Investigating Human Trafficking Cases Using A Victim-centred Approach .

Investigating Human Trafficking Cases Using a Victim-centred Approach:A Trainer’s Manual on Combating Trafficking in Persons for Capacity-building of LawEnforcement Officers in Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago

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PREFACEThis Trainer’s Manual on Trafficking in Persons for Law Enforcement Officers was created as a result of the project“Strengthening the Institutional Capacity of Criminal Justice Actors in the Caribbean to Counter Trafficking in Persons Usinga Victim-centred Approach”, which was funded by the United States Department of State Office to Monitor and CombatTrafficking in Persons and implemented by the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The project aimed to positioncriminal justice officials in Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago to lead the fight against trafficking inpersons (TiP) using a victim-centred approach to: identify victims of trafficking; and investigate, prosecute and adjudicate TiPcases. To ensure sustainability of the project goal and training programmes, this Manual was conceptualized and developed tobe incorporated into the different training programmes of relevant stakeholders responsible for providing institutional trainingto law enforcement agencies.This Trainer’s Manual was therefore designed as a guide to trainers and migration experts on howto deliver a comprehensive, interactive, flexible and practical training on TiP to members of the law enforcement fraternity in,at minimum, the four benefitting countries of the J/TIP project.Grateful acknowledgement goes to several individuals whose invaluable contributions made it possible for this Trainer’s Manualto reach its present form. They are:Ms Keisha Livermore, Head of Office, IOM Mission in JamaicaContent contributor (all modules)Mrs Rukiya Brown, Programme Coordinator, IOM Mission in JamaicaContent contributor (all modules)Mrs Shanica James-Brown, Client Service Assistant, IOM Mission in JamaicaContent contributor(Modules 3 and 4)DSP Carl Berry, Head, Jamaica Constabulary Force Anti-Trafficking in Persons UnitContent contributor (Module 7)Working Group to Develop TiP Manual for Law Enforcement Officers1Content review and validationUnited States Department of State Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking inPersonsProject donorMuch of the information contained herein came from international best practices, and also reflects the specific context of theproject countries. As such, it is our hope that trainers and experts will find this Trainer’s Manual resourceful in their trainingprogrammes and the participants will be encouraged to interact. Each module is also supported by a separate PowerPointpresentation and all annexes/materials can be found on the flash drive accompanying this Manual.1Working Group members include Henrietta Black, Rodney Ellis, Marvin Hall, Alverna Inniss, Aisha Price, Tricia Hudlin-Cooper, Jerome Ramdular, Arlene Flores, IsmaelWestby, Bernita Lawrence, Paul Bolt, Sheron Hartley-Betancourt, Howard Palmer, Mollie Plummer, Aisha Price, Rilys Adams, Debra Baptist-Estrada, Dirk John,Farmala Jacobs, Maxine Lewis, Mario Arzu, Janelle Tillet, Osbourne Bailey, Kelly-Ann Boyne, Steve Vernon, Devon Watkiss, Dawn Hector, Janelle Sebastien andMauricia Joseph.i

TABLE OF CONTENTSPREFACE.iLIST OF ACRONYMS.ivMODULE 1: BASIC CONCEPTS.11.1. Definition.2Universal Declaration of Human Rights.2What Is Trafficking in Persons?.4Definition.41.2. Child Trafficking.6Understanding the Definition.61.3. Types of Exploitation.71.4. Trafficking versus Smuggling.8Migrant Smuggling.8Similarities and Differences.9Similarities.9Differences.91.5. Root Causes and Consequences.10Root Causes.10Consequences of Trafficking in Persons.101.6. Coercion and Control Mechanisms.11Debt Bonding.11Isolation Removal of Identity and/or Travel Document.12Isolation Linguistic and Social.12Use of Voilence and Fear.12Use and Threat of Reprisals against Victims’ Families.12Disorientation.121.7. Global Regional and National Trends.13Global Trends.13Regional and National Trends. 13MODULE 2: LEGAL FRAMEWORK.152.1. International Legal Instruments.16Other International Conventions.172.2. National Legislation.18Overview.19Maximum Penalties.19Legislative Rights of Victims of Trafficking.19Other Criminal Offences.19Key Terms.20MODULE 3: VICTIM IDENTIFICATION AND SCREENING.213.1. Victim Identification.223.2. Indicators.,.22Source and Transit Locations.24Destination Countries.26General Indicators.273.3. Special Considerations.28Gender Considerations.28Child Rights Considerations.293.4. Role of Immigration.31Surveillance.31Internal Control.,.32Screening and Reporting Suspected Cases.32Regularizing Immigration Status.32Participating in Prosecutorial Efforts.,.323.5. Screening Forms and Screening Interviews.33Pre-interview Assessment Indicators.33The PEACE Model for Screening Interviews.33ii

Planning and Preparation.34Engaging and ening Interviews for Minors.35Limitations of Screening.36MODULE 4: INTERVIEW VICTIMS.374.1. Pre-interview Assessment.384.2. Interview Preparation (P).38The Interview Team.39Interview Partners.394.3. Interview Techniques and Questions.39Engage and Explain (E).39Engagement Phase.39Account (A).40Account/Free Recall.40Questioning.40Closure (C).41Evaluation (E).414.4. Interviewing Child Victims.444.5. Using Interpreters.45MODULE 5: VICTIM PROTECTION AND VICTIM RIGHTS.465.1. Risk Assessment.47Categories of Victims at Risk.47Questions and Indicators.48Questions.48Indicators.48Voluntary Repatriation of Victims.495.2. Protection Measures for Victim-Witnesses.50Victim Rights.50Protection of Personal Safety.50Protection of Psychological Well-being.515.3. Supporting Victims during the Criminal Justice Process.51The Special Case of Children.525.4. Direct Assistance and Referrals.53Direct Assistance.53Referrals.545.5. The Role of Criminal Justice Practitioners.55Coordination between Law Enforcement and Prosecutors.55Steps for Effective Case Management.55Preparation and Presentation of Cases in the Court of Law.56MODULE 6: INVESTIGATION.576.1. Types and Sources of Intelligence.58Open-Source, Closed-Source and Classified Information.58Types and Sources of Evidence.586.2. Investigation Approaches.61Dual Investigation Approach.616.3. Evidence-gathering.62Evidence to Be Gathered.62Abuse of Power or a Position of Vulnerability.62Achilles Heel Rule.636.4. International Cooperation and Joint Investigation Teams.63United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.63Mutual Legal Assistance.64Joint Investigations.64United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children.64Informal Police-to-Police Cooperation.65Corruption.

Trafficking in persons a violation of human rights TiP is often termed a violation of human rights. Prior to reviewing the definition, it is important that the participants fully understand the concept of human rights, as a rights-based approach must be taken when dealing with victims of human trafficking.