BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION 2.1 MONERA
UNIT ‐IDIVERSITYSIN THE LIVINGG WORLDOCHAPTER – 2BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION2.1 KINGDOM MONERA22.22 KINGDOM PROTISTA2.3 KINGDOM FUNGI2.4 KINGDOM PLANTAE2.5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA2.6 VIRUSES, VIROIDS & LICHENSVikasana – Bridge Course 2012
WHAT ISS CLASSIFICATION?C SS CO ?Anythingyg which is groupedgp into convenientcategory based on easily observablecharacters.Arrangement of organized information onthe basis of similarities.Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
WHAT IS BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION?It is the systematicygroupinggp g of organisms.gIt is also called biosystematics.Biosystematics deals with the identification,nomenclature & classification of organismsbased on their similarities & differences.Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION1) ARTIFICIAL SYSTEMS2) NATURAL SYSTEMS3) PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMS (CLADISTICS)()Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
1. ARTIFICIAL SYSTEMS:It is a system of classification based on oneor two easily recognizable characters.Example: Theophrastus (370‐300 BC)classified pplants into: Trees Shrubs Undershrubs HerbsVikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Examplep 2:Aristotle (384‐322 BC) classified animalsinto: Enaima (Animals with red blood) Anaima (Animals without red blood) Ovipary (Egg laying) Vivipary (Giving birth to young ones)Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
2. NATURAL SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATIONIt is a system of classification based onnatural similarities of vegetative & floralcharacters.charactersExample: George Bentham & Joseph DaltonHooker classified plants into: Cryptogams (non flowering plants) Phanerogams (seed bearing plants)Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
3. PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEM (CLADISTICS)It is a system of classification based onevolutionary & genetic relationship oforganisms in addition to natural characters.Example: Adolf Engler & Karl Prantleclassified bacteria & all plants under 14divisions. The 14th divisions is Embryophytasiphanogama that includes gymnosperms &angiosperms.g pVikasana – Bridge Course 2012
KINGDOM SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATIONTWO KINGDOM SYSTEM:(CAROLUS LINNAEUS‐1758)LINNAEUS 1758) KINGDOM PLANTAE: It includes Bacteria,Mycoplasma fungi & photosynthetic plants.Mycoplasma,plants KINGDOM ANIMALIA: It includesunicellular & multicellular animals.Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
THREE KINGDOM SYSTEM:(ERNEST HAECKELHAECKEL‐1866)1866) KINGDOM PROTISTA: It includesunicellular & colonial eukaryotesysuch asbacteria, algae, fungi & protozoans. KINGDOM PLANTAE: It includesmulticellular photosynthetic plants. KINGDOM ANIMALIA: It includesmulticellular animals.Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
FOUR KINGDOM SYSTEM:(COPELAND 1956)(COPELAND‐1956)KINGDOM MONERA: It includes unicellular orfilamentous prokaryotes such as Bacteria,mycoplasmal& cyanobacteria.b t iKINGDOM PROTISTA: It includes unicellulareukaryotes.yKINGDOM PLANTAE: Multicellular autotrophiceukaryotesKINGDOM ANIMALIA: Multicellular heterotrophiceukaryotesVikasana – Bridge Course 2012
FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM:(R H WHITTAKER‐1969)Classification based on: Complexity of cell structure ‐ prokaryote oreukaryote Complexity of organisms body –unicellular or multicellular Mode of nutrition –Autotrophic or HeterotrophicVikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Majorj ecologicalgrole – Producer,, Consumer,,Decomposer Phylogenetic relationship – simple to complexVikasana – Bridge Course 2012
PROKARYOTE: Incipient nucleus nucleoid has only DNA May have plasmid Absence of membranebound cell organellesg 70S ribosomesExample:p Bacteria,Nostoc, Mycoplasma.EUKARYOTE: True nucleus Chromatin has DNA &histones plasmid absent Presence of membranebound cell organelles 70S & 80S ribosomespresentExample: Higher plants& animalsVikasana – Bridge Course 2012
FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM CLASSIFICATIONOF R H WHITTAKER:¾ KINGDOM MONERA¾ KINGDOM PROTISTA¾ KINGDOM FUNGI (MYCOTA)¾ KINGDOM PLANTAE (METAPHYTA)¾ KINGDOM ANIMALIA (METAZOA)Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
KINGDOM MONERA: (Characteristics) Unicellular or filamentous prokaryotes Omni present (air, soil, hot springs, deserts, deepsea,, snow & as pparasites)) Cell wall is composed of polysaccharides & aminoacids(peptido glycons or murein) Autotrophic (photo & chemosynthetic) &heterotrophic (saprophytic & parasitic) ReproduceRdb vegetative,byiasexuall & sexuallmethodsVikasana – Bridge Course 2012
MAJOR GROUPS OF MONERA:1. Archaebacteria:A h b t i Methanogens,M thH l h lHalophyles,thermoacidophyles2 Eubacteria: Vibrio,2.Vibrio mycobacteria3. Cyanobacteria: Nostoc, AnabenaMethanogenVibrioNostocAnabenaVikasana – Bridge Course 2012
KINGDOM PROTISTA: (Characteristics) Unicellular eukaryotes.eukaryotes Fresh water, marine or parasitic forms. Cell wall is usually absent,absent if present it isimpregnated with silica (diatoms). Photosyntheticyor non photosynthetic.py Locomotory structure may be cilia, flagella,pseudopodia or absent. Reproduce by sexual & asexual methods.Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
MAJOR GROUPS OF KINGDOM PROTISTA:1 CHRYSOPHYTA:1.DiatomDiatom,Pinnularia22. DINOFLAGELLATES:Gonyaulax,Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Noctiluca
3. EUGLENOIDS:Euglena,Peranema4. SLIME MOULDS:PhysaramyStemonitis,,Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
5. asana – Bridge Course 2012
KINGDOM FUNGI: (Characteristics) Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes Achlorophyllus heterotrophs Some are parasites (Puccinia),(Puccinia) saprophytes (Yeast,(YeastAgaricus), Symbionts (Parmelia in lichens) &associated in the roots of higher plants(mycorrhiza) The thalloid plant body is called mycelium Mycelium is made up of tubular thread likehyphaeVikasana – Bridge Course 2012
CellC ll wallll hhas chitin.hiti They reproduce by the following methods:‐ VegetativeVt ti (f(fragmentation,t tififission,ibudding)b ddi )‐ Asexual ( sporangiospores, conidia )‐ Sexual ( Plasmogamy & Karyogamy & meiosisresulting in the formation of haploid spores likeoospore,p, ascosporep& basidiospore)p)Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
MAJOR GROUPS OF KINGDOM FUNGI:1 PHYCOMYCETES: Mucor1.Rhizopus22. ASCOMYCETES (SAC FUNGI):PencilliumYeastVikasana – Bridge Course 2012
3. BASIDIOMYCETES (CLUB FUNGI):AgaricusgPuccinia4. DEUTEROMYCETES (FUNGI IMPERFECTI):CercosporaAlternariaVikasana – Bridge Course 2012
The following are not mentioned in theR. H. Whittaker five kingdom system ofclassification. PRIONS VIROIDS VIRUSES & LICHENSVikasana – Bridge Course 2012
PRIONS: These are intracellular, infectiousprotein particles that cause disease inanimals. They were discovered by StanleyPrusiner (1970).(1970)DISEASES: Scrapie in sheeps Kuru in Malaysian tribes CreutzfeldtCreutzfeldt‐JacobJacob disease (CJD) Bovine spongiform encephalopathyVikasana – Bridge Course 2012
VIROIDS: These are intracellular infectioussingle stranded RNA particles that causediseases in plants.They were discovered by T.OT O Diener (1971).(1971)DISEASES: Potato spindle tuber Citrus exocortis Cucumber pale fruit Tomato bunchy topVikasana – Bridge Course 2012
VIRUSES: These are intracellular,,infectious, poisonous nucleoproteinshavingg DNA or RNA as ggenetic material.These are obligate parasites that do nothave cellular structure. They werediscovered by Ivanowski (1892).Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Example:TMVHIVT4 bacteriophageDISEASES: Tobacco mosaic,mosaic bananabunchy top, rabies, brain fever & AIDSVikasana – Bridge Course 2012
LICHENS: These are symbiotic associationbetween algae & fungi. The algaecomponent is called phycobiont((autotrophic)hi ) & fungalfl component isi calledll dmycobiont (heterotrophic).Li hLichensare goodd pollutionll ti iindicators.di tExample:PParmelialiCl d iCladoniaVikasana – Bridge Course 2012
biological classification diver ityinthelivingworld biological 2.1 kingdom monera 222.2 kingdom protista 2.3 kingdom fungi 2.4 kingdom plantae 2.5 kingdom animalia 2.6 vir
Kingdom Monera contained the phylums Archaebacteria and Eubacteria. However due to new discoveries in biochemistry, DNA, etc. these phylums have been rearranged and a new level has been created above the Kingdom taxa called Domain. Kingdom Monera d
The six kingdoms of life are Eubacteria, Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia. _ 13. The kingdom Monera has been split into the kingdoms Eubacteria and Protista.
basis of several distinguishing characters. The organisms were divided into five kingdoms namely Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. The basis of classification for the organisms as per Whittaker are: y Complexity and organisation of cell structure: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
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classification has its own merits and demerits, but for the purpose of study the drugs are classified in the following different ways: Alphabetical classification Morphological classification Taxonomical classification Pharmacological classification Chemical classification
Biological Evolution and classification The student will demonstrate an understanding of the theory of biological evolution and the hierarchical classification of organisms. (B.7) Science concepts. The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for
Biology Syllabus Form 1- 4 Wyzed Media Ltd. Page 13 of 21 Downloaded from Wyzed Educational Consultants’ Website FORM 3 1. CLASSIFICATION 2 Principles of classification Survey of kingdoms: a) Monera b) Protoctista c) Fungi d) Plantae Divisions of kingdom Plantae: Bryophyta Pteridophyta Spermatophyta e) Animalia Phyla of Kingdom Animalia: i.
according to ASTM F 2213-06, ASTM F 2052-14 and ASTM F2119-07 Non-clinical testing of worst case scenario in a 3 T MRI system did not reveal any relevant torque or displace- ment of the construct for an experimentally measured local spatial gradient of the magnetic field of 5.4 T/m. The largest image artifact extended approximately 35 mm from the construct when scanned using the Gradient Echo .
