The Importance Of Silo Management And Aerobic Stability Of . - ICBA
The Importance of Silo Management and AerobicStability of Silages/TMRLimin Kung, Jr. (lksilage@udel.edu)Dairy Nutrition & Silage Fermentation LabDepartment of Animal & Food SciencesCooperative ExtensionUniversity of Delaware, Newark
Presentation Topics Definition of “aerobic stability”Silage fermentation and goalsYeasts in silages and aerobic stabilityUndesirable effects of feeding spoilingsilage to ruminants Methods to maximize aerobic stability
Definition of “Aerobic Stability” The amount of time that a silage or TMR with silageremains “fresh” and unspoiled after exposure to air Aerobic stability can be measured in a variety of ways The simplest and most widely used method is tomeasure the the increase in silage temperatureincreases (indicates spoilage) when exposed to 8.75270281.25292.5303.75315Temperature ( C)40Length of aerobic exposure (h)
Importance of “Aerobic Stability” Unstable or spoiling silages cause:– Loss of DM and energy– Poor animal performance decreased intake decreased production various health issues
Dry Matter Losses From Good and PoorSilo ManagementLosses FromGood ManagementPoor 0%Seepage0-1%5-10%Aerobic instability5-7%10-20%10-15%20-30%during storage/feedingTotal
The Goals of Making SilageFront-endBack-endRapid preservation of high qualityforage for maximum recovery ofnutrientsContinued preservation of nutrientsand excellent “aerobic stability” duringstorage and feedout
Silage Quality at Feedout is a Resultof:1) The quality you start with at harvest2) How you manage the forage duringensiling, storage, and feedout
Starting Right vs. Starting WrongAlfalfa -Right35-40 NDF35-42%DMWrong 50% bloom, 50% NDF 30% DM, 50% DMGrasses,Sm grains, etc.boot30-35%DM headed out 30% DM, 40% DMCorn silage 35% DM 30% DM, 40% DM(Values may vary based on individual farm conditions, needs and targetanimals)
Help With Silage Avoid soil contaminationMinimize wilting timeMaximize dry down hours during daylightWilt to proper DM, avoid excessive DMUse a proven additiveFollow best silo management practices
Consequences of Extreme DM on Grassand Alfalfa SilagesToo WetToo Dry--Wild acetic fermentationsClostridial fermentationsLow intakesSeepageOnce you havethese issues thereis not much youcan do tofix them!Hard to packHeats rapidlyLow intakesHeat damaged protein
What are the Keys to a Successful SilageFermentation? Fast pH drop Low pH Keeping air out of the forage/silage mass
Microbes at work in silage – silagemaking is like a war – good bugs must win! “Good bugs”– Lactic acid bacteria heterofermentative homofermentative
Ideal Fermentation and Good Storage ConditionsFermentation phaseNo AirsugarsStorage and Feedout PhasesNo AirStable, high qualitylactic acidacetic acidpHDays of EnsilingTemperature
Air is the Worst Enemy of Silage Delays fermentation, encourages growth of yeasts Uses nutrients During storage and feed out– Stimulates growth of spoilage microbes– Reduces aerobic stability– Resulting in nutrient and DM losses
Excess Air at the Start of FermentationFront end fermentationExcess AirsugarsBack end storageNo AirForage quality compromisedProtein maybe heat damagedpHlactic acidacetic acidDays of Ensiling
Microbes at work in silage – silagemaking is like a war – good bugs must win! “Bad bugs”– Aerobic bacteria– Yeasts– Molds– Clostridia– Enterobacteria
Metabolism of 2 Major Categories of WildYeasts in Silage that are Undesirable Anaerobic conditions – 1. Fermenting yeasts convertsugars to ethanol, CO2, and H20Result: Large loss of dry matter Aerobic conditions – 2. Lactating utilizing yeasts(primary initiators of aerobic spoilage) oxidize lacticacid to CO2 and H20Result: Spoilage - loss of matter and energy
C. rugosa100K. exiguaC. humilisDistribution of Species (%)80R. mucilaginosaDiversity of Yeastsin SilagesP.membranifaciensP. deserticola60Corn silageP. manshuricaK. unispora40K. barnettiiS. bulderi20P. fermentans(Santos et al., 2011)C. ethanolicaS. cerevisiae 1000I. orientalisS. dairenensisSamples identificationP. sporocuriosa80-Several predominantspecies- Species variable byfeed and farmDistribution of species (%)S. paradoxusR. mucilaginosa60S. cariocusHMC40P. membranifaciensN. castelliiP. manshuricaK. unisporaS. bulderi20P. fermentansS. cerevisiae0I. orientalisSample identificationP. anomala
Potential Negative Effects of Yeasts inSilages and TMR Heating silage in the silo and feed bunk(reduced aerobic stability) Reduced intakes Acidosis like conditions Milk production and fat depressions
It is a misconception that “molds” causeaerobic instability
Excess Air During Storage or FeedoutFermentation phaseNo airsugarsStorage and Feedout PhasesExposure to AirHeating Spoilagelactic acidWhy does thishappen?acetic acidpHDays of EnsilingTemperatureLoss of DM andEnergy
Aerobically Spoiling Silage Becomes Very Hot– Loss of DM and Energyo69 C Lallemand Animal Nutrition Lallemand Animal Nutrition Lallemand Animal Nutrition
The “Domino Effect” of Air and Wild Yeast onSpoilage in SilagesSilage is exposed to airYeasts ‘wake up’ and degrade lactic acidNumbers of yeasts increaseHighly degradable nutrients are destroyedHeat is producedpH increasesMolds/bacteria ‘wake up’ causingfurther spoilageMore heatingMassive spoilage
Changes in Yeasts, pH and Temperature ofAerobically Spoiling High Moisture Corn1 - Yeasts increase2 - Temp increases3 – pH 5050100150Hours of Exposure to Air200Temperature (C)Yeasts (log cfu/g), pH10250Kung et al., University of Delaware
How do initial populations of yeastsaffect time to spoilage?Spoilage OccursHereStarting hiStarting low12 hTime to Spoilage60 h
Theoretical Growth of Yeasts if DoublingTime 1-2 h 1.6 millioncfu/g100000001000000100000# of Yeasts1000010001001010246810Hours of Growth1214
The Negative Relationship Between Numberof Yeasts and Aerobic Stability
Distribution of Yeast Counts in Corn SilageCVASN 736Ave. 15,241,867St. Dev. 72,937,85435%Percent of samples30%25%20%15%10%5%0%CFU, gram
Effects of Feeding AerobicallySpoiled Silage on the Animal
Feeding Spoiled TMR with MoldsDecreases Milk Productionlbs/dYieldMilkkg/dMilk,- Hoffman et al 1995- Moldy HMC fed to lactating cows for 14 d- Fed to Lactating Cows 14 d72327170693168676630652R2 0.6346Mold log 10 cfu810
Feeding Aerobically Spoiled Silages DepressesIntakes and Reduces Digestion in Steers-Spoiled Silage*, % of DMItem05.410.716DMI, kg/d7.987.397.006.67NDF dig., %63.256.052.552.3* “crust layer” from bunker silo.Whitlock and Bolsen, 2001 KSU
The Effect of Feeding a Spoiling TMRto Heifers Treatments:– Fresh TMR– Spoiling TMR: Fresh TMR was placed in bins(with holes) in a heated room for 2 – 5 d priorto feeding.– When the spoiled TMR was fed to heifers, it wasbetween 90 – 1300F2013 Windle and Kung
Fermentation Analysis and Numbers ofYeasts in TMRs Fed to HeifersItemSpoilingTMR5.171.852.59P-ValuepHWSC, %Lactic acid, %FreshTMR4.162.464.17Acetic acid, %0.970.64 0.01Ethanol, %5.826.07 0.01Yeasts, log10 cfu/g5.037.82 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.012013 Windle and Kung107,151 yeasts/g66,069,345 yeasts/g
Numbers of Yeasts in Rumen Fluid Different fromFresh TMR, P 0.01Yeasts, log (cfu/ml)8(7.39)76(5.62)54Fresh TMRSpoiled TMRTreatment2013 Windle and Kung
Dry Matter Intake of Heifers FedFresh vs. Aerobically Spoiling TMR2013 Windle and KungDry Matter Intake, kg/d1211.511 Different fromFresh TMR, P 0.0110.5109.5Unspoiled TMRSpoiled TMR
Correlation Between Change in Corn SilageTemperature From Aerobic Spoilage and DMI inGoats R -0.85 P 0.0001Gerlach et al. 2013
Wild Yeasts Can Cause Spoilage of the TMR Aerobic Instability of TMR on Farms in the Northeast USADuring the Summer8765Number of4Farms3210Year 1Year 2 12 h 24 h 24 hStability of TMR, hMorges and Kung, 2005
Check the Aerobic Stability of Your Total MixedRationKung 2008Kung 2008
Indications of Aerobic Spoilage in TMR andSilages 35-37 C in “cured”silageReheating in the feedbunkLack of sharp acid orsweet smellMusty moldy smellVisible signs of molds
How Do We Minimize “Wild Yeasts” inSilages? Ensile forages at optimum DM Excellent silo management -Keep the silage massaway from air Drier silages are more prone to result in higher yeastsHigh pack density, good plastic, weights, feed outrate, facers, etc.Use an additive designed to minimize yeasts
Silo Filling Fill quickly, but not too quickly Pack tightly- 220-240 kg DM/m3 15-20 cm layers Have sufficient pack tractor wt.
If You Chop It, You Must Pack It Chopped forages are still respiring Do not leave chopped forage in wagons or pilesovernight 6-8 hr of sitting will cause a massive loss offermentable sugars Leaving chopped unpacked silage in a wagon, orpile overnight is a great way for silage to goclostridial, especially with alfalfa and grasses
Delayed Filling Increases Yeasts and Moldson Corn 100,000410,0000Hirsch and Kung, 1999612Hours of Delay Before Filling24
Keep the Air Out at the Edges and Seams
Insufficient Numbers of Tires
Silo Face Management Silage removal dependent onmany factors-minimum 15-30 cm/day-more in hot weather- more if drier/poorly packed Keep face clean, minimize facedamage Knock down only enough silageto feed that day Remove only enough plastic forthe feeding
This Silo Had Too Much Plastic RemovedBefore Feeding.Pull Back Plastic Only to the AmountOf Silage Removed for the Day.
Kung 2005Spoilage layer2 layersWhy double plastic and tireswas still a problem:- Not enough tire weight- Poor packing density
Cover and Seal Silos ImmediatelyOxygen BarrierPlastics?
Keep Plastic Down at the Feeding FaceAIRAIRKung 2008Kung 2008
-Too Many “Faces”-Silos with faces that are too LargeKung 2004Kung 2004
Excellent Silo Management is Needed to MaintainHigh Quality Silage
Use Extreme Caution Around LargeSilos!!!!
Specific Challenges - Silage Moved toShort-Term Feeding Piles Stability is dependent on the status of the crop Wetter crops usually are more stableSilage could be treated with additive to improvestabilityStability worse in warmer weatherDepending on size of the pile Minimize size of the pile and time it lies before useDrive over to “repack”Cover with tarp or plastic
What Additives Can we Use to ControlYeasts and Improve Aerobic Stability? Silages– Inoculants (e.g., containing L. buchneri)– Addition of antifungal chemicals Acetic acidPropionic acidSodium benzoatePotassium sorbateEtc. TMR savers– Addition of antifungal chemicals
Microbial Inoculants Can Improve SilageFermentation and Aerobic Stability Help at the Front – Homolactic acid bacteria– Faster fermentation– Reduce clostridia– Improved DM/energy recovery (animal performance) Help at the Back – Lactobacillus buchneri– Improved aerobic stability– Fresher feed– Less spoiling– Better long term DM recovery Dual purpose – Combination of the above
Effect of an Inoculant on the Drop ofAlfalfa Silage pH6.56UntreatedpH 5.55Treated4.54025Days of Ensiling7Mellinger et al., 2021
Improvement in Aerobic Stability of CornSilage with an Inoculant*Untreated*L. buchneri L. hilgardiiNair et al., 2020
Effect of a Chemical Additive* on theAerobic Stability of Corn Silage*Sodium benzoate,potassium sorbate,sodium nitriteKung et al., 2018
Distribution of Additives on the ForageMass is Crucial For Effectiveness Less than optimum Manual application "Shower" methodsIs anyone checkinguse throughoutthe day?
Keep Water in Inoculant Tanks Below 39-40oCTemp of Water in Tank40 C----- 30 C---------------------------- 9counts, in log cfu/ml8.58A7.5B7C6.5D6A drop of 0.5 log makesthe inoculant ineffective5.55EF4.54051015tim e, in hours2025
What Can You Do to Minimize the Effects ofAerobic Stability in a Total Mixed Ration in theFeedbunk? Remove sufficient silage from the silo to preventspoilage Do not mix spoiled silage with other feeds Mix and feed the TMR 2 to 3 times a day Mix only enough TMR to feed immediately If you must mix the TMR ahead of time, do so atnight when it is cooler Use a TMR preservative to reduce spoilage
Effects of Adding a Stabilizer on the AerobicStability of a Total Mixed Ration50Ambient450kg per ton1kg per tonTemp (C)402kg per ton354kg per ton3025Kung et al., 20062000100015200030300045Time (min)400060Hours of Aerobic Exposure5000
Experiment Using Fresh and SpoilingCorn Silage Used to Make a TMRItemDM, %pHYeasts,cfu/gMolds, Aerobiccfu/g Stability,hoursFresh corn silage463.853.633.87138Spoiling cornsilage406.577.957.990Steele et al., 2018 University of Delaware
Mixing As Little as 10% Spoiling Silage into a TMRCan Destabilize it – Heating Peaks of TMRoC524740% Spoiled Silage30% Spoiled Silage20% Spoiled Silage4210% Spoiled Silage100% Fresh Silage373227Hours of Exposure to AirSteele et al., 2018 University of Delaware
Take Home MessageStart with high quality forage from the fieldFollow best silo management practicesUse a research proven additiveFollow best silo feed out practices
Aerobic stability can be measured in a variety of ways The simplest and most widely used method is to measure the the increase in silage temperature increases (indicates spoilage) when exposed to air 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0 5 5 5 45 5 5 5 90 5 2.5 5 5 5 7.5 5 0 1.25 2.5 5 5 5 7.5 5 0 5 2.5 5 5 ( C) Length of aerobic exposure (h) Ambient .
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* O/A Silo height is based on the 800mm clearance under the cone, for silos with the 1300mm clearance, add 500mm to the overall silo height. ** Silo capacity indicated is the true volume of the entire shell of the silo. Please allow extra capacity in the silo you chose to allow for: a) Variations in product density due to aeration of product
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impact on the silo technology related to the storage and retrieval of pow dered mineral bulk products. In the pictures on the right the diffe-rent steps of a silo building are shown, i.e. from the start of buil-ding the silo to its completion and its start-up. Aeration section and silo outlet Central cone silo after feeding Emptying degree 99%
gear. Once in position the Collinson engineer will secure the silo to the base, when completed the silo is ready for your use. 2.4 Materials The silo has been designed to store free flowing materials less than 750 kg/m³ in density. The capacity stated for your model of silo is the true volume of the silo. To accommodate free space
