Applied MFN Tariffs - World Trade Organization

WorldTariffProfiles2019Applied MFN tariffs0 22 44 66 88 1010 1515 2020 - max

About this publicationWorld Tariff Profiles is a co-publication of the WTO,ITC and UNCTAD on market access for goods.This annual publication provides comprehensiveinformation on the tariffs and non-tariff measuresimposed by over 170 countries and customsterritories. Non-WTO members are included ifdata on the tariffs they applied in 2018 or 2017are available in the databases of the WTO, ITCor UNCTAD.For more informationThe statistical tables included in thisreport can be downloaded from the WTOweb site at www.wto.org/statisticsThe map on the cover represents the latest available average MFN tariffs applied by countries/customs territories. These tariffs (in %) are groupedinto eight categories. Data are sourced from this publication (covering 2018 and 2017) and from previous publications if more recent data are notavailable. The boundaries shown on the map do not imply any judgment, official endorsement or acceptance by the WTO as to the legal status orfrontier of any territory.

General note and abbreviations I  SUMMARYTABLESContents2Introduction 3I. S ummary tables Tariff466Technical notes 7All products 8Agricultural products 14Non-agricultural products 20TradeII  COUNTRY/TERRITORYTARIFF PROFILESDescription of column headings 26Description of column headings 26Technical notes 27Imports and exports profile 2834Index of tariff profiles36Technical notes37Country/territory tariff profiles42III. Non-tariff measures 1. Introduction1901931942.1. Anti-dumping1942.2. Countervailing measures2042.3. Safeguards212IV. S pecial topic: Aligning trade and tariffpolicies with sustainable development IV  SPECIAL TOPIC2. Statistics on some selected non-tariff measuresAligning trade and tariff policies with sustainable developmentIII NON-TARIFF MEASURESII. C ountry/territory tariff profiles 218220References 221Technical Notes230231Table 1: Tariff and import profiles for goods related to selected SDGs232242A.  Data sources244B.  Frequently asked questions249AcknowledgementsWTO ITC UNCTADWorld Tariff Profiles 2019ANNEXESV. Annexes VDescription of column headings252Download the data:www.wto.org/statistics1

General note and abbreviationsAbbreviationsAVGAverageAGAgricultural productsAVEAd valorem equivalentHS Harmonized System(nomenclature)MaxMaximum dutyMFNMost favoured nationNAVNon-ad valorem dutyNon-AGNon agricultural productsSSGSpecial safeguardsTLTariff lineUVUnit valueNotations–Not applicable0 0 (not rounded)0.0 0 and 0.05100 100 (not rounded)100.0 99.95 and 100Blank Bound or appliedduties and/or importsare not availableat all for a givencountry or territory.Italics Maxima, based on AVEestimates are printed initalics; this also appliesin cases when thead valorem is part ofa compound or mixedduty as ceiling or floor.US 2United States dollarDownload the data:www.wto.org/statisticsThe statistics related to applied tariffsand imports are calculated usingdata which are based on the HSnomenclature adopted by the countryfor the reference year. For statisticson bound tariffs, the calculations arebased on the approved schedule ofconcessions of the WTO member.In previous issues of World TariffProfiles, each schedule is based onthe HS version which the memberused when it acceded to the WTO.Starting with the 2010 issue of thispublication, bound tariff statisticsare based on the approved scheduleof concessions for each memberin the most recent HS version. Thismight have some implications on thehistorical series of various boundtariff indicators affected by the useof a different nomenclature. Whilethe member’s commitments have notchanged as a result of the transposition,some aggregate statistics might havebeen affected as a consequence ofthe change to another HS version.The classification of products intoagricultural and non-agriculturalis based on Annex 1 of the WTOAgreement on Agriculture which listsall products covered in the Agreement.The Annex enumerates HS codesthat are subject to the agriculturenegotiations in the WTO and areconsidered agricultural products.HS codes which are not in Annex 1are subject to the non-agriculturalmarket access negotiations and areconsidered non-agricultural products.In the comparison of bound and appliedduties within countries and acrosscountries, the following caveats need tobe taken into account besides that of theeffects of different HS versions used andnomenclature breakdowns. These are:(1) binding coverage; (2) tariff bindingsnot fully implemented; and (3) AVEs. While binding commitments coverall agricultural products, in principle,this is not always the case fornon-agricultural goods. There are anumber of WTO members where thebinding coverage for non-agriculturalproducts is less – and sometimesmuch less – than 100 per cent. Also,a number of developed countrieshave not yet fully bound all thetariff lines in their schedules. Anycomparison of bound and appliedtariff indicators is only valid in casesof full binding coverage. For most WTO members, exceptthe most recently acceded ones,all commitments dating back tothe Uruguay Round have by nowbeen implemented. In caseswhere commitments are not yetfully implemented, one may seeMFN applied averages or maximaexceeding the corresponding boundduty indicators. Last but not least, the calculationof AVEs may affect the comparisonbetween bound and applied dutieswhen the changes in nomenclaturehave resulted in the use of differentunit values. In other cases, boundduties have been expressed in away that is not directly comparablewith the currently used appliedduties. In a number of cases, theestimated MFN applied AVEs wereadjusted when the correspondingbound tariff lines were defined inad valorem terms. In these cases,the corresponding bound ad valoremduty was used as ceiling for theAVE estimate.WTO ITC UNCTADWorld Tariff Profiles 2019

IntroductionWTOThe World Trade Organization (WTO) isthe only global international organizationdealing with the rules of trade betweennations. At its heart are the WTOagreements, negotiated and signed bythe bulk of the world’s trading nations andratified in their parliaments. The goal isto help producers of goods and services,exporters, and importers conduct theirbusiness. The WTO’s main function isto ensure that trade flows as smoothly,predictably and freely as possible. It doesthis by administering trade agreements,acting as a forum for trade negotiations,settling trade disputes, reviewingnational trade policies, assistingdeveloping countries in trade policyissues through technical assistance andtraining programmes and cooperatingwith other international organizations.ITCThe International Trade Centre (ITC)is the joint agency of the World TradeOrganization and the United Nations. ITCenables small business export successin developing countries by providing,with partners, sustainable and inclusivetrade development solutions to the privatesector, trade support institutions andpolicymakers. ITC’s strategic objectivesare to strengthen the internationalcompetitiveness of enterprises, todevelop the capacity of trade serviceproviders to support businesses, and tosupport policymakers in integrating thebusiness sector into the global economy.UNCTADEstablished in 1964, the UnitedNations Conference on Trade andDevelopment (UNCTAD) promotesthe development-friendly integrationof developing countries into the worldeconomy. UNCTAD has progressivelyevolved into an authoritative knowledgebased institution whose work aimsto help shape current policy debatesand thinking on development, witha particular focus on ensuring thatdomestic policies and internationalaction are mutually supportive in bringingabout sustainable development.WTO ITC UNCTADWorld Tariff Profiles 2019The World Tariff Profiles is a jointpublication of the WTO, ITC andUNCTAD devoted to market accessfor goods. This statistical yearbookcontains a comprehensive compilationof the main tariff parameters for eachof the 164 WTO members plus othercountries and customs territorieswhere data is available. Each tariffprofile presents information on tariffsimposed by each economy on itsimports complemented with an analysisof the market access conditions itfaces in its major export markets.Statistics for all countries and territoriesare given in standardized tables whichallow easy comparisons betweencountries/territories, between sectorsand, specifically for WTO members,between bound and applied tariffsas well. The calculations are basedon national tariff schedules andimports in conformity with a standardHarmonized System (HS) nomenclatureversion. To the extent possible, advalorem equivalents (AVEs) of nonad valorem tariffs are estimated andare included in the estimation of tariffindicators. Nonetheless, certain caveatsapply in the interpretation of theseindicators and the reader is advisedto read the methodological notesthat precede the statistical tables.The publication is presented in five mainparts. The first part shows summarytariff statistics for all countries andterritories for all products, as wellas a breakdown into agricultural andnon-agricultural products. The secondpart shows for each of these countriesand territories one full page withdisaggregation by sectors and dutyranges. It also contains a section onthe market access conditions faced intheir respective major export markets.A new third part has been addedto this edition to cover informationon non-tariff measures which are ofincreasing importance in internationaltrade. The fourth part contains thespecial topic which presents a newsubject in each edition. The annexesare in part five and include the datasources and the compilation of“Frequently Asked Questions”.The summary tariff tables inthe first part are designed to allowcross-country comparison as wellas comparison of the levels of boundand applied duties. Apart from thestandard indicators like tariff averages,maxima, percentage of duty-freetariff lines, peaks and non-ad valoremduties, it also contains indicators oftariff dispersion such as the numberof distinct duties and the coefficientof variation. The calculation ofthese indicators is based, whereapplicable, on a pre-aggregationto HS six-digit subheadings, whichleads to a standardization acrosscountries and thus makes thecomparisons more compatible.Similarly, the summary trade tableshowing the imports and exports profilefacilitates the comparison of selectedindicators among the economieslisted. The statistics are presentedby agricultural and non-agriculturalsector as well as for the total economy.The indicators related to the exportsprofile are based on mirror datareported by the importing economy.The tariff profiles tables are dividedinto two blocks covering (A) thedomestic market access protectionand (B) the protection faced in themajor export markets. In part A,information on bound and appliedduties is shown by duty ranges andby sectors. Information for agriculturaland non-agricultural duties is shownseparately. In addition, there areindicators on the occurrence of specialsafeguards and on tariff quotas. Inpart B, the trade diversification andmarket access conditions in the fivemajor export markets are depicted,broken down into agricultural andnon-agricultural products.The third part contains the summarytables on anti-dumping actions,countervailing duties and safeguardmeasures. The new special topicpresented on the fourth part is entitled“Aligning trade and tariff policieswith sustainable development”.Download the data:www.wto.org/statistics3

I. S ummary tables4

TariffDescription of column headings6Technical notes7All products8Agricultural products14Non-agricultural products20TradeDescription of column headings26Technical notes27Imports and Exports profile285