among unconvicted jail inmates in2002, 17% were on trial or awaitingtrial. Around 11% were awaitingarraignment or a revocation hearingof a prior release status (such asbail/bond, electronic monitoring,house arrest, day/weekend reporting,work/study release, or furlough). Anestimated 16% of all inmates wereboth unconvicted (on current arrestoffenses) and convicted (on a prioroffense).About 43% of jail inmates in 2002reported they were sentenced to servetime in jail or prison or were awaitingsentencing. Just under 10% said theywere awaiting sentencing for anoffense.Minor changes in the offenses forwhich inmates were being heldOverall, the offense composition of thejail population changed slightlybetween 1996 and 2002 (table 3). Thepercentage of inmates held for drugoffenses increased to 25% in 2002from 22% in 1996, driven by drugtrafficking which rose to 12% from 9%.The percent of jail inmates held forproperty offenses declined from 27%in 1996 to 24% in 2002. Violent andpublic-order offenses were relativelyunchanged at around 25% in 1996and 2002.Among unconvicted inmates, 34% hada violent offense as the most seriouscharge, while 23% had drug offenses.About 29% of convicted inmates werepublic-order offenders; 25% wereproperty offenders; and 24% were drugoffenders.Most serious offenseTotalTotalPercent of jail inmates2002Convicted UnconvictedBotha1996100%100%100%100%100%Violent offensesMurderbNegligent manslaughterKidnapingRapeOther sexual assaultRobberyAssaultOther 1.61.3Property offensesBurglaryLarceny/theftMotor vehicle theftArsonFraudStolen propertyOther 60.14.72.51.926.9%7.68.02.60.44.62.11.6Drug .011.59.21.3Public-order offensesWeaponsObstruction of justiceTrafficDriving while intoxicatedeDrunkenness/moralsfViolation of parole/probationgImmigration violationOther .60.21.80.5%0.4%0.6%0.9%0.5%OtheriNumber of jail inmates623,492342,372178,035100,348496,752Note: Excludes inmates for whom offense was unknown./Not reported.aIncludes inmates with a prior conviction, but no new conviction for the current charge.bIncludes nonnegligent manslaughter.cIncludes blackmail, extortion, hit-and-run driving with bodily injury, child abuse,and criminal endangerment.dIncludes destruction of property, vandalism, hit-and-run driving without bodily injury,trespassing, and possession of burglary tools.eIncludes driving while intoxicated and driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol.fIncludes drunkenness, vagrancy, disorderly conduct, unlawful assembly, morals,and commercialized vice.gIncludes parole or probation violations, escape, AWOL, and flight to avoid prosecution.hIncludes rioting, abandonment, nonsupport, invasion of privacy, liquor law violations,and tax evasion.iIncludes juvenile offenses and unspecified offenses.Profile of Jail Inmates, 20023
Revised, 10/12/04 thIn absolute numbers, drug and publicorder offenders accounted for mostof the growth in the jail populationbetween 1996 and 2002. Drug offenders in local jails rose by 41,800 andpublic-order offenders by 30,700,accounting for 64% of the increasein the jail population. Violent offenders(up 24,000) accounted for a fifth of theoverall growth.OffenseNumber of jail 14,500Drug155,900114,10041,800Public-order 157,200126,50030,700Other3,2002,600600Note: Estimates were based on the total numberof jail inmates in 1996 and 2002, and thenrounded to the nearest 100.An increasing percentage of femaleinmates had violent offensesAn increasing percentage of femaleinmates had violent offenses as theirmost serious charge, 17% in 2002, upfrom 15% in 1996 and 13% in 1989.Still, compared to male inmates (27%)in 2002, female jail inmates were lesslikely to be violent offenders (table 4).Female jail inmates were more likelythan males to be drug offenders. Anestimated 29% of female and 24% ofmale inmates were drug offenders in2002. A larger percentage of womenwere in jail for drug possession (15%)than for trafficking (11%), while thedistribution for men was reversed,drug trafficking (12%) and possession(10%).The most serious offense of jailinmates varied among white, black,and Hispanic inmates. In 2002 blackinmates (31%) were more likely to bein jail for drug offenses than whiteinmates (19%) and Hispanic inmates(28%). Drug trafficking made up alarger percentage of the drug offensesfor blacks (16%) and Hispanic (14%)inmates, than for whites (9%).Black and Hispanic inmates (27%)were also more likely to be violentoffenders than white inmates (22%).White inmates (31%) were more likelyto be in jail for public-order offenses,particularly DWI, than black (18%) andHispanic inmates (28%). White (11%)and Hispanic (8%) inmates were over4 times more likely to be in jail for DWIthan black inmates (2%).Nearly a quarter of jail inmates hadbeen held for 14 days or less at thetime of the interviewNearly a quarter (23%) of all jailinmates had been in jail for 14 days orless at the time of the interview (table5). Twenty-nine percent had been heldfrom 2 to 6 months, while 7% had beenheld for a year or more.Table 4. Most serious offense of jail inmates, by gender, race,and Hispanic origin, in 2002MaleViolent offensesMurderNegligent manslaughterRapeOther sexual assaultRobberyAssaultOther .77.711.81.327.1%2.50.60.62.56.013.01.0Property offensesBurglaryLarceny/theftMotor vehicle theftFraudStolen propertyOther .917.5%4.84.22.12.91.12.1Drug %12.413.91.1Public-order offensesWeaponsObstruction of justiceDriving while intoxicatedDrunkenness/moralsViolation of parole/probation
2 Profile of Jail Inmates, 2002 . More than 6 in 10 jail inmates were racial or ethnic minorities, unchanged since 1996. As defined in this report, jails are locally operated correctional facilities that confine persons before or after adjudication. Inmates sentenced to jail usually have a sentence of a
prison and jail inmates had a mental health problem, including 705,600 inmates in State prisons, 70,200 in Fed-eral prisons, and 479,900 in local jails. These estimates represented 56% of State prisoners, 45% of Federal prison-ers, and 64% of jail inmates. The find-ings in this report were based on data from personal interviews with State and
The number of state inmates in local jails increased by 42 percent from August 2011 to September 2016. Overall, the 76 county jails housing state inmates are at 120 percent of authorized capacity. Only seven county jails are not over 100 percent capacity. State inmates account for 48 percent of the inmates in jails housing state inmates.
special rules if you roll doubles. Modify the matrix to include 3 special rows/columns for jail: Steps to create Monopoly’s transition matrix: 2. jail—1st rdturn, jail—2nd turn, and jail—3 turn. 3. Make changes to account for the fact that the Go-to-Jail square acts like a slide to the jail (1st turn) square. 4.
In 2016, jails reported 10.6 million admissions, continuing a general decline since 2008. The jail incarceration rate declined from a peak of 259 inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents at midyear 2007 to 229 per 100,000 at midyear 2016. At year-end 2016, non-Hispanic blacks (599 per 100,000 black residents) were incarcerated in jail at a
“Security Threat Group” is defined as a group of inmates possessing common characteristics, interests and goals which serve to distinguish the inmates from other inmates or groups of inmates and which, as a discrete entity, poses a threat to the safety of staff, other inmates
needs, safety needs, love needs, and esteem needs. While case law has clearly established a jail’s legal obligation to meet basic human needs, IBM acknowledges that if a jail does not meet the basic human needs of inmates, the inmates will ind a way to satisfy their needs on terms that may be unfavorable to orderly jail management.
1. The Upshur County Jail is provided with a twenty-four hour staff seven days per ,,,eek. 2. The staff is provided with clubs. These are to be used only in extreme cases. 3. The personnel on duty at the jail is responsible for the conduct of any inmates not confined to cells. This is true for all inmates including trustees. 4.
Leo Aronson. My hope is that your wonderful capacity for empathy and compassion will help make the world a better place. —E.A. To my family, Deirdre Smith, Christopher Wilson, and Leigh Wilson —T.D.W. To my children, Genevieve and Everett —B.F. To my mentor, colleague, and friend, Dane Archer —R.M.A.
