Botswana Environment Statistics Water And Climate Digest 2017
BOTSWANA ENVIRONMENT STATISTICSWATER AND CLIMATE DIGEST 2017Statistics Botswana. Private Bag 0024 Gaborone BotswanaTel: ( 267) 367 1300. Toll Free: 0800 600 200 Fax: ( 267) 395 2201. Email: info@statsbots.org.bw Website: www.statsbots.org.bw1.Botswana Environment Statistics Water & Climate Digest 2017
Published byStatistics BotswanaPrivate Bag 0024, Gaborone.Botswana Environment Statistics Water & Climate Digest 2017Toll Free Number: 0800600200Tel: ( 267) 367 1300 Fax: ( 267) 395 2201E-mail: info@statsbots.org.bwWebsite: http://www.statsbots.org.bwCopyright Reserved 2017ISBN: 978-99968-418-3-5Extracts may be published ifSources are duly acknowledged2.Botswana Environment Statistics Water & Climate Digest 20173.Botswana Environment Statistics Water & Climate Digest 2017
PrefaceContentsThis is Statistics Botswana’s annual Botswana Environment Statistics: Water and Climate Digest. The purpose ofthe Digest is to provide data for use by decision-makers in water management and development as well asfor monitoring trends related to TER9Dam Levels9Dry and wet season dam levels percentage change11Water production12Water Production by settlements12Water Production by management centers16Water Consumption18Non-Revenue water20Water to .2.3.3.CLIMATE24Rainfall24Monthly total rainfall25Total annual rainfall27Temperature28Daily Temperature extremes29Wind speed and direction30Wind speed Monthly Averages30Wind speed Daily Averages31Wind direction31The indicators in this report cover data on dam levels, water production, billed water consumption, nonrevenue water, water supplied to mines, rainfall, temperature and wind speed and direction.In compiling this report, international standards and guidelines were followed, particularly the United NationsFramework for the Development of Environment Statistics (UNFDES) and the United Nations InternationalRecommendations for Water Statistics. Eventually, the data collected through these methodologies will feedinto the UN System of Environmental Economic Accounting (SEEA) for water and hence facilitate an informedmanagement of water resources. This data will also facilitate the tracking of some of the indicators of theSustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and of the National Development Plan’s performance monitoringsystems.I would like to extend my gratitude and appreciation to all stakeholders who assisted in the production of thisdigest, in particular the Water Utilities Corporation, the Department of Water Affairs and the Department ofMeteorological Services for availing the water and climate data as required.For more information and further enquiries, contact the Directorate of Stakeholder Relations at 3671300. AllStatistics Botswana outputs/publications are available on the website at www.statsbots.org.bw and at theStatistics Botswana Library (Head-Office, Gaborone).-------------------------------Burton Mguni (Dr)Statistician GeneralJuly 20184.Botswana Environment Statistics Water & Climate Digest 20175.Botswana Environment Statistics Water & Climate Digest 2017
List of TablesEXECUTIVE SUMMARYTable 1.1: Dam Capacities9Table 1.2: Percentage dam levels 2015 - 201710Table 1.3: List of water management centres (MCs)12Table 1.4: Monthly water production for selected settlements (Kilolitres)13Table 1.5: Change in total annual water production for urban settlements14Table 1.6: Southern water production by Management Centres 2016/1716Table 1.7: Northern water production by Management Centres 2016/1716Table 1.8: Total production 2015/16 - 2016/17 (Kilolitres)17Table 1.9: Southern billed water consumption by management centres (kilolitres)18Table 1.10: Northern billed water consumption by management centres (kilolitres)19Table 1.11: Total billed water consumption 2015/16 and 2016/17 (kilolitres)20Table 1.12: Non revenue water (NRW) 2016/1721Table 1.13: Raw water supply to mines 2015/16 and 2016/17 (kilolitres)22Table 2.1: List of synoptic stations used24Table 2.2: List of rainfall stations used24Table 2.3: Monthly total rainfall 2015/16 and 2016/17 (Millimetres)25Table 2.4: Monthly total rainfall 2015/16 and 2016/17 (Millimetres)26Table 2.5: Total annual rainfall by location 2015/16 and 2016/1727Table 2.6: Mean monthly minimum temperatures 2016/1728Table 2.7: Mean monthly maximum temperatures 2016/1729Table 2.8: Daily Temperature extremes during the meteorological year 2016/17.29Table 2.9: Monthly average wind speeds 2016/1730Table 2.10: Maximum recorded daily average wind speeds by month31Table 2.11: Dominant wind direction by number of days and location 2016/1732This annual report looks at water and climate statistics, based on the indicators of dam levels, water productionand billed water consumption, rainfall, temperatures, wind speed and wind direction. The report covers thefinancial year March 2016 to April 2017 and the meteorological year July 2016 to June 2017.List of FiguresFigure 1.1: Percentage change in dam levels by wet and dry seasonFigure 1.2: Average monthly water production for selected settlements 2016/17 (Kilolitres)Figure 1.3: Water production for selected settlements (2016/17 and 2014/15)Figure 1.4: WUC potable water to minesFigure 2.1: Dominant wind direction by location1114152332Dam levelsBotswana has nine dams from which surface water is sourced. The year 2017 recorded higher dam levels thanthe preceding year 2016. Gaborone dam had the highest percentage gains during the year 2017.Water ProductionThe cities of Gaborone and Francistown continue to have the highest water production. The two cities alsorecorded increased water production in the year 2016/17. Southern MCs have higher water production thanthe northern MCs. Southern MCs recorded an increase in water production while northern MCs recorded adecrease. The country’s overall water production decreased in 2016/17.Billed Water ConsumptionGaborone, Francistown and Selebi Phikwe MCs continued to have the highest billed water consumptioncompared to the rest. Total billed water consumption was more in 2016/17 than in 2015/16 for both thesouthern and northern MCs.Non-revenue waterNon-revenue water was highest in Lobatse for the southern MCs and highest in Maun for the northern MCs.Southern MCs continued to have higher non-revenue water than the northern MCs.Water supplied to mines2016/17 saw a major fall in the water supplied to the copper-nickel mines Tati Nickel and BCL due to themine shut downs. Mupane and Morupule Colliery mines thus recorded the highest water supplied to themrespectively, and had increased water supplied, including Botash mine.RainfallThere are various rainfall stations around the country. Only those with full monthly data for 2014/15 are usedfor total annual rainfall. More total rainfall was recorded in 2016/17 than in 2015/16. The highest total rainfallrecorded for a station during the 2016/17 is that of Goodhope at 590.1 mm, most of which fell during themonth of February.TemperaturesThe lowest mean monthly minimum temperature recorded during the 2016/17 meteorological year was 1.3oCfor Werda in July 2016 and highest mean monthly maximum temperature was 38.5oC for Shakawe in October2016. The lowest temperature recorded during the 2016/17 meteorological year was -7.98oC for Werda, onthe 26th of July 2016 and the highest temperature recorded was 44.2oC for Tsabong on the 29th of October2016.Wind Speed and DirectionWind speed and direction data is used for the meteorological year 2016/17, from ten (10) locations across thecountry. The locations are Ghanzi, Shakawe, Mahalapye, Tshane, Sua Pan, Tsabong, Werda, Pandamatenga,Lephephe and Goodhope.6.Botswana Environment Statistics Water & Climate Digest 20177.Botswana Environment Statistics Water & Climate Digest 2017
The highest monthly average wind speed recorded was for Goodhope at 3.9 m/s, while the lowest was 1.1m/s for Shakawe. Average monthly wind speed ranged between a light air and a gentle breeze. Goodhoperecorded the highest wind speeds for most of the meteorological year 2016/2017.The most predominant wind direction was north easterly winds at Mahalapye on 34 percent of the year’s 334daily recordings, and easterly winds at Pandamatenga on 33 percent of the year’s 365 daily recordings. Formost of the stations considered the winds were predominantly from the easterly directions.1.WATER1.1.Dam LevelsBotswana has nine dams from which surface water is sourced, namely Gaborone, Nnywane, Bokaa, Letsibogo,Shashe, Ntimbale, Thune, Lotsane and the Dikgathong dams. Botswana also imports water from Molatedidam in the Republic of South Africa.Table 1.1: Dam CapacitiesDamCapacity (Mm3)Dikgathong400.0Molatedi (Republic of South Africa)201.0Gaborone .0Ntimbale26.6Bokaa Dam18.5Nnywane2.3Source: Statistics BotswanaNote: Molatedi dam is in South Africa and provides imported water to BotswanaThe dam capacities are indicated above in Table 1.1. Dikgathong dam is the country’s largest dam bycapacity at 400 million cubic metres (Mm3) while Nnywane is the smallest at 2.3 million cubic meters.Dam levels are determined by rainfall in the catchment areas as well as inflows and outflows of water intoand out of the dams. Evaporation rates are also a determinant of the dam levels.This report looks at dam level trends for the 2015, 2016 and 2017 years. Table 1.2 below shows the percentagedam levels for the three (3) years. The year 2015 had the lowest dam levels on average. 2017 had the highestdam levels followed by 2016. For all the three (3) years the dam levels peaked during the February to Aprilperiod.8.Botswana Environment Statistics Water & Climate Digest 20179.Botswana Environment Statistics Water & Climate Digest 2017
1.1.1. Dry and wet season dam levels percentage changeTable 1.2: Percentage dam levels 2015 - ShasheNtimbaleThuneLotsaneDikgathongMolatediJan 15th4.793.220.569.983.789.647.773.488.018.0Feb 17th4.294.221.269.095.895.047.275.088.815.2Mar 9th3.488.418.465.293.992.046.872.287.415.2Apr 15th2.785.615.558.392.697.945.570.085.613.4May 15th2.279.511.955.793.995.944.367.484.112.5Jun 15th1.773.38.253.195.193.943.164.882.511.5Jul 17th1.666.72.449.291.589.841.561.380.910.2Aug 26th1.560.52.046.387.989.343.059.979.48.9Sep 22nd1.456.22.043.885.186.339.158.378.38.4Oct 6th1.453.42.043.383.285.339.157.477.67.6Nov 13th1.146.22.038.379.683.637.651.774.55.2Dec 14th1.365.345.836.476.581.00.00.072.55.0Jan 18th1.7100.051.735.683.882.736.546.570.47.3Feb 15th1.793.349.436.580.791.037.044.470.07.0Mar 17th9.0102.673.568.7100.8101.637.398.088.08.9Apr 20th18.894.699.075.998.197.839.996.997.939.3May 19th18.688.291.572.995.495.437.093.295.936.0Jun 6th17.280.188.571.193.793.837.091.094.535.0Jul 21st16.177.382.567.989.490.636.287.892.133.7Aug 8th15.574.180.066.087.288.0--91.0-Sep 12th14.468.075.763.383.688.5---29.7Oct 10th13.261.571.460.680.587.0----Nov 18th13.754.071.857.377.879.829.991.584.224.7Dec 8th14.674.599.856.376.378.729.992.683.224.9Jan Feb 6Mar Apr 12th97.091.995.897.297.799.085.496.499.364.4May 15th94.791.990.895.094.392.780.994.296.961.9Jun 15th91.691.985.192.491.195.580.589.195.159.0Jul 19th89.691.280.589.687.291.878.488.893.257.2Aug 15th87.789.475.488.084.590.676.086.191.854.9Sep 15th85.786.570.085.481.585.174.882.989.752.5Oct 16th83.779.064.983.879.382.972.981.388.249.7Nov 15th80.773.958.480.876.880.272.177.586.146.4Dec na’s wet season is from October to March, while the dry season is from April to September. The mainrecharge in dams is inflow from streams and rivers that are seasonal. Figure 1.1 below shows the wet and dryseasonal changes in the dam levels for 2015/16 and the 2016/17 meteorological years. Bokaa, Gaboroneand Molatedi dams are relatively small capacity dams that serve high populations, and therefore tend tohave the highest fluctuations in their levels.Figure 1.1: Percentage change in dam levels by wet and dry seasonNB. (-) Dashes show no dataSource: Water Utilities Corporation10.Botswana Environment Statistics Water & Climate Digest 201711.Botswana Environment Statistics Water & Climate Digest 2017
3Lobatse4Mochudi5Kanye6Tsabong7Ghanzi8Selibe ane14Masunga15Francistown16Maun1.2.1. Water Production by settlementsTable 1.4 below shows monthly water production for selected settlements for the year 2016/17. The morepopulated capital and second city, Gaborone and Francistown had the highest water production to supplythe populations and weng16-JulGaboroneKanye16-AugNorthern regionManagement Centre1Molepolole16-SepSouthern regionSerowe16-OctRegionLobatse16-NovTable 1.3: List of water management centres (MCs)Phikwe16-DecWater Utilities Corporation (WUC) is responsible for water production in Botswana. There are sixteen (16)management centres throughout the country through which WUC provides portable water. The managementcentres treat and provide water sourced from both surface and groundwater. The WUC managementcentres in the country are shown in Table 1.3.Mogoditshane17-JanWater productionF/town17-Feb1.2.Gaborone17-MarDuring the 2016-17 wet season Gaborone dam had the highest gains, followed by South Africa’s Molatedidam. During the 2017 dry season Bokaa dam had the highest percentage loss in its level.Table 1.4: Monthly water production for selected settlements (Kilolitres)TotalBokaa dam gained and remained with the highest change in levels during the 2015-16 wet season, followedby Nnywane and Lotsane dams. During the 2016 dry season, Nnywane dam had the highest percentage lossin its level, followed by Bokaa dam.NB. (-) Dashes show no dataSource: Water Utilities Corporation12.Botswana Environment Statistics Water & Climate Digest 201713.Botswana Environment Statistics Water & Climate Digest 2017
In comparing the two years 2014/15 and 2016/17, indications are that water production increased forGaborone and Francistown, the capital and second cities, while Jwaneng, Sowa, Selibe Phikwe and Lobatseall had lower water production. The increase in water production for Gaborone may be recovery from watersaving strategies implemented during the 2014/15 year of low dam levels at Gaborone dam.Figure 1.2: Average monthly water production for selected settlements 2016/17 (Kilolitres)Figure 1.3 shows the trends in monthly water production for the urban settlements.Figure 1.3: Water production for selected settlements (2016/17 and 2014/15)Figure 1.2 shows the average monthly water production for the selected settlements, for 2016/17. Gaboroneand Francistown cities have the highest average water production.Table 1.5 below compares the total annual water production for the urban settlements for the years 2016/17and 2014/15.Table 1.5: Change in total annual water production for urban settlements 2014/15 to 2016/17Water Production in 29.515,752,777.0Change in kilolitres2,042,952.5FrancistownPercentage change 110,799.02,194,692.0-83,893.0-4%Selibe ,676,965.04,453,725.0-776,760.0-17%14.Botswana Environment Statistics Water & Climate Digest 201715.Botswana Environment Statistics Water & Climate Digest 2017
1.2.2. Water Production by management centersWater Utilities Corporation’s sixteen (16) Managements Centers (MCs) are designated as northern MCs andsouthern MCs. There are seven (7) MCs in the south and nine (9) MCs in the north. Botswana’s populationis concentrated along the south-eastern parts of the country while most of its surface water resources arelocated in the northern areas of the country.Table 1.6: Southern water production by Management Centres 2016/172016/17Table 1.8 shows total water production for MCs for the two years 2015/16 and 2016/17. Gaborone andFrancistown MCs have the highest water production for both years. Southern MCs recorded an increasein water production from 2015/16 to 2016/17, while the northern MCs recorded a decrease in their waterproduction. The greatest fall in water production for a single MC was recorded for Selibe Phikwe MC in thenorthern MCs. The fall may be explained by the BCL mine closure and the impact of water saving measuresthat were introduced in Selibe Phikwe and Masunga from 2014/15. The increase in Gaborone MC’s waterproduction may be due to improvements in water supply after the recovery of water levels at Gaboronedam. Overall water production for the whole country recorded a reduction between 2015/16 and ble 1.8: Total production 2015/16 - 2016/17 9.0551,105.2136,535.4116,965.5Southern atseTotal 2015/16Total 15,430,049.0Selibe 1,467.7TotalNB. (-) Dashes show no dataSource: Water Utilities CorporationNorthern MCsTable 1.7: Northern water production by Management Centres 2016/17SelibePhikwe2016/17Tables 1.6 and 1.7 show the monthly water production trends for the southern and the northern managementcentres. Water demand is higher for the southern MCs than the northern MCs. Gaborone MC has the highestwater demand, followed by Francistown MC. This is mostly due to concentrations of population and economicactivity in the two 0,116.0NB. (-) Dashes show no dataSource: Water Utilities CorporationNB. (-) Dashes show no dataSource: Water Utilities Corporation16.Botswana Environment Statistics Water & Climate Digest 201717.Botswana Environment Statistics Water & Climate Digest 2017
1.3.Water ConsumptionTable 1.10: Northern billed water consumption by management centres (kilolitres)Water Utilities Corporation (WUC) bills consumers for consumption based on meter readings and estimations.“Billed water” consumption is resultant from the readings and estimations. Data is available by ManagementCentre eMahalapyeKasaneMasungaLetlhakaneMaunNorthernMCs 94.0-2,559,279.0Southern ble 1.9: Southern billed water consumption by management centres (kilolitres)GaboroneAprMayTables 1.9 and 1.10 show the billed water consumption by management centre for the 2015/16 and 0NB. (-) Dashes show no dataSource: Water Utilities CorporationGaborone, Francistown and Selibe Phikwe had the highest billed water consumption for 2015/16 and 2016/17.Source: Water Utilities Corporation18.Botswana Environment Statistics Water & Climate Digest 201719.Botswana Environment Statistics Water & Climate Digest 2017
Table 1.11: Total billed water consumption 2015/16 and 2016/17 (kilolitres)Southern 10,800,67610,148,833Selibe 029,104TsabongSouthern MCs TotalNorthern MCsFrancistownMaunNorthern MCs TotalTable 1.12: Non revenue water (NRW) 2016/17MCsSouthern MCsNorthern MCsNRW a23%Maun48%LetlhakaneNB. (-) Dashes show no dataSource: Water Utilities CorporationTOTAL8%29%NB. (-) Dashes show no dataSource: Water Utilities CorporationTable 1.11 above compares the 2015/16 and 2016/17 total billed water for the management centres. Anincrease in total billed water consumption was recorded for the southern MCs of Gaborone and Mochudi. Anincrease was also recorded in the northern MCs of Palapye, Serowe, Mahalapye, Kasane and Letlhakane. Adecrease in total billed water consumption was recorded for the southern MCs’ Molepolole, Lobatse, Kanye,Tsabong and Ghanzi and the northern MCs’ Francistown, Selibe Phikwe and Masunga.1.5.Water to minesWUC supplies some of the water used by Botswana’s key industry, mining. Table 1.13 below shows the monthlysupply of raw (untreated) water to the mines for the 2015/16 and the 2016/17 years. Available data onlyapplies to the mines listed in the table, and is not available for the diamond mines.Total billed water consumption was higher in 2016/17 than in 2015/16 for both the southern and the northernMCs.1.4.Non-Revenue waterTable 1.12 below shows non-revenue water for 2016/17 by MCs. Non-revenue water includes water lossesduring distribution and any other water that was not accounted for through billing.Lobatse recorded the highest non-revenue water for the southern MCs, while Maun recorded the highest forthe northern MCs.20.Botswana Environment Statistics Water & Climate Digest 201721.Botswana Environment Statistics Water & Climate Digest 2017
Figure 1.4: WUC potable water to minesTable 1.13: Raw water supply to mines 2015/16 and 2016/17 (kilolitres)2015/16BotashMorupule Colliery MineBCLTati 4.0449,708.02,329,650
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